Cronograma

Um horário de trabalho semanal indica quais funcionários de uma empresa vão trabalhar em quais horários, para garantir a distribuição eficaz dos recursos de mão de obra

Um cronograma, como uma ferramenta básica de gerenciamento de tempo, consiste em uma lista de horários em que possíveis tarefas, eventos, ou ações se destinam a ocorrer, ou de uma sequência de eventos na ordem cronológica em que tais coisas devem ocorrer. O processo de criação de um cronograma — decidindo como ordenar essas tarefas e como comprometer recursos entre a variedade de tarefas possíveis — é chamado de escalonamento,^[1]^[2] e uma pessoa responsável por fazer um cronograma específico pode ser chamada de escalonador. Fazer e seguir horários é uma atividade humana antiga.^[3]

Alguns cenários associam esse tipo de planejamento ao aprendizado de habilidades para a vida.^[4]^[5] Os horários são necessários, ou pelo menos úteis, em situações em que os indivíduos precisam saber a que horas devem estar em um local específico para receber um serviço específico e onde as pessoas precisam cumprir um conjunto de metas dentro de um conjunto período de tempo.

Os agendamentos podem abranger períodos curtos, como um agendamento diário ou semanal, e planejamento de longo prazo com relação a períodos de vários meses ou anos.^[6] Eles são frequentemente feitos usando um calendário, onde a pessoa que faz o agendamento pode anotar as datas e horários em que vários eventos estão planejados para ocorrer. Agendas que não estabelecem horários específicos para a ocorrência de eventos podem, em vez disso, listar algoritmicamente uma ordem esperada na qual os eventos podem ou devem ocorrer.

Em algumas situações, os horários podem ser incertos, como quando a condução da vida diária depende de fatores ambientais fora do controle humano.^[7] As pessoas que estão de férias ou procuram reduzir o estresse e relaxar podem intencionalmente evitar ter um horário por um determinado período de tempo.^[8]

Referências

↑ See Hojjat Adeli, Asim Karim, Construction Scheduling, Cost Optimization and Management (2003), p. 54.
↑ Ofer Zwikael, John Smyrk, Project Management for the Creation of Organisational Value (2011), p. 196: "The process is called scheduling, the output from which is a timetable of some form".
↑ James, C. Renée (2014). Science Unshackled. [S.l.]: Johns Hopkins University Press. p. 14. ISBN 1421415003. This obsession with timekeeping isn't anything new, though. Ancient schedules revolved around annual, seasonal, monthly, or daily rhythms, and innumerable examples of timekeeping structures and rock carvings from these early cultures still pepper our planet in famous places like Stonehenge in Wiltshire County, England, and in less famous places like the V-V Ranch Petroglyph site near Sedona, Arizona.
↑ Kohl Coston, Phyllis (2013). Celebration of Success. Bloomington, Indiana: AuthorHouse. p. 26. ISBN 9781491802311. Consultado em 2 de setembro de 2014. [Allison] and Evan believe this kind of planning teaches responsibility and consideration for others as well as helping the boys learn life skills such as time management, the importance of being a team member, and ownership of calendar details.
↑ Karniol, Rachel (2010). Social Development as Preference Management: How Infants, Children, and Parents Get What They Want from One Another. [S.l.]: Cambridge University Press. p. 129. ISBN 1139484001. [P]arents have agendas that dictate how they prioritize their own behavior. These agendas necessarily require them to plan and set up schedules and children's preferences may play a subsidiary role in these schedules.
↑ Dennis Coon, John Mitterer, Psychology: Modules for Active Learning (2007), p. 7.
↑ In this case they are referred to as Stochastic scheduling. Compare some aspects of hunter-gatherer society: Lee, Richard B. (1998). «What hunters do for a living, or, how to make out on scarce resources». In: Gowdy, John. Limited Wants, Unlimited Means: A Reader On Hunter-Gatherer Economics And The Environment. [S.l.]: Island Press. p. 52. ISBN 9781559635554. Consultado em 9 de setembro de 2014. The hunters[' ...] schedule is uneven. it is not unusual for a man to hunt avidly for a week and then do no hunting at all for two or three weeks. Since hunting is an unpredictable business and subject to magical control, hunters sometimes experience a run of bad luck and stop hunting for a month or longer. During these periods, visiting, entertaining, and especially dancing are the primary activities of men.
↑ Kelly Turner, "Health Nut: Working out on Vacation Arquivado em 2014-11-04 no Wayback Machine", OutdoorsNW.com (2014): "Traveling is all about packing a bag and setting out on an adventure with no itinerary, no appointments and no schedule. Vacations are a time to relax and take a time out from your daily responsibilities".

[1] See Hojjat Adeli, Asim Karim, Construction Scheduling, Cost Optimization and Management (2003), p. 54.

[Zwikael-2] Ofer Zwikael, John Smyrk, Project Management for the Creation of Organisational Value (2011), p. 196: "The process is called scheduling, the output from which is a timetable of some form".

[3] James, C. Renée (2014). Science Unshackled. [S.l.]: Johns Hopkins University Press. p. 14. ISBN 1421415003. This obsession with timekeeping isn't anything new, though. Ancient schedules revolved around annual, seasonal, monthly, or daily rhythms, and innumerable examples of timekeeping structures and rock carvings from these early cultures still pepper our planet in famous places like Stonehenge in Wiltshire County, England, and in less famous places like the V-V Ranch Petroglyph site near Sedona, Arizona.

[4] Kohl Coston, Phyllis (2013). Celebration of Success. Bloomington, Indiana: AuthorHouse. p. 26. ISBN 9781491802311. Consultado em 2 de setembro de 2014. [Allison] and Evan believe this kind of planning teaches responsibility and consideration for others as well as helping the boys learn life skills such as time management, the importance of being a team member, and ownership of calendar details.

[5] Karniol, Rachel (2010). Social Development as Preference Management: How Infants, Children, and Parents Get What They Want from One Another. [S.l.]: Cambridge University Press. p. 129. ISBN 1139484001. [P]arents have agendas that dictate how they prioritize their own behavior. These agendas necessarily require them to plan and set up schedules and children's preferences may play a subsidiary role in these schedules.

[6] Dennis Coon, John Mitterer, Psychology: Modules for Active Learning (2007), p. 7.

[7] In this case they are referred to as Stochastic scheduling. Compare some aspects of hunter-gatherer society: Lee, Richard B. (1998). «What hunters do for a living, or, how to make out on scarce resources». In: Gowdy, John. Limited Wants, Unlimited Means: A Reader On Hunter-Gatherer Economics And The Environment. [S.l.]: Island Press. p. 52. ISBN 9781559635554. Consultado em 9 de setembro de 2014. The hunters[' ...] schedule is uneven. it is not unusual for a man to hunt avidly for a week and then do no hunting at all for two or three weeks. Since hunting is an unpredictable business and subject to magical control, hunters sometimes experience a run of bad luck and stop hunting for a month or longer. During these periods, visiting, entertaining, and especially dancing are the primary activities of men.

[8] Kelly Turner, "Health Nut: Working out on Vacation Arquivado em 2014-11-04 no Wayback Machine", OutdoorsNW.com (2014): "Traveling is all about packing a bag and setting out on an adventure with no itinerary, no appointments and no schedule. Vacations are a time to relax and take a time out from your daily responsibilities".

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