Simon Newcomb

Simon Newcomb

Nascimento	12 de março de 1835 Nova Escócia, Canadá
Morte	11 de julho de 1909 (74 anos) Washington, D.C., EUA
Nacionalidade	Canadense / americano
Alma mater	Universidade Harvard
Prêmios	Medalha de Ouro da RAS (1874)^[1] Medalha Copley (1890) Medalha Bruce (1898)
Campo(s)	Astronomia, matemática

Simon Newcomb (Nova Escócia, 12 de março de 1835 — Washington, 11 de julho de 1909^[2]) foi um astrônomo e matemático americano-canadiano.

Escreveu sobre economia e estatística, além de ser o autor de um livro de ficção-científica.

Referências

↑ «Gold Medal Winners» (pdf) (em inglês). Royal Astronomical Society. Consultado em 17 de novembro de 2017. Cópia arquivada em 15 de setembro de 2017
↑ Universidade de St. Andrews

Ligações externas[editar | editar código-fonte]

Biografia em MacTutor (em inglês)
Simon Newcomb (em inglês) no Mathematics Genealogy Project

Precedido por Giovanni Schiaparelli	Medalha de Ouro da Royal Astronomical Society 1874	Sucedido por Heinrich Louis d'Arrest
Precedido por George Salmon	Medalha Copley 1890	Sucedido por Stanislao Cannizzaro

Medalha de Ouro da Royal Astronomical Society (1824 – 2020)

Século XIX

Década de 1820	1824: Charles Babbage, Johann Franz Encke 1826: John Herschel, James South, Wilhelm Struve 1827: Francis Baily 1828: Thomas Brisbane, James Dunlop, Caroline Herschel 1829: William Pearson, Friedrich Wilhelm Bessel, Heinrich Christian Schumacher
Década de 1830	1830: William Richardson, Johann Franz Encke 1831: Henry Kater, Marie-Charles Damoiseau 1833: George Biddell Airy 1835: Manuel John Johnson 1836: John Herschel 1837: Otto August Rosenberger 1839: John Wrottesley
Década de 1840	1840: Giovanni Plana 1841: Friedrich Wilhelm Bessel 1842: Peter Andreas Hansen 1843: Francis Baily 1845: William Henry Smyth 1846: George Biddell Airy 1849: William Lassell
Década de 1850	1850: Otto Wilhelm von Struve 1851: Annibale de Gasparis 1852: Christian August Friedrich Peters 1853: John Russell Hind 1854: Karl Rümker 1855: William Rutter Dawes 1856: Robert Grant 1857: Samuel Heinrich Schwabe 1858: Robert Main 1859: Richard Christopher Carrington
Década de 1860	1860: Peter Andreas Hansen 1861: Hermann Mayer Salomon Goldschmidt 1862: Warren De La Rue 1863: Friedrich Wilhelm August Argelander 1865: George Phillips Bond 1866: John Couch Adams 1867: William Huggins, William Allen Miller 1868: Urbain Le Verrier 1869: Edward James Stone
Década de 1870	1870: Charles-Eugène Delaunay 1872: Giovanni Schiaparelli 1874: Simon Newcomb 1875: Heinrich Louis d'Arrest 1876: Urbain Le Verrier 1878: Ercole Dembowski 1879: Asaph Hall
Década de 1880	1881: Axel Möller 1882: David Gill 1883: Benjamin Apthorp Gould 1884: Andrew Ainslie Common 1885: William Huggins 1886: Edward Charles Pickering, Charles Pritchard 1887: George William Hill 1888: Arthur Auwers 1889: Maurice Loewy
Década de 1890	1892: George Darwin 1893: Hermann Carl Vogel 1894: Sherburne Wesley Burnham 1895: Isaac Roberts 1896: Seth Carlo Chandler 1897: Edward Barnard 1898: William Frederick Denning 1899: Frank McClean
Medalha de Prata	1824: Karl Rümker, Jean-Louis Pons 1827 William Samuel Stratford, Mark Beaufoy
Medalha de Reconhecimento	1848: George Biddell Airy John Couch Adams Friedrich Wilhelm August Argelander George Bishop George Everest John Herschel Peter Andreas Hansen Karl Ludwig Hencke John Russell Hind Urbain Le Verrier John William Lubbock Maximilian von Weiße

Século XX

Década de 1900	1900: Henri Poincaré 1901: Edward Charles Pickering 1902: Jacobus Kapteyn 1903: Hermann Struve 1904: George Ellery Hale 1905: Lewis Boss 1906: William Wallace Campbell 1907: Ernest William Brown 1908: David Gill 1909: Oskar Backlund
Década de 1910	1910: Karl Friedrich Küstner 1911: Philip Herbert Cowell 1912: Arthur Robert Hinks 1913: Henri-Alexandre Deslandres 1914: Max Wolf 1915: Alfred Fowler 1916: John Dreyer 1917: Walter Sydney Adams 1918: John Evershed 1919: Guillaume Bigourdan
Década de 1920	1921: Henry Norris Russell 1922: James Hopwood Jeans 1923: Albert Abraham Michelson 1924: Arthur Stanley Eddington 1925: Frank Dyson 1926: Albert Einstein 1927: Frank Schlesinger 1928: Ralph Allen Sampson 1929: Ejnar Hertzsprung
Década de 1930	1930: John Stanley Plaskett 1931: Willem de Sitter 1932: Robert Grant Aitken 1933: Vesto Melvin Slipher 1934: Harlow Shapley 1935: Edward Arthur Milne 1936: Hisashi Kimura 1937: Harold Jeffreys 1938: William Hammond Wright 1939: Bernard Lyot
Década de 1940	1940: Edwin Powell Hubble 1943: Harold Spencer Jones 1944: Otto Struve 1945: Bengt Edlén 1946: Jan Hendrik Oort 1947: Marcel Minnaert 1948: Bertil Lindblad 1949: Sydney Chapman
Década de 1950	1950: Joel Stebbins 1951: Anton Pannekoek 1952: John Jackson 1953: Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar 1954: Walter Baade 1955: Dirk Brouwer 1956: Thomas George Cowling 1957: Albrecht Unsöld 1958: André-Louis Danjon 1959: Raymond Lyttleton
Década de 1960	1960: Viktor Ambartsumian 1961: Herman Zanstra 1962: Bengt Strömgren 1963: Harry Hemley Plaskett 1964: Martin Ryle, William Maurice Ewing 1965: Edward Bullard, Gerald Maurice Clemence 1966: Ira Sprague Bowen, Harold Clayton Urey 1967: Hannes Alfvén, Allan Rex Sandage 1968: Fred Hoyle, Walter Munk 1969: Albert Thomas Price, Martin Schwarzschild
Década de 1970	1970: Horace Welcome Babcock 1971: Frank Press, Richard van der Riet Woolley 1972: Hal Thirlaway, Fritz Zwicky 1973: Francis Birch, Edwin Ernest Salpeter 1974: Ludwig Biermann, Keith Edward Bullen 1975: Jesse Leonard Greenstein, Ernst Öpik 1976: William McCrea, John Ashworth Ratcliffe 1977: David Bates, John Gatenby Bolton 1978: Lyman Spitzer, James Van Allen 1979: Leon Knopoff, Charles Gorrie Wynne
Década de 1980	1980: Chaim Leib Pekeris, Maarten Schmidt 1981: James Freeman Gilbert, Bernard Lovell 1982: Riccardo Giacconi, Harrie Massey 1983: Michael Seaton, Fred Whipple 1984: Keith Runcorn, Jakov Seldovich 1985: Thomas Gold, Stephen Hawking 1986: George Edward Backus, Alexander Dalgarno 1987: Takeshi Nagata, Martin Rees 1988: Don Lorraine Anderson, Cornelis de Jager 1989: Raymond Hide, Ken Pounds
Década de 1990	1990: James Dungey, Bernard Pagel 1991: Vitaly Ginzburg, Gerald Joseph Wasserburg 1992: Dan Peter McKenzie, Eugene Parker 1993: Peter Goldreich, Donald Lynden-Bell 1994: James Gunn, Thomas Reeve Kaiser 1995: John Houghton, Rashid Sunyaev 1996: Kenneth Creer, Vera Rubin 1997: Donald Farley, Donald Edward Osterbrock 1998: Robert Ladislav Parker, James Peebles 1999: Kenneth Budden, Bohdan Paczyński

Século XXI

Década de 2000	2000: Leon Lucy, Robert Hutchison 2001: Hermann Bondi, Henry Rishbeth 2002: Leon Mestel, John Arthur Jacobs 2003: John Norris Bahcall, David Gubbins 2004: Jeremiah Paul Ostriker, Grenville Turner 2005: Margaret Burbidge, Geoffrey Burbidge, Carole Jordan 2006: Simon White, Stanley William Herbert Cowley 2007: Leonard Culhane, Nigel Weiss 2008: Joseph Silk, Brian Kennett 2009: David Williams, Eric Priest
Década de 2010	2010: Douglas Gough, John Woodhouse 2011: Richard Salisbury Ellis, Eberhard Grün 2012: Andrew Fabian, John Campbell Brown 2013: Roger Blandford, Chris Chapman 2014: Carlos Frenk, John Zarnecki 2015: Michel Mayor 2016: John David Barrow, Philip England 2017: Nicholas Kaiser, Michele Dougherty 2018: James Hough, Robert White 2019: Robert Kennicutt, Margaret Kivelson
Década de 2020	2020: Sandra Faber, Yvonne Elsworth

v d e Presidentes da Associação Americana para o Avanço da Ciência
1848-1900	1848 William Charles Redfield · 1849 Joseph Henry · 1850 Alexander Dallas Bache · 1851 Louis Agassiz · 1852 Benjamin Peirce · 1854 James Dwight Dana · 1855 John Torrey · 1856 James Hall · 1857 Alexis Caswell · 1857 Jacob Whitman Bailey · 1858 Jeffries Wyman · 1859 Stephen Alexander · 1860 Isaac Lea · 1866 Frederick Augustus Porter Barnard · 1867 John Strong Newberry · 1868 Benjamin Apthorp Gould · 1869 John Wells Foster · 1870 Thomas Sterry Hunt · 1870 William Chauvenet · 1871 Asa Gray · 1872 John Lawrence Smith · 1873 Joseph Lovering · 1874 John Lawrence LeConte · 1875 Julius Erasmus Hilgard · 1876 William Barton Rogers · 1877 Simon Newcomb · 1878 Othniel Charles Marsh · 1879 George Frederick Barker · 1880 Lewis Henry Morgan · 1881 George Jarvis Brush · 1882 John William Dawson · 1883 Charles Augustus Young · 1884 John Peter Lesley · 1885 Hubert Anson Newton · 1886 Edward S. Morse · 1887 Samuel Pierpont Langley · 1888 John Wesley Powell · 1889 Thomas Corwin Mendenhall · 1890 George Lincoln Goodale · 1891 Albert Benjamin Prescott · 1892 Joseph LeConte · 1893 William Harkness · 1894 Daniel Garrison Brinton · 1895 Edward Morley · 1896 Theodore Nicholas Gill · 1896 Edward Drinker Cope · 1897 Wolcott Gibbs · 1897 William John McGee · 1898 Frederic Ward Putnam · 1899 Grove Karl Gilbert · 1899 Marcus Benjamin · 1899 Edward Orton, Sr. · 1900 Robert Simpson Woodward
1901-1925	1901 Charles Sedgwick Minot · 1902 Ira Remsen · 1902 Asaph Hall · 1903 Carroll Davidson Wright · 1904 William Gilson Farlow · 1905 Calvin Milton Woodward · 1906 William Henry Welch · 1907 Edward Leamington Nichols · 1908 Thomas Chrowder Chamberlin · 1909 David Starr Jordan · 1910 Albert Abraham Michelson · 1911 Charles Bessey · 1912 Edward Charles Pickering · 1913 Edmund Beecher Wilson · 1914 Charles W. Eliot · 1915 William Wallace Campbell · 1916 Charles Richard Van Hise · 1917 Theodore William Richards · 1918 John Merle Coulter · 1919 Simon Flexner · 1920 Leland Ossian Howard · 1921 Eliakim Hastings Moore · 1922 James Playfair McMurrich · 1923 Charles Doolittle Walcott · 1924 James McKeen Cattell · 1925 Michael Pupin
1926-1950	1926 Liberty Hyde Bailey · 1927 Arthur Amos Noyes · 1928 Henry Fairfield Osborn · 1929 Robert Andrews Millikan · 1930 Thomas Hunt Morgan · 1931 Franz Boas · 1932 John Jacob Abel · 1933 Henry Norris Russell · 1934 Edward L. Thorndike · 1935 Karl Taylor Compton · 1936 Edwin Conklin · 1937 George David Birkhoff · 1938 Wesley Clair Mitchell · 1939 Walter Bradford Cannon · 1940 Albert Francis Blakeslee · 1941 Irving Langmuir · 1942 Arthur Holly Compton · 1943 Isaiah Bowman · 1944 Anton Julius Carlson · 1945 James Bryant Conant · 1946 Charles Kettering · 1947 Harlow Shapley · 1948 Edmund Ware Sinnott · 1949 Elvin Charles Stakman · 1950 Roger Adams
1951-1975	1951 Kirtley Fletcher Mather · 1952 Detlev Bronk · 1953 Edward Condon · 1954 Warren Weaver · 1955 George Beadle · 1956 Paul Sears · 1957 Lawrence Hasbrouck Snyder · 1958 Wallace Reed Brode · 1959 Paul Ernest Klopsteg · 1960 Chauncey Depew Leake · 1961 Thomas Park · 1962 Paul Magnus Gross · 1963 Alan Tower Waterman · 1964 Laurence M. Gould · 1965 Henry Eyring · 1966 Alfred Sherwood Romer · 1967 Don Krasher Price · 1968 Walter Orr Roberts · 1969 Bentley Glass · 1970 Athelstan Spilhaus · 1971 Mina Rees · 1972 Glenn Theodore Seaborg · 1973 Leonard M. Rieser · 1974 Roger Revelle · 1975 Margaret Mead
1976-2000	1976 William D. McElroy · 1977-1978 Emilio Q. Daddario · 1979 Edward E. David Jr. · 1980 Kenneth Ewart Boulding · 1981 Frederick Mosteller · 1982 David Allan Bromley · 1983 Margaret Burbidge · 1984 Anna J. Harrison · 1985 David A. Hamburg · 1986 Gerard Piel · 1987 Lawrence Bogorad · 1988 Sheila E. Widnall · 1989 Walter E. Massey · 1990 Richard C. Atkinson · 1991 Donald N. Langenberg · 1992 Leon Max Lederman · 1993 Frank Sherwood Rowland · 1994 Eloise E. Clark · 1995 Francisco José Ayala · 1996 Rita Colwell · 1997 Jane Lubchenco · 1998 Mildred Dresselhaus · 1999 Mary Rita Cooke Greenwood · 2000 Stephen Jay Gould
2001-presente	2001 Mary Lowe Good · 2002 Peter Hamilton Raven · 2003 Floyd E. Bloom · 2004 Mary Ellen Avery · 2005 Shirley Ann Jackson · 2006 Gil Omenn · 2007 John Holdren · 2008 David Baltimore · 2009 James J. McCarthy · 2010 Peter Agre · 2011 Alice S. Huang · 2012 Nina Fedoroff · 2013 William H. Press · 2014 Phillip Allen Sharp

Medalha Copley. Laureados (1851 — 1900)

1851: Richard Owen • 1852: Alexander von Humboldt • 1853: Heinrich Wilhelm Dove • 1854: Johannes Peter Müller • 1855: Jean Bernard Léon Foucault • 1856: Henri Milne-Edwards • 1857: Michel Eugène Chevreul • 1858: Charles Lyell • 1859: Wilhelm Eduard Weber • 1860: Robert Bunsen • 1861: Louis Agassiz • 1862: Thomas Graham • 1863: Adam Sedgwick • 1864: Charles Darwin • 1865: Michel Chasles • 1866: Julius Plücker • 1867: Karl Ernst von Baer • 1868: Charles Wheatstone • 1869: Henri Victor Regnault • 1870: James Prescott Joule • 1871: Julius von Mayer • 1872: Friedrich Wöhler • 1873: Hermann von Helmholtz • 1874: Louis Pasteur • 1875: August Wilhelm von Hofmann • 1876: Claude Bernard • 1877: James Dwight Dana • 1878: Jean-Baptiste Boussingault • 1879: Rudolf Clausius • 1880: James Joseph Sylvester • 1881: Charles Adolphe Würtz • 1882: Arthur Cayley • 1883: William Thomson • 1884: Carl Ludwig • 1885: Friedrich August Kekulé von Stradonitz • 1886: Franz Ernst Neumann • 1887: Joseph Dalton Hooker • 1888: Thomas Henry Huxley • 1889: George Salmon • 1890: Simon Newcomb • 1891: Stanislao Cannizzaro • 1892: Rudolf Virchow • 1893: George Gabriel Stokes • 1894: Edward Frankland • 1895: Karl Weierstrass • 1896: Carl Gegenbaur • 1897: Albert von Kölliker • 1898: William Huggins • 1899: John William Strutt • 1900: Marcellin Berthelot

Lista Completa • (1731—1750) • (1751—1800) • (1801—1850) • (1901—1950) • (1951—2000) • (2001—2020)

Medalha Bruce

1898: Simon Newcomb · 1899: Arthur Auwers · 1900: David Gill · 1902: Giovanni Schiaparelli · 1904: William Huggins · 1906: Hermann Carl Vogel · 1908: Edward Charles Pickering · 1909: George William Hill · 1911: Henri Poincaré · 1913: Jacobus Kapteyn · 1914: Oskar Backlund · 1915: William Wallace Campbell · 1916: George Ellery Hale · 1917: Edward Barnard · 1920: Ernest William Brown · 1921: Henri-Alexandre Deslandres · 1922: Frank Dyson · 1923: Benjamin Baillaud · 1924: Arthur Stanley Eddington · 1925: Henry Norris Russell · 1926: Robert Grant Aitken · 1927: Herbert Hall Turner · 1928: Walter Sydney Adams · 1929: Frank Schlesinger · 1930: Max Wolf · 1931: Willem de Sitter · 1932: John Stanley Plaskett · 1933: Carl Charlier · 1934: Alfred Fowler · 1935: Vesto Melvin Slipher · 1936: Armin Otto Leuschner · 1937: Ejnar Hertzsprung · 1938: Edwin Powell Hubble · 1939: Harlow Shapley · 1940: Frederick Hanley Seares · 1941: Joel Stebbins · 1942: Jan Hendrik Oort · 1945: Edward Arthur Milne · 1946: Paul Merrill · 1947: Bernard Lyot · 1948: Otto Struve · 1949: Harold Spencer Jones · 1950: Alfred Harrison Joy · 1951: Marcel Minnaert · 1952: Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar · 1953: Harold Delos Babcock · 1954: Bertil Lindblad · 1955: Walter Baade · 1956: Albrecht Unsöld · 1957: Ira Sprague Bowen · 1958: William Wilson Morgan 1959: Bengt Strömgren · 1960: Viktor Ambartsumian · 1961: Rudolf Minkowski · 1962: Grote Reber · 1963: Seth Barnes Nicholson · 1964: Otto Heckmann · 1965: Martin Schwarzschild · 1966: Dirk Brouwer · 1967: Ludwig Biermann · 1968: Willem Jacob Luyten · 1969: Horace Welcome Babcock · 1970: Fred Hoyle · 1971: Jesse Leonard Greenstein · 1972: Iosif Shklovsky · 1973: Lyman Spitzer · 1974: Martin Ryle · 1975: Allan Rex Sandage · 1976: Ernst Öpik · 1977: Bart Bok · 1978: Hendrik Christoffel van de Hulst · 1979: William Alfred Fowler · 1980: George Herbig · 1981: Riccardo Giacconi · 1982: Margaret Burbidge · 1983: Jakov Seldovich · 1984: Olin Chaddock Wilson · 1985: Thomas George Cowling · 1986: Fred Whipple · 1987: Edwin Ernest Salpeter · 1988: John Gatenby Bolton · 1989: Adriaan Blaauw · 1990: Charlotte Moore Sitterly · 1991: Donald Edward Osterbrock · 1992: Maarten Schmidt · 1993: Martin Rees · 1994: Wallace Sargent · 1995: James Peebles · 1996: Albert Whitford · 1997: Eugene Parker · 1998: Donald Lynden-Bell · 1999: Geoffrey Burbidge · 2000: Rashid Sunyaev · 2001: Hans Bethe · 2002: Bohdan Paczyński · 2003: Vera Rubin · 2004: Chushiro Hayashi · 2005: Robert Kraft · 2006: Frank James Low · 2007: Martin Harwit · 2008: Sidney van den Bergh · 2009: Frank Shu · 2010: Gerald Neugebauer · 2011: Jeremiah Paul Ostriker · 2012: Sandra Faber · 2013: James Gunn · 2014: Kenneth Kellermann · 2015: Douglas Lin · 2016: Andrew Fabian · 2017: Nicholas Scoville · 2018: Tim Heckman · 2019: Martha Patricia Haynes

v d e Presidentes da American Mathematical Society
1888–1900	John Howard Van Amringe (1888-90) Emory McClintock (1891-94) George William Hill (1895-96) Simon Newcomb (1897-98) Robert Simpson Woodward (1899-00)
1901–1924	Eliakim Hastings Moore (1901-02) Thomas Fiske (1903-04) William Fogg Osgood (1905-06) Henry Seely White (1907-08) Maxime Bôcher (1909-10) Henry Burchard Fine (1911-12) Edward Burr Van Vleck (1913-14) Ernest William Brown (1915-16) Leonard Eugene Dickson (1917-18) Frank Morley (1919-20) Gilbert Ames Bliss (1921-22) Oswald Veblen (1923-24)
1925–1950	George David Birkhoff (1925-26) Virgil Snyder (1927-28) Earle Raymond Hedrick (1929-30) Luther Eisenhart (1931-32) Arthur Byron Coble (1933-34) Solomon Lefschetz (1935-36) Robert Lee Moore (1937-38) Griffith Conrad Evans (1939-40) Marston Morse (1941-42) Marshall Harvey Stone (1943-44) Theophil Henry Hildebrandt (1945-46) Einar Carl Hille (1947-48) Joseph Leonard Walsh (1949-50)
1951–1974	John von Neumann (1951-52) Gordon Thomas Whyburn (1953-54) Raymond Louis Wilder (1955-56) Richard Brauer (1957-58) Edward James McShane (1959-60) Deane Montgomery (1961-62) Joseph Leo Doob (1963-64) Abraham Adrian Albert (1965-66) Charles Morrey (1967-68) Oscar Zariski (1969-70) Nathan Jacobson (1971-72) Saunders Mac Lane (1973-74)
1975–2000	Lipman Bers (1975-76) R. H. Bing (1977-78) Peter Lax (1979-80) Andrew Gleason (1981-82) Julia Robinson (1983-84) Irving Kaplansky (1985-86) George Mostow (1987-88) William Browder (1989-90) Michael Artin (1991-92) Ronald Graham (1993-94) Cathleen Synge Morawetz (1995-96) Arthur Jaffe (1997-98) Felix Browder (1999-2000)
2001–Atualidade	Hyman Bass (2001-02) David Eisenbud (2003-04) James Arthur (2005-06) James Glimm (2007-08) George Andrews (2009-10) Eric Friedlander (2011-12) David Vogan (2013-14) Robert Bryant (2015-16) Kenneth Alan Ribet (2017-18) Jill Pipher (2018-19)