Budismo pré-sectário

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Budismo pré-sectário,[1] também chamado de Budismo primitivo,[2][3] o Budismo mais antigo,[4][5] Budismo original[6] e Budismo primitivo,[7] é o budismo como teorizado ter existido antes as várias escolas budistas primitivas se desenvolveram por volta de 250 a.C. (seguidas por subseitas posteriores do budismo).[8][9]

Os conteúdos e ensinamentos deste budismo pré-sectário devem ser deduzidos ou reconstruídos a partir dos textos budistas primitivos, que por si já são sectários.[a][b] Todo o assunto permanece intensamente debatido por estudiosos, nem todos acreditam que uma reconstrução significativa seja possível.

O "budismo primitivo" também pode ser usado para períodos consideravelmente posteriores.

Nome[editar | editar código-fonte]

Vários termos estão sendo usados ​​para se referir ao período mais antigo do budismo:

  • "Budismo pré-sectário"[1]
  • "Budismo antigo",[3][2]
  • "O Budismo mais antigo",[10]
  • "Budismo original",[6][c]
  • "O budismo do próprio Buda."[6][d]
  • Budismo pré-canônico[11]
  • Budismo primitivo[7]

Alguns estudiosos japoneses referem-se ao período subsequente das primeiras escolas budistas como budismo sectário.[2][3]

Notas e referências

Notas

  1. ↑ enfatizou que o cânone escrito no budismo é sectário desde o início, e que o budismo pré-sectário deve ser deduzido dos escritos como eles existem agora.[1] (citação via mecanismo de pesquisa Google Scholar)
  2. ↑ Seria hipócrita afirmar que nada pode ser dito sobre a doutrina do budismo mais antigo [...] as ideias básicas do budismo encontradas nos escritos canônicos poderiam muito bem ter sido proclamadas por ele [o Buda], transmitidas e desenvolvido por seus discípulos e, finalmente, codificado em fórmulas fixas.[5]
  3. ↑ A.K Warder: "...uma reconstrução do budismo original pressuposta pelas tradições das diferentes escolas conhecidas por nós."[6]
  4. ↑ Este núcleo de doutrina é presumivelmente o budismo comum do período "antes dos cismas dos séculos IV e III aC. Pode ser substancialmente o budismo do próprio Buda."[6]

Referências

  1. ↑ a b c Hurvitz 1976.
  2. ↑ a b c Nakamura 1989.
  3. ↑ a b c Hirakawa 1990.
  4. ↑ Gombrich 1997, p. 11-12.
  5. ↑ a b Jong 1993, p. 25.
  6. ↑ a b c d e Warder 1999.
  7. ↑ a b Mizuno Kogen 1982, p. 16.
  8. ↑ Sujato 2012.
  9. ↑ Sujato 2012, pp. 81–82.
  10. ↑ Gombrich 1997, p. 11 -12.
  11. ↑ Lindtner 1997.

Bibliografia[editar | editar código-fonte]

Fontes impressas[editar | editar código-fonte]

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  • Arbel, Keren (2016), «The Liberative Role of Jhānic Joy (Pīti) and Pleasure (Sukha) in the Early Buddhist Path to Awakening», Buddhist Studies Review, 32 (2): 179–206, doi:10.1558/bsrv.v32i2.28328 
  • Arbel, Keren (2017), Early Buddhist Meditation: The Four Jhanas as the Actualization of Insight, ISBN 9781317383994, Routledge, doi:10.4324/9781315676043 
  • Batchelor, Stephen (2012), «A Secular Buddhism», Journal of Global Buddhism, 13: 87–107 
  • Boisvert, Mathieu (1995), The Five Aggregates: Understanding Theravada Psychology and Soteriology, ISBN 978-0-88920-257-3, Wilfrid Laurier University Press 
  • Brahmali, Bhikkhu (2009), «What the Nikāyas Say and Do not Say about Nibbāna», Buddhist Studies Review, ISSN 0265-2897, 26 (1): 33–66, doi:10.1558/bsrv.v26i1.33 
  • Bronkhorst, Johannes (1993), The Two Traditions Of Meditation In Ancient India, Motilal Banarsidass Publ. 
  • Bronkhorst, Johannes (1998), «Did the Buddha Believe in Karma and Rebirth?», Journal of the International Association of Buddhist Studies, 21 (1) 
  • Bucknell, Rod (1984), «The Buddhist to Liberation: An Analysis of the Listing of Stages», The Journal of the International Association of Buddhist Studies, 7 (2): 7–40 
  • Bucknell, Roderick S. (1999), «Conditioned Arising Evolves: Variation and Change in Textual Accounts of the Paticca-samupadda Doctrine», Journal of the International Association of Buddhist Studies, 22 (2) 
  • Buswell, Robert E., ed. (2004), Encyclopedia of Buddhism, Macmillan 
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  • Conze, Edward (1967), Thirty years of Buddhis Studies. Selected essays by Edward Conze (PDF), Bruno Cassirer 
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  • Conze, Edward (2008), Buddhism. A Short History, Oneworld 
  • Cousins, L. S. (1996), «The dating of the historical Buddha: a review article», Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society, Third Series, 6 (1): 57–63, doi:10.1017/S1356186300014760 
  • Cox, Collett (1995), Disputed Dharmas: Early Buddhist Theories on Existence, ISBN 4-906267-36-X, Tokyo: The Institute for Buddhist Studies 
  • Davidson, Ronald M. (2003), Indian Esoteric Buddhism: Social History of the Tantric Movement, ISBN 978-0-231-12618-2, Columbia University Press 
  • Davidson, Ronald M. (2004), Indian Esoteric Buddhism: Social History of the Tantric Movement, ISBN 978-8-120-81991-7, Motilal Banarsidass 
  • Flood, Gavin; Olivelle, Patrick (2003), The Blackwell Companion to Hinduism, Blackwell 
  • Frauwallner, Erich (1956), The Earliest Vinaya and the Beginnings of Buddhist Literature, Serie Orientale Roma, Istituto Italiano per il Medio ed Estremo Oriente 
  • Frauwallner, Erich (1973), «Chapter 5. The Buddha and the Jina», History of Indian Philosophy, Vol. 1: The philosophy of the Veda and of the epic. The Buddha and the Jina. The Sāmkhya and the classical Yoga-system, traduzido por V.M. Bedekar, Motilal Banarsidass 
  • Gethin, Rupert (1998), Foundations of Buddhism, Oxford University Press 
  • Gethin, Rupert (2001) [1992], The Buddhist Path to Awakening 2nd ed. , Oxford: Oneworld Publications 
  • Gethin, Rupert (2008), Sayings of the Buddha: New Translations from the Pali Nikayas, Oxford World’s Classics, Oxford University Press 
  • Gombrich, Richard F. (1997), How Buddhism Began: The conditioned genesis of the early teachings, ISBN 978-8-121-50812-4, Munshiram Manoharlal 
  • Gombrich, Richard F. (2006), How Buddhism Began: The conditioned genesis of the early teachings, ISBN 978-0-415-37123-0 2nd ed. , Routledge 
  • Gombrich, Richard F. (2006a), Theravāda Buddhism: A Social History from Ancient Benares to Modern Colombo, ISBN 978-1-134-90352-8, Library of Religious Beliefs and Practices, Routledge 
  • Gombrich, Richard F. (2009), «Chapter 9. Causation and non-random process», What the Buddha Thought, Equinox 
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  • Harvey, Peter (2015), «The Conditioned Co-arising of Mental and Bodily Processes within Life and Between Lives», in: Emmanuel, Steven M., A Companion to Buddhist Philosophy, ISBN 978-1-119-14466-3, John Wiley & Sons 
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  • Hurvitz, Leon (1976), Scripture of the Lotus Blossom of the Fine Dharma, Columbia University Press 
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  • Matthews, Bruce (1986), Post-Classical Developments In The Concepts of Karma and Rebirth in Theravada Buddhism. In: Ronald W. Neufeldt (ed.), "Karma and rebirth: Post-classical developments", SUNY 
  • Mizuno Kogen (1982), Buddhist Sutras: Origin, Development, Transmission, Kosei 
  • Mun-keat, Choong (2000), The Fundamental Teachings of Early Buddhism. A comparative study based on the Sutranga portion of the Pali Sarpyutta-Nikaya and the Chinese Sarpyuktagama, Harrassowitz Verlag 
  • Nakamura, Hajime (1980), Indian Buddhism: a survey with bibliographical notes, Intercultural Research Institute monograph series, KUFS Publication 
  • Nakamura, Hajime (1989), Indian Buddhism, Motilal Banarsidass 
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  • Norman, K.R. (1992), «The Four Noble Truths», Collected Papers, 2, Pali Text Society (publicado em 2003), pp. 210–223 
  • Norman, K.R. (1997), A Philological Approach to Buddhism. The Bukkyo Dendo Kybkai Lectures 1994 (PDF), School of Oriental and African Studies (University of London) 
  • Polak, Grzegorz (2011), Reexamining Jhana: Towards a Critical Reconstruction of Early Buddhist Soteriology, UMCS 
  • Potter, Karl H., ed. (1996), Encyclopedia of Indian Philosophies Part VII: Abhidharma Buddhism to 150 A.D., Motilall Banarsidass 
  • Ray, Reginald (1999), Buddhist Saints in India: A Study in Buddhist Values and Orientations, Oxford University Press 
  • Samuel, Geoffrey (2008), The Origins of Yoga and Tantra: Indic Religions to the Thirteenth Century, Cambridge University Press 
  • Samuel, Geoffrey (2010), The Origins of Yoga and Tantra: Indic Religions to the Thirteenth Century, Cambridge University Press 
  • Schmithausen, Lambert (1981), «On some Aspects of Descriptions or Theories of 'Liberating Insight' and 'Enlightenment' in Early Buddhism», in: Klaus Bruhn and Albrecht Wezler, Studien zum Jainismus und Buddhismus (Gedenkschrift für Ludwig Alsdorf) [Studies on Jainism and Buddhism (Memorial for Ludwig Alsdorf)], Wiesbaden, pp. 199–250 
  • Schmithausen, Lambert (1986), «Critical Response», in: Ronald W. Neufeldt, Karma and rebirth: Post-classical developments, SUNY 
  • Schmithausen, Lambert (1990), Buddhism and Nature, Tokyo, OCLC 697272229 
  • Schopen, Gregory (1997), Bones, Stones, and Buddhist Monks, ISBN 9780824817480, University of Hawai’i Press 
  • Schumann, Hans Wolfgang (1997) [1976], Boeddhisme. Stichter, scholen, systemen [Buddhism. Founder, schools, systems], Asoka 
  • Shulman, Eviatar (abril de 2008), «Early Meanings of Dependent-Origination», Journal of Indian Philosophy, 36 (2): 297–317, doi:10.1007/s10781-007-9030-8 
  • Shulman, Eviatar (2014), Rethinking the Buddha: Early Buddhist Philosophy as Meditative Perception, Cambridge University Press 
  • Sujato, Bhante (2012), Sects & Sectarianism: The Origins of Buddhist Schools (PDF), ISBN 9781921842061, Santipada, arquivado do original (PDF) em 18 de dezembro de 2018 
  • Sujato, Bhante; Brahmali, Bhikkhu (2015), The Authenticity of the Early Buddhist Texts (PDF), ISBN 9781312911505, Chroniker Press 
  • Svarghese, Alexander P. (2008), India: History, Religion, Vision And Contribution To The World 
  • Vetter, Tilmann (1988), The Ideas and Meditative Practices of Early Buddhism, BRILL 
  • Walshe, Maurice (1995), The Long Discourses of the Buddha. A Translation of the Digha Nikaya, Wisdom Publications 
  • Warder, A.K. (1999), Indian Buddhism, Delhi 
  • Warder, A.K. (2000), Indian Buddhism, Motilal Banarsidass Publ. 
  • Warder, A.K. (2004), Indian Buddhism, 3rd Revised edition, Motilal Banarsidass Publ. 
  • Wayman, Alex (1971), «Buddhist Dependent Origination», History of Religions, 10 (3): 185–203, JSTOR 1062009, doi:10.1086/462628 
  • Wayman, Alex (1984a), «Dependent Origination - the Indo-Tibetan Vision», Buddhist Insight: Essays, Motilal Banarsidass, pp. 163–192 
  • Wayman, Alex (1984b), «The Intermediate-State Dispute in Buddhism», Buddhist Insight: Essays, Motilal Banarsidass, pp. 251–266 
  • Wayman, Alex (1990) [1984], Elder, George R., ed., Budddhist Insight: Essays, ISBN 978-81-208-0675-7, Motilall Banarsidass 
  • Williams, Paul (2000), Mahayana Buddhism: The Doctrinal Foundations, Routledge 
  • Wynne, Alexander (2007), The Origin of Buddhist Meditation, Routledge 
História do Budismo (geral)
  • Bronkhorst, Johannes (1993), The Two Traditions Of Meditation In Ancient India, Motilal Banarsidass Publ. 
  • Gombrich, Richard F. (1997), How Buddhism Began, Munshiram Manoharlal 
  • Norman, K.R. (1997), A Philological Approach to Buddhism. The Bukkyo Dendo Kyokai Lectures 1994 (PDF), School of Oriental and African Studies (University of London) 
  • Samuel, Geoffrey (2010), The Origins of Yoga and Tantra. Indic Religions to the Thirteenth Century, Cambridge University Press 
Budismo primitivo
  • Schmithausen, Lambert (1981), On some Aspects of Descriptions or Theories of 'Liberating Insight' and 'Enlightenment' in Early Buddhism". In: Studien zum Jainismus und Buddhismus (Gedenkschrift für Ludwig Alsdorf), hrsg. von Klaus Bruhn und Albrecht Wezler, Wiesbaden 1981, 199-250 
  • Vetter, Tilmann (1988), The Ideas and Meditative Practices of Early Buddhism, BRILL 
  • Wynne, Alexander (2007), The Origin of Buddhist Meditation, Routledge 

Ligações externas[editar | editar código-fonte]

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