English: Diagram of the molecular signaling cascades that are involved in myofibrillar muscle protein synthesis and mitochondrial biogenesis in response to physical exercise and specific amino acids or their derivatives (primarily leucine and beta-hydroxy beta-methylbutyrate).

Abbreviations and schematic representations:

   ■PLD: phospholipase D
   ■PA: phosphatidic acid
   ■mTOR: mechanistic target of rapamycin
   ■AMP: adenosine monophosphate
   ■ATP: adenosine triphosphate
   ■AMPK: AMP-activated protein kinase
   ■PGC‐1α: peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator-1α
   ■4EBP1: eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4E-binding protein 1
   ■S6K1: p70S6 kinase
   ■eIF4E: eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4E
   ■RPS6: ribosomal protein S6
   ■eEF2: eukaryotic elongation factor 2
   ■RE: resistance exercise; EE: endurance exercise
   ■Myo: myofibrillar; Mito: mitochondrial
   ■AA: amino acids
   ■↑ represents activation
   ■Τ represents inhibition