Sino da Liberdade

The Liberty Bell

O Sino da Liberdade (Liberty Bell em inglês), localizado em Filadélfia, Pensilvânia, é um sino americano de grande significado histórico.

O Sino da Liberdade talvez seja um dos mais notáveis símbolos da Revolução Americana e a Guerra da Independência dos Estados Unidos da América. É um dos simbolos mais conhecidos da independência, nacionalismo e liberdade nos Estados Unidos, e se tornou um ícone internacional da liberdade.

Seu mais famoso toque, em 8 de Julho de 1776, convocou os cidadãos da Filadélfia para a leitura da Declaração de independência dos Estados Unidos da América. Antes disso ele já tinha soado para anunciar a abertura do primeiro Congresso Continental em 1774 e depois da batalha de Lexington e Concord em 1775.

O Sino da Liberdade era conhecido como Old State House bell (Sino da Antiga Casa do Estado) até 1837 quando foi adotado pela Sociedade Americana anti-escravatura como um símbolo do movimento abolicionista.

Inscrição

A inscrição gravada no Sino da Liberdade se lê a seguir:

PROCLAIM LIBERTY THROUGHOUT ALL THE LAND UNTO ALL THE INHABITANTS THEREOF LEV. XXV X.

BY ORDER OF THE ASSEMBLY OF THE PROVINCE OF PENSYLVANIA FOR THE STATE HOUSE IN PHILADA

PASS AND STOW

PHILADA

MDCCLIII

Em português:

Apregoareis liberdade na terra a todos os seus moradores LEV. XXV X.

por ordem da assembléia da província de Pensilvânia pela Casa do Estado em Filadelfia

Pass and Stow

Philada

1753

A fonte da inscrição é a bíblia sagrada, livro de levítico, capítulo 25, versículo 10 na tradução de "King James", onde se lê "And ye shall hallow the fiftieth year, and proclaim liberty throughout all the land unto all the inhabitants thereof: it shall be a jubile unto you; and ye shall return every man unto his possession, and ye shall return every man unto his family." (em português: "E santificareis o ano qüinquagésimo, e apregoareis liberdade na terra a todos os seus moradores; ano de jubileu vos será, e tornareis, cada um à sua possessäo, e cada um à sua família."). A inscrição tinha como objetivo marcar o cinquentenário do Charter of Privileges de William Penn, escrito em [[1701]

História e antecedentes

O sino foi encomendado em 1751 pela Assembléia da Pensilvânia para ser usado na Câmara Estadual da Pensilvânia (conhecida agora como Hall da Independência) na Filadélfia. Foi moldado pela Whitechapel Bell Foundry em Londres e entregue na Filadélfia entre o fim de agosto e o inicio de setembro de 1752.

Em março de 1753, o sino foi pendurado temporariamente em um andaime na frente da praça externa da Câmara Estadual. Para o espanto dos que estavam presentes o sino rachou em seu primeiro toque. Isaac Norris, presidente da Assembléia da Pensilvânia , escreveu "Eu tive o desgosto de saber que foi quebrada por um golpe do badalo, sem qualquer tipo de violência já que foi pendurado para cima para tentar melhorar o som."

--> Parte em Inglês While a replacement from Whitechapel was ordered, the bell was recast by John Pass and John Stow of Philadelphia, whose surnames appear inscribed on the bell. Pass & Stow added copper to the composition of the alloy used to cast the bell, and the tone of the new bell proved unsatisfactory. The two recast the bell yet again, restoring the correct balance of metal, and this third bell was hung in the steeple of the State House in June 1753.

The bell remained in the tower of the Pennsylvania State House through the start of the American Revolution, when the Second Continental Congress used the building for its deliberations in 1775 to 1776.

In September 1777, as the Revolutionary War intensified and the British attempted to seize Philadelphia, the bell was moved north, to the Pennsylvania village of Northamptontown (present-day Allentown). The bell was hidden under the floor of Old Zion Reformed Church, where it remained until the British evacuated Philadelphia in 1778, when it was returned to Philadelphia. Today, in the basement of this center-city Allentown church, is the Liberty Bell Museum, which houses the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania's official replica of the Liberty Bell.

Close-up of the Liberty Bell. Inscribed are the names of John Pass and John Stow, together with city and date, along the inscription "Proclaim liberty throughout all the land unto all the inhabitants thereof—Lev. XXV, v. x. By order of the Assembly of the Province of Pensylvania for the State House in Philad." (The spelling "Pensylvania" was an accepted variant at the time.)

istória do século 19, a reparação e crack

Durante o século 19, o sino tocou na morte de Andrew Hamilton (1804), o retorno de Lafayette para Filadélfia (1824), as mortes de Adams e Jefferson (1826), a celebração de Washington de aniversário de 100 (1832) e as mortes de Lafayette (1834 ), John Marshall (1835) e William Henry Harrison (1841) [5].

Em 1839, o anti William Lloyd Garrison escravidão publicação The Liberator reimpresso um panfleto abolicionista Boston contendo um poema sobre a Bell, intitulado "O Sino da Liberdade", que representa o primeiro uso conhecido (no prelo) do nome, "Liberty Bell. "[6]

Não é certo quando a segunda rachadura apareceu (a primeira após a recastings), mas o sino foi consertado em fevereiro de 1846. O método de reparação, conhecida como a perfuração de parada, necessária a perfuração ao longo da rachadura para que os lados da fratura não iria reverberar.

Em 22 de fevereiro de 1846, o sino foi suspenso por várias horas na torre do Independence Hall, em homenagem ao aniversário de George Washington. [7] Quando o sino tocava, o crack cresceu a partir do topo do crack reparadas a coroa da sino, tornando o sino inutilizável. A fenda que existe actualmente na Liberty Bell é (ao contrário da crença popular) a reparação do expansões, e não o próprio crack.

Em 1852, o sino foi removido de seu campanário, e colocar em exposição na "Declaração de Câmara" do Independence Hall.

Desde o 1885-1915, o Sino da Liberdade viajou para várias cidades e foi exibido em exposições e feiras mundiais

20th and 21st century

In 1902, the Liberty Bell was involved in a train accident when the locomotive tranporting the bell to an exposition in South Carolina derailed after a collision with another train. In the 1930s, it was determined that moving the bell from location to location was too risky, and the practice was ended.

On January 1, 1976, in anticipation of increased visitation during the bicentennial year of American independence, the bell was relocated from Independence Hall to a glass pavilion one block north (at the southwest corner of 5th and Market Streets), but the unadorned pavilion proved unpopular with many visitors. ^{[carece de fontes]}

On April 6, 2001, the bell was struck several times with a hammer by Mitchell Guilliatt, a self-described wanderer from Nebraska. He hit the bell four times while shouting "God lives!" The reason he gave was to declare his independence from the United States of America and not to attempt to deface or destroy the bell. After repairs, there was no visible damage to the bell (other than the famous crack).

In October 2003, the bell was moved a short distance southwest to a new pavilion, the Liberty Bell Center. There was some controversy about the site chosen for the new structure, which was just to the south of the site of where George Washington had lived in the 1790s. After the initial planning, the building's site was found to be adjacent to the quarters for the slaves owned by Washington. The decision over how to acknowledge this fact in the display has led to some debate.

As of 2006, the bell remains in this location at the northeast corner of 6th and Chestnut Streets. The new National Constitution Center is located two blocks to the north, and Independence Hall is located directly across the street, on the south side of Chestnut Street between 5th and 6th Streets. The Bell's former pavilion at the southwest corner of 5th and Market Streets was up for purchase after the move in an effort to reduce demolition costs, but after the auction drew little response, it was converted into a security station that screens tourists traveling in and around Independence Mall.

The Liberty Bell Center, with its storied bell, and the nearby Independence Hall, are part of Independence National Historical Park, administered by the National Park Service.

Description and composition

The bell is 70% copper, 25% tin, and traces of other metals. It is 12 feet (3.7 m) in circumference. It originally weighed 2,080 pounds (943 kg), but according to the city of Philadelphia, it currently weighs around 2,055 pounds (932 kg), as a result of at least 25 pounds (11 kg) having been maliciously chiseled off the inside lip. The bell's wooden yoke is of American elm.

Replicas and references in popular culture

The Liberty Bell depicted on the Franklin half dollar.

Citizens Bank Park, home of the Philadelphia Phillies baseball team, features a large neon version of the bell that is illuminated and swung back and forth each time a member of the team hits a home run or the team wins a game. Veterans Stadium, former home of the Phillies and Philadelphia Eagles, was capped with an iron replica of the bell. An earlier image of the bell, located at the top of the stadium's scoreboard (predating the one near the stadium's top) was once hit by a home run in 1972 by Phillies player Greg "The Bull" Luzinski.

There is a full scale replica of the bell in the Liberty Square area of the Magic Kingdom park in the Walt Disney World Resort in Lake Buena Vista, Florida. The bell is rung on real-life American holidays of particular significance to the American Revolution.

A full scale replica with a painted-on crack hangs in the Rotunda of the Academic Building at Texas A&M University. It was presented to the school in recognition of the numerous Texas Aggies who fought in World War II.

There is a full scale replica in Buena Park, California, and a 3/4 scale Independence Hall just outside of Knott's Berry Farm.

As part of a government bonds drive held in 1952, the 200th anniversary of the bell, replicas were made in France and given to each state. The New York bell hangs in the lobby of the Kew Gardens Hills branch of the Queens County Savings Bank in New York City, a building that is a replica of Independence Hall.

On April 1, 1996, the fast food restaurant chain Taco Bell took out a full-page advertisement in The New York Times announcing that they had purchased the bell to "reduce the country's debt" and renamed it to "the Taco Liberty Bell." Thousands of people who did not immediately get the April Fool's Day hoax protested.

The Grateful Dead song Franklin's Tower, with lyrics written by Robert Hunter, is an exploration of the symbolism of the Liberty Bell.

Sister Bell

The replacement bell ordered from the Whitechapel Bell Foundry in 1753 became known as the "Sister Bell." It was installed at the Pennsylvania State House (Independence Hall), and attached to the State House clock. The Sister Bell rang the hours until the late 1820s, when the bell was removed during a renovation and loaned to the Olde St. Augustine Church in Philadelphia. In 1829, the bell was hung in a new cupola and tower designed by architect William Strickland. There it remained until May 8, 1844, when it was destroyed, along with the Olde St. Augustine Church, during the Philadelphia Nativist Riots. The friars of St. Augustine had the "Sister Bell" recast and transferred to Villanova University, which had been established in 1842. It is currenty enshrined in the Falvey Memorial Library on Villanova's campus.

Fim da parte em língua estrangeira -->

Ver também

• Revolução Americana de 1776
• Guerra da Independência dos Estados Unidos da América

Ligações externas

• Parque nacionalda História da independência
• [5]
• Sítio da cidade da Filadélfia
• Artigosobre o Sino da liberdade na revista National Geographic
• Página do fabricante do sino, Whitechapel Bell Foundry
• [6]
• Resenha sobre o Sino da Liberdade