Contribuiu com trabalhos fundamentais para a determinação da estrutura em larga escala do interior da Terra, utilizando em especial métodos sismológicos.
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Medalha de Ouro da Royal Astronomical Society (1824 – 2013) |
| Século XIX |
| Década de 1820 |
1824: Charles Babbage, Johann Franz Encke • 1826: John Herschel, James South, Wilhelm Struve • 1827: Francis Baily • 1828: Thomas Brisbane, James Dunlop, Caroline Herschel • 1829: William Pearson, Friedrich Wilhelm Bessel, Heinrich Christian Schumacher |
| Década de 1830 |
1830: William Richardson, Johann Franz Encke • 1831: Henry Kater, Marie-Charles Damoiseau • 1833: George Biddell Airy • 1835: Manuel John Johnson • 1836: John Herschel • 1837: Otto August Rosenberger • 1839: John Wrottesley |
| Década de 1840 |
1840: Giovanni Plana • 1841: Friedrich Wilhelm Bessel • 1842: Peter Andreas Hansen • 1843: Francis Baily • 1845: William Henry Smyth • 1846: George Biddell Airy • 1849: William Lassell |
| Década de 1850 |
1850: Otto Wilhelm von Struve • 1851: Annibale de Gasparis • 1852: Christian August Friedrich Peters • 1853: John Russell Hind • 1854: Karl Rümker • 1855: William Rutter Dawes • 1856: Robert Grant • 1857: Samuel Heinrich Schwabe • 1858: Robert Main • 1859: Richard Christopher Carrington |
| Década de 1860 |
1860: Peter Andreas Hansen • 1861: Hermann Mayer Salomon Goldschmidt • 1862: Warren De La Rue • 1863: Friedrich Wilhelm August Argelander • 1865: George Phillips Bond • 1866: John Couch Adams • 1867: William Huggins, William Allen Miller • 1868: Urbain Le Verrier • 1869: Edward James Stone |
| Década de 1870 |
1870: Charles-Eugène Delaunay • 1872: Giovanni Schiaparelli • 1874: Simon Newcomb • 1875: Heinrich Louis d'Arrest • 1876: Urbain Le Verrier • 1878: Ercole Dembowski • 1879: Asaph Hall |
| Década de 1880 |
1881: Axel Möller • 1882: David Gill • 1883: Benjamin Apthorp Gould • 1884: Andrew Ainslie Common • 1885: William Huggins • 1886: Edward Charles Pickering, Charles Pritchard • 1887: George William Hill • 1888: Arthur Auwers • 1889: Maurice Loewy |
| Década de 1890 |
1892: George Darwin • 1893: Hermann Carl Vogel • 1894: Sherburne Wesley Burnham • 1895: Isaac Roberts • 1896: Seth Carlo Chandler • 1897: Edward Barnard • 1898: William Frederick Denning • 1899: Frank McClean |
| Medalha de Prata |
1824: Karl Rümker, Jean-Louis Pons • 1827 William Samuel Stratford, Mark Beaufoy |
Medalha de
Reconhecimento |
1848: George Biddell Airy • John Couch Adams • Friedrich Wilhelm August Argelander • George Bishop • George Everest • John Herschel • Peter Andreas Hansen • Karl Ludwig Hencke • John Russell Hind • Urbain Le Verrier • John William Lubbock • Maximilian von Weiße |
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| Século XX |
| Década de 1900 |
1900: Henri Poincaré • 1901: Edward Charles Pickering • 1902: Jacobus Kapteyn • 1903: Hermann Struve • 1904: George Ellery Hale • 1905: Lewis Boss • 1906: William Wallace Campbell • 1907: Ernest William Brown • 1908: David Gill • 1909: Oskar Backlund |
| Década de 1910 |
1910: Karl Friedrich Küstner • 1911: Philip Herbert Cowell • 1912: Arthur Robert Hinks • 1913: Henri-Alexandre Deslandres • 1914: Max Wolf • 1915: Alfred Fowler • 1916: John Dreyer • 1917: Walter Sydney Adams • 1918: John Evershed • 1919: Guillaume Bigourdan |
| Década de 1920 |
1921: Henry Norris Russell • 1922: James Hopwood Jeans • 1923: Albert Abraham Michelson • 1924: Arthur Stanley Eddington • 1925: Frank Dyson • 1926: Albert Einstein • 1927: Frank Schlesinger • 1928: Ralph Allen Sampson • 1929: Ejnar Hertzsprung |
| Década de 1930 |
1930: John Stanley Plaskett • 1931: Willem de Sitter • 1932: Robert Grant Aitken • 1933: Vesto Melvin Slipher • 1934: Harlow Shapley • 1935: Edward Arthur Milne • 1936: Hisashi Kimura • 1937: Harold Jeffreys • 1938: William Hammond Wright • 1939: Bernard Lyot |
| Década de 1940 |
1940: Edwin Powell Hubble • 1943: Harold Spencer Jones • 1944: Otto Struve • 1945: Bengt Edlén • 1946: Jan Hendrik Oort • 1947: Marcel Minnaert • 1948: Bertil Lindblad • 1949: Sydney Chapman |
| Década de 1950 |
1950: Joel Stebbins • 1951: Anton Pannekoek • 1952: John Jackson • 1953: Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar • 1954: Walter Baade • 1955: Dirk Brouwer • 1956: Thomas George Cowling • 1957: Albrecht Unsöld • 1958: André-Louis Danjon • 1959: Raymond Lyttleton |
| Década de 1960 |
1960: Viktor Ambartsumian • 1961: Herman Zanstra • 1962: Bengt Strömgren • 1963: Harry Hemley Plaskett • 1964: Martin Ryle, William Maurice Ewing • 1965: Edward Bullard, Gerald Maurice Clemence • 1966: Ira Sprague Bowen, Harold Clayton Urey • 1967: Hannes Alfvén, Allan Rex Sandage • 1968: Fred Hoyle, Walter Munk • 1969: Albert Thomas Price, Martin Schwarzschild |
| Década de 1970 |
1970: Horace Welcome Babcock • 1971: Frank Press, Richard van der Riet Woolley • 1972: Hal Thirlaway, Fritz Zwicky • 1973: Francis Birch, Edwin Ernest Salpeter • 1974: Ludwig Biermann, Keith Edward Bullen • 1975: Jesse Leonard Greenstein, Ernst Öpik • 1976: William McCrea, John Ashworth Ratcliffe • 1977: David Bates, John Gatenby Bolton • 1978: Lyman Spitzer, James van Allen • 1979: Leon Knopoff, Charles Gorrie Wynne |
| Década de 1980 |
1980: Chaim Leib Pekeris, Maarten Schmidt • 1981: James Freeman Gilbert, Bernard Lovell • 1982: Riccardo Giacconi, Harrie Massey • 1983: Michael Seaton, Fred Whipple • 1984: Keith Runcorn, Jakov Seldovich • 1985: Thomas Gold, Stephen Hawking • 1986: George Edward Backus, Alexander Dalgarno • 1987: Takeshi Nagata, Martin Rees • 1988: Don Lorraine Anderson, Cornelis de Jager • 1989: Raymond Hide, Ken Pounds |
| Década de 1990 |
1990: James Dungey, Bernard Pagel • 1991: Vitaly Ginzburg, Gerald Joseph Wasserburg • 1992: Dan Peter McKenzie, Eugene Parker • 1993: Peter Goldreich, Donald Lynden-Bell • 1994: James Gunn, Thomas Reeve Kaiser • 1995: John Houghton, Rashid Sunyaev • 1996: Kenneth Creer, Vera Rubin • 1997: Donald Farley, Donald Edward Osterbrock • 1998: Robert Ladislav Parker, James Peebles • 1999: Kenneth Budden, Bohdan Paczyński |
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| Século XXI |
| Década de 2000 |
2000: Leon Lucy, Robert Hutchinson • 2001: Hermann Bondi, Henry Rishbeth • 2002: Leon Mestel, John Arthur Jacobs • 2003: John Norris Bahcall, David Gubbins • 2004: Jeremiah Paul Ostriker, Grenville Turner • 2005: Margaret Burbidge, Geoffrey Burbidge, Carole Jordan • 2006: Simon White, Steven W. H. Cowley • 2007: Leonard Culhane, Nigel Weiss • 2008: Joseph Silk, Brian Kennett • 2009: David Williams, Eric Priest |
| Década de 2010 |
2010: Douglas Gough, John Woodhouse • 2011: Richard Salisbury Ellis, Eberhard Grün • 2012: Andrew Fabian, John Campbell Brown • 2013: Roger Blandford, Chris Chapman |
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Medalha Nacional de Ciências |
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Ciência do Comportamento e Social |
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| Década de 1960 |
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| Década de 1980 |
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| Década de 1990 |
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| Década de 2000 |
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| Década de 2010 |
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Ciências Biológicas |
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| Década de 1960 |
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| Década de 1970 |
1970: Barbara McClintock e Albert Sabin · 1973: Daniel Arnon e Earl Sutherland · 1974: Britton Chance, Erwin Chargaff, James V. Neel e James Augustine Hannon · 1975: Hallowell Davis, Paul Gyorgy, Sterling Brown Hendricks e Orville Vogel · 1976: Roger Guillemin, Keith Roberts Porter, Efraim Racker e Edward Osborne Wilson · 1979: Robert H. Burris, Elizabeth C. Crosby, Arthur Kornberg, Severo Ochoa, Earl Reece Stadtman, George Ledyard Stebbins e Paul Alfred Weiss
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| Década de 1980 |
1981: Philip Handler · 1982: Seymour Benzer, Glenn W. Burton e Mildred Cohn · 1983: Howard L. Bachrach, Paul Berg, Wendell L. Roelofs e Berta Scharrer · 1986: Stanley Cohen, Donald Henderson, Vernon Mountcastle, George Palade e Joan A. Steitz · 1987: Michael E. Debakey, Theodor Otto Diener, Harry Eagle, Har Khorana e Rita Levi-Montalcini · 1988: Michael Stuart Brown, Stanley Norman Cohen, Joseph Goldstein, Maurice Hilleman, Eric Kandel e Rosalyn Yalow · 1989: Katherine Esau, Viktor Hamburger, Philip Leder, Joshua Lederberg, Roger Sperry e Harland G. Wood
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| Década de 1990 |
1990: Baruj Benacerraf, Herbert Boyer, Daniel Koshland, Edward Lewis, David G. Nathan e Edward Donnall Thomas · 1991: Mary Ellen Avery, G. Evelyn Hutchinson, Elvin A. Kabat, Salvador Luria, Paul A. Marks, Folke K Skoog e Paul C. Zamecnik · 1992: Maxine Singer e Howard Martin Temin · 1993: Daniel Nathans e Salome G. Waelsch · 1994: Thomas Eisner e Elizabeth F. Neufeld · 1995: Alexander Rich · 1996: Ruth Patrick · 1997: James Watson e Robert Allan Weinberg · 1998: Bruce Ames e Janet Rowley · 1999: David Baltimore, Jared Diamond e Lynn Margulis
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| Década de 2000 |
2000: Nancy C. Andreasen, Peter H. Raven e Carl Woese · 2001: Francisco José Ayala, Mario R. Capecchi, Ann M. Graybiel, Gene Likens, Victor A. McKusick e Harold Varmus · 2002: James E. Darnell e Evelyn M. Witkin · 2003: John Michael Bishop, Solomon H. Snyder e Charles Yanofsky · 2004: Norman Ernest Borlaug, Phillip Allen Sharp e Thomas Starzl · 2005: Anthony Fauci e Torsten Wiesel · 2006: Rita R. Colwell, Nina Fedoroff e Lubert Stryer · 2007: Robert Lefkowitz e Bert W. O'Malley 2008: Francis Collins, Elaine Fuchs, Craig Venter 2009: Susan Lindquist, Stanley Prusiner
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| Década de 2010 |
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Química |
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| Década de 1980 |
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| Década de 1990 |
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| Década de 2000 |
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| Década de 2010 |
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Ciências da Engenharia |
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| Década de 1960 |
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| Década de 1970 |
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| Década de 1980 |
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| Década de 1990 |
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| Década de 2000 |
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Ciências Matemáticas, Estatísticas e Computacionais |
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| Década de 1960 |
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| Década de 1970 |
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| Década de 1980 |
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| Década de 1990 |
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| Década de 2000 |
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| Década de 2010 |
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Ciências Físicas |
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| Década de 1960 |
1963: Luis Walter Alvarez · 1964: Julian Schwinger, Harold Clayton Urey e Robert Burns Woodward · 1965: John Bardeen, Peter Debye, Leon Max Lederman e William Walden Rubey · 1966: Jacob Bjerknes, Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar, Henry Eyring, John Hasbrouck Van Vleck e Vladimir Zworykin · 1967: Jesse Beams, Francis Birch, Gregory Breit · Louis Plack Hammett e George Kistiakowsky · 1968: Paul Doughty Bartlett, Herbert Friedman, Lars Onsager e Eugene Paul Wigner · 1969: Herbert Charles Brown e Wolfgang Panofsky
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| Década de 1970 |
1970: Robert Henry Dicke, Allan Rex Sandage, John Clarke Slater, John Archibald Wheeler e Saul Winstein · 1973: Carl Djerassi, William Maurice Ewing, Arie Jan Haagen-Smit, Vladimir Haensel, Frederick Seitz e Robert Rathbun Wilson · 1974: Nicolaas Bloembergen, Paul John Flory, William Alfred Fowler, Linus Pauling e Kenneth Sanborn Pitzer · 1975: Hans Bethe, Joseph Hirschfelder, Lewis Hastings Sarett, Edgar Bright Wilson e Chien-Shiung Wu · 1976: Samuel Abraham Goudsmit, Herbert S. Gutowsky, Frederick Rossini, Verner Suomi, Henry Taube e George Eugene Uhlenbeck · 1979: Richard Feynman, Hermann Mark, Edward Mills Purcell, John Sinfelt, Lyman Spitzer e Victor Weisskopf
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| Década de 1980 |
1982: Philip Warren Anderson, Yoichiro Nambu, Edward Teller e Charles Hard Townes · 1983: Margaret Burbidge, Maurice Goldhaber, Helmut Landsberg, Walter Munk, Frederick Reines, Bruno Rossi e John Robert Schrieffer · 1986: Solomon Buchsbaum, Horace Crane, Herman Feshbach, Robert Hofstadter e Chen Ning Yang · 1987: Philip Abelson, Walter Elsasser, Paul Christian Lauterbur, George Pake e James van Allen · 1988: David Allan Bromley, Chu Ching-wu, Walter Kohn, Norman Foster Ramsey, Jack Steinberger · 1989: Arnold Orville Beckman, Eugene Parker, Robert Sharp e Henry Stommel
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| Década de 1990 |
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| Década de 2000 |
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| Década de 2010 |
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Estadunidense
