Guatemala
Guatemala |
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Guatemala (pia Gwatemala; kutoka lugha ya Kinahuatl Cuauhtēmallān, "kwenye miti mingi") ni nchi ya Amerika ya Kati. Inapakana na Bahari ya Pasifiki upande wa Magharibi, na Atlantiki upande wa Mashariki, tena na nchi za Mexiko, Belize, Honduras na El Salvador.
Eneo lake ni km2 108,889 ambamo wanaishi watu 17,980,803 (2023).
Watu[hariri | hariri chanzo]
Wakazi wengi (56%) ni machotara waliotokana na Waindio na Wazungu au watu wenye asili ya Ulaya tu. Waindio wenyewe ni 43.4%.
Lugha rasmi na inayotumika zaidi (69.9%) ni Kihispania, lakini zipo pia nyingine 23 za wakazi asili.
Upande wa dini, wakazi wengi ni wafuasi wa Yesu katika Kanisa Katoliki (45%) na madhehebu mengine ya Ukristo, hasa ya Uprotestanti (42%). Asilimia 11 hawana dini.
Tazama pia[hariri | hariri chanzo]
Marejeo[hariri | hariri chanzo]
- Adas, M.; Stearns; Schwarz, S.B. (2009). Turbulent Passage: A Global History of the Twentieth Century (toleo la 4th). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Education. ISBN 978-0205700325. Invalid
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(help) - Aguirre, Lily (1949). The land of eternal spring: Guatemala, my beautiful country. Patio Press. uk. 253. Invalid
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(help) - Kigezo:Aut, Kigezo:Aut (1945). ¡Ecce Pericles! (kwa Spanish). Guatemala: Tipografía Nacional.
- Aycinena, Pedro de (1854). Concordato entre la Santa Sede y el presidente de la República de Guatemala (kwa Latín y Español). Guatemala: Imprenta La Paz. Invalid
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(help) - Baily, John (1850). Central America; Describing Each of the States of Guatemala, Honduras, Salvador, Nicaragua, and Costa Rica. London: Trelawney Saunders. uk. 55. Invalid
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(help) - Banco de Guatemala (29 December 1996). "Ilustraciones de Cada una de las 11 Denominaciones. Anverso y Reverso". Banguat.gob.gt (kwa Spanish). Ilihifadhi kwenye nyaraka kutoka chanzo mnamo 2007-06-07. Iliwekwa mnamo 22 September 2013. Check date values in:
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(help) - Calvert, Peter (1985). Guatemala: A Nation in Turmoil. Boulder, CO: Westview Press. ISBN 978-0865315723. Invalid
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(help) - Campbell, Lyle (1997). American Indian languages: The historical linguistics of Native America. New York, NY: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-509427-1. Invalid
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(help) - Kigezo:Aut, Kigezo:Aut (2007). Bananas: How the United Fruit Company Shaped the World. NY: Canongate.
- Compagnie Belge de Colonisation (1844). Colonisation du district de Santo-Thomas de Guatemala par la Communauté de l'Union. Collection de renseignements publiés ou recueillis par la Compagnie (kwa French). Original held and digitised by the British Library. Invalid
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(help) - Conservation International (2007). "Biodiversity Hotspots-Mesoamerica-Overview". Conservation International. Ilihifadhi kwenye nyaraka kutoka chanzo mnamo 4 July 2008. Iliwekwa mnamo 1 February 2007. Invalid
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(help) - Cooper, Allan (2008). p. 171 The Geography of Genocide. University Press of America. ISBN 0761840974. Invalid
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(help) - Kigezo:Aut, Kigezo:Aut (2006). Voyage to an Unknown Land: The saga of an Italian Family from Lombardy to Guatemala. ISBN 1-4257-0187-6.
- Kigezo:Aut, Kigezo:Aut (1993). Doing Business with the Dictators: A Political History of United Fruit in Guatemala. Wilmington, Delaware: Scholarly Resources Inc.
- Foster, Lynn V. (2000). A Brief History of Central America. New York, NY: Facts On File, Inc. ISBN 0-8160-3962-3. Invalid
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(help) - Gleijeses, Piero (1992). Shattered hope: the Guatemalan revolution and the United States, 1944-1954. United States: Princeton University Press. ISBN 9780691025568. Invalid
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(help) - Kigezo:Aut, Kigezo:Aut. "Upcoming presidential elections", Guatemala: Guatemala. (Spanish)
- Kigezo:Aut, Kigezo:Aut. "Interview from Enrique Gómez Carrillo with His Excellency, President Manuel Estrada Cabrera". (Spanish)
- González Davison, Fernando (2008). La montaña infinita; Carrera, caudillo de Guatemala (kwa Spanish). Guatemala: Artemis y Edinter. ISBN 84-89452-81-4. Invalid
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(help) - Guateantaño (17 October 2011). "Parques y plazas antiguas de Guatemala". Guatepalabras Blogspot. Guatemala. Ilihifadhi kwenye nyaraka kutoka chanzo mnamo 27 January 2015. Invalid
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(help) - Hernández de León, Federico. "El capítulo de las efemérides: José Milla y Rafael Carrera". (Spanish)
- Hernández de León, Federico (1930). El libro de las efemérides (kwa Spanish). Tomo III. Guatemala: Tipografía Sánchez y de Guise. Invalid
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(help) - Instituto Nacional de Estadística (2014). "Poblacion de Guatemala (Demografía)". Instituto Nacional de Estadística (INE) (kwa Spanish). Guatemala. Ilihifadhi kwenye nyaraka kutoka chanzo mnamo 14 March 2014. Invalid
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(help) - International Monetary Fund (2013). "Guatemala". International Monetary Fund online. Ilihifadhi kwenye nyaraka kutoka chanzo mnamo 5 July 2014. Iliwekwa mnamo 18 April 2013. Check date values in:
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(help) - Marroquín Rojas, Clemente (1971). Francisco Morazán y Rafael Carrera (kwa Spanish). Guatemala: Piedrasanta. Invalid
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(help) - Martínez Peláez, Severo (1988). "Racismo y Análisis Histórico de la Definición del Indio Guatemalteco" (kwa Spanish). Guatemala: Universitaria. Invalid
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(help) - Martínez Peláez, Severo (1990). La patria del criollo; ensayo de interpretación de la realidad colonial guatemalteca (kwa Spanish). México: Ediciones en Marcha. Invalid
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(help) - Mendoza, Juan Manuel (1946). Biografía de Enrique Gómez Carrillo: su vida, su obra y su época (kwa Spanish) (toleo la 2nd). Guatemala: Tipografía Nacional. Invalid
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(help) - Miceli, Keith (1974). "Rafael Carrera: Defender and Promoter of Peasant Interests in Guatemala, 1837–1848". The Americas (Academy of American Franciscan History) 31 (1). JSTOR 980382. Invalid
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(help) - Minster, Christofer. Biography of Rafael Carrera Archived 19 Machi 2014 at the Wayback Machine..
- Kigezo:Aut, Kigezo:Aut. "Yo, el Supremo". Retrieved on 20 July 2014. (Spanish) Archived from the original on 6 October 2014.
- Montúfar, Lorenzo; Salazar, Ramón A. (1892). El centenario del general Francisco Morazán (kwa Spanish). Guatemala: Tipografía Nacional. Invalid
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(help) - Rain Forest Wordpress (4 April 2013). "Guatemala Rainforest Interesting fact | rainforest facts". Rainforestcentralamerica.wordpress.com. Iliwekwa mnamo 22 September 2013. Check date values in:
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(help) - Rosa, Ramón (1974). Historia del Benemérito Gral. Don Francisco Morazán, ex Presidente de la República de Centroamérica (kwa Spanish). Tegucigalpa: Ministerio de Educación Pública, Ediciones Técnicas Centroamericana. Invalid
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(help) - Solano, Luis (2012). Contextualización histórica de la Franja Transversal del Norte (FTN). Centro de Estudios y Documentación de la Frontera Occidental de Guatemala, CEDFOG. Ilihifadhi kwenye nyaraka kutoka chanzo mnamo 13 November 2014. Iliwekwa mnamo 31 October 2014. Check date values in:
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(help) - Stephens, John Lloyd; Catherwood, Frederick (1854). Incidents of travel in Central America, Chiapas, and Yucatan. London, England: Arthur Hall, Virtue and Co. Invalid
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(help) - Taracena, Arturo (2011). Invención criolla, sueño ladino, pesadilla indigena, Los Altos de Guatemala: de región a Estado, 1740–1871 (kwa Spanish) (toleo la 3rd). Guatemala: Biblioteca básica de historia de Guatemala. ISBN 978-9929-587-42-7. Ilihifadhi kwenye nyaraka kutoka chanzo mnamo 2016-01-09. Iliwekwa mnamo 2015-02-14. Invalid
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(help) - Torres Espinoza, Enrique (2007). Enrique Gómez Carrillo, el cronista errante (kwa Spanish) (toleo la 2nd). Guatemala: Artemis-Edinter. Invalid
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(help) - Trigger, Bruce G.; Washburn, Wilcomb E.; Adams, Richard E. W. (2000). The Cambridge History of the Native Peoples of the Americas. Invalid
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(help) - Troika study abroad programs (2006). "Guatemala". Community colleges for international development. Ilihifadhi kwenye nyaraka kutoka chanzo mnamo 18 September 2010. Iliwekwa mnamo 12 June 2012. Invalid
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(help) - United Nations (2011). "Human Development Report 2011; Statistical annex". United Nations online. Ilihifadhi kwenye nyaraka kutoka chanzo mnamo 11 January 2012. Iliwekwa mnamo 22 December 2011. Invalid
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(help) - Weaver, Frederic S. (March 1999). "Reform and (Counter) Revolution in Post-Independence Guatemala: Liberalism, Conservatism, and Postmodern Controversies". Latin American Perspectives 26 (2): 129–158. JSTOR 2634298. Invalid
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(help) - White, Douglas R. (2002). The Marriage Core of the Elite Network of Colonial Guatemala. Irvine, CA: University of California, Irvine, School of Social Sciences. Ilihifadhi kwenye nyaraka kutoka chanzo mnamo 10 December 2004. Invalid
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(help) - Woodward, Ralph Lee (1993). Rafael Carrera and the Emergence of the Republic of Guatemala, 1821–1871. Athens, GA: University of Georgia Press. ISBN 978-0820314488. Invalid
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(help)
Viungo vya nje[hariri | hariri chanzo]
- Guatemala After the War 1996–2000, Photographs by Jorge Uzon Archived 17 Januari 2013 at the Wayback Machine.
- Guatemala Map Search with Longitude and Latitude Archived 9 Machi 2018 at the Wayback Machine.
- Guatemala – Country Article Encyclopædia Britannica
- Government of Guatemala (Kihispania)
- Chief of State and Cabinet Members Archived 10 Desemba 2008 at the Wayback Machine.
- Guatemala entry at The World Factbook
- Guatemala Archived 7 Juni 2008 at the Wayback Machine. at UCB Libraries GovPubs.
- Guatemala katika Open Directory Project
- Guatemala profile from the BBC News.
- Wikimedia Atlas of Guatemala
- Key Development Forecasts for Guatemala from International Futures.
- The National Security Archive: Guatemala Project
- Guatemala Tourism Commission
- World Bank Summary Trade Statistics Guatemala
- Photo Guatemala
Makala hii kuhusu maeneo ya Amerika ya Kati bado ni mbegu. Je unajua kitu kuhusu Guatemala kama historia yake, biashara, taasisi zilizopo, watu au utamaduni? Labda unaona habari katika wikipedia ya Kiingereza au lugha nyingine zinazofaa kutafsiriwa? Basi unaweza kuisaidia Wikipedia kwa kuihariri na kuongeza habari. |