Hapa

Hapa é uma transliteração da palavra inglesa "half", mas rapidamente passou a significar "part", combinada com números para formar frações. Por exemplo, hapalua é metade, hapaha é um quarto e hapanui significa maioria.^[1]^[2] No Havaí, a palavra se refere a qualquer pessoa de herança étnica mista, independentemente da mistura específica.^[3]^[4] Na Califórnia, o termo é usado para qualquer pessoa de mistura do leste asiático ou do sudeste asiático.^[5]^[6]^[7]^[8] Portanto, os dois usos são simultâneos.^[9]^[10]^[11]^[12]^[13]^[14]^[a]

Notas

↑ "As ilhas da Ásia ou do Pacífico (API) "eram uma classificação Censo dos EUA antes do Censo dos EUA em 2000 posteriormente separadas em duas categorias:" asiática "e" nativo do Havaí ou outras ilhas do Pacífico ".^[15]

Referências

↑ Johnson 2016.
↑ NeSmith 2018.
↑ Bernstein & Cruz 2014, p. 723: "Thus, for locals in Hawai’i, both hapa or hapa haole are used to depict people of mixed-race heritage."
↑ Taniguchi & Heidenreich 2006, p. 137: "Currently, Hawaiian locals use 'hapa' to refer to any individual who is racially mixed."
↑ Ho, Jennifer Ann (2015). Racial Ambiguity in Asian American Culture. Col: Asian American Studies Today. [S.l.]: Rutgers University Press. p. 153. ISBN 9780813570716. OCLC 973052426. Consultado em 19 de novembro de 2018
↑ Sunakawa, Ellie; Willmore, Alison; Varner, Will; Rosenberg, Shannon; Nguyen, Dao; Hua, Bryant (7 de maio de 2015). «31 Things All Half-Asians Know To Be True». BuzzFeed. Consultado em 19 de novembro de 2018
↑ Chew, Erin (22 de março de 2016). «Are we using the word 'Hapa' in the wrong context?». You Offend Me You Offend My Family. Consultado em 19 de novembro de 2018
↑ Gamble, Adriane E. (outubro de 2009). «Hapas: Emerging Identity, Emerging Terms and Labels & the Social Construction of Race» (PDF). Stanford Journal of Asian American Studies. II. Consultado em 18 de novembro de 2018
↑ Huynh-Hohnbaum 2009, p. 437: "The term "hapa" is commonly used to refer to multiracial Asian and Pacific Islanders (APIs) and originates from a Native Hawaiian word."
↑ Bernstein & Cruz 2014, p. 723: "Today, 'hapa' is used to describe any person of mixed East and South East Asian or Pacific Islander descent."
↑ Ozaki & Johnston 2009, pp. 53–54: "Currently, hapa is often used to refer to anyone of a racially mixed Asian heritage, and even more recently to anyone who is of mixed-race heritage (Taniguchi & Heidenreich 2006)."
↑ Folen, Alana; Ng, Tina (primavera de 2007). «The Hapa Project: How multiracial identity crosses oceans». University of Hawaii at Manoa. Consultado em 4 de setembro de 2013 "Jonathan Okamura, professor of ethnic studies at the University of Hawai`i at Manoa, explained that although hapa is a word that describes all people of mixed ancestry, hapa is primarily used to describe people who are half white and half East or Southeast Asian American."
↑ Taniguchi & Heidenreich 2006, p. 135: "In the United States, individuals recognized the term as meaning mixed Asian/Pacific Islander or, more popularly, part Asian."
↑ Downes, Lawrence (11 de março de 2017). «In Los Angeles, a Festival of Love and Hapa-ness». The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Consultado em 13 de março de 2017
↑ Office of Management and Budget (30 de outubro de 1997), Revisions to the Standards for the Classification of Federal Data on Race and Ethnicity, US Government, arquivado do original em 17 de janeiro de 2017

Bibliografia

Huynh-Hohnbaum, Anh-Luu T.; Yoo, Grace J. (2009). «Multiracial Asians and Pacific Islanders». In: Chen, Wen-Chu; Yoo, Grace J. Encyclopedia of Asian American Issues Today. 1. [S.l.]: Greenwood Pub Group. pp. 437–443. ISBN 978-0313347511. OCLC 422757556

Artigos de jornal

Bernstein, Mary; De la Cruz, Marcie (2009). «"What are You?": Explaining Identity as a Goal of the Multiracial Hapa Movement». Social Problems. 56 (4): 722–745. JSTOR 10.1525/sp.2009.56.4.722. doi:10.1525/sp.2009.56.4.722
Easley, Allen Ken (1995). «Of Children's Plates, Melting Pots, Tossed Salads and Multiple Consciousness: Tales from a Hapa Haole». UCLA Asian Pacific American Law Journal. 3 (1): 75–80. Consultado em 2 de setembro de 2013
Ozaki, C. Casey; Johnston, Marc (2009). «The space in between: Issues for multiracial student organizations and advising». New Directions for Student Services. 2008 (123): 53–61. doi:10.1002/ss.286
Taniguchi, Angela S.; Heidenreich, Linda (28 de junho de 2006). «Re-Mix: Rethinking the use of Hapa in Mixedrace Asian/Pacific Islander American Community Organizing». Research Exchange. McNair Journal. Consultado em 19 de novembro de 2018

Artigos

Dariotis, Wei Ming (2007). «Hapa: The Word of Power». Mixed Heritage Center. Consultado em 2 de setembro de 2013
Johnson, Akemi (2016). «Who Gets To Be 'Hapa'?». NPR. Consultado em 15 de julho de 2019

[16] "As ilhas da Ásia ou do Pacífico (API) "eram uma classificação Censo dos EUA antes do Censo dos EUA em 2000 posteriormente separadas em duas categorias:" asiática "e" nativo do Havaí ou outras ilhas do Pacífico ".^[15]

[FOOTNOTEJohnson2016-1] Johnson 2016.

[FOOTNOTENeSmith2018-2] NeSmith 2018.

[3] Bernstein & Cruz 2014, p. 723: "Thus, for locals in Hawai’i, both hapa or hapa haole are used to depict people of mixed-race heritage."

[4] Taniguchi & Heidenreich 2006, p. 137: "Currently, Hawaiian locals use 'hapa' to refer to any individual who is racially mixed."

[Ho_2015_p._153-5] Ho, Jennifer Ann (2015). Racial Ambiguity in Asian American Culture. Col: Asian American Studies Today. [S.l.]: Rutgers University Press. p. 153. ISBN 9780813570716. OCLC 973052426. Consultado em 19 de novembro de 2018

[Sunakawa_Willmore_Varner_Rosenberg_2015-6] Sunakawa, Ellie; Willmore, Alison; Varner, Will; Rosenberg, Shannon; Nguyen, Dao; Hua, Bryant (7 de maio de 2015). «31 Things All Half-Asians Know To Be True». BuzzFeed. Consultado em 19 de novembro de 2018

[Chew_2016-7] Chew, Erin (22 de março de 2016). «Are we using the word 'Hapa' in the wrong context?». You Offend Me You Offend My Family. Consultado em 19 de novembro de 2018

[Gamble_2009-8] Gamble, Adriane E. (outubro de 2009). «Hapas: Emerging Identity, Emerging Terms and Labels & the Social Construction of Race» (PDF). Stanford Journal of Asian American Studies. II. Consultado em 18 de novembro de 2018

[9] Huynh-Hohnbaum 2009, p. 437: "The term "hapa" is commonly used to refer to multiracial Asian and Pacific Islanders (APIs) and originates from a Native Hawaiian word."

[10] Bernstein & Cruz 2014, p. 723: "Today, 'hapa' is used to describe any person of mixed East and South East Asian or Pacific Islander descent."

[11] Ozaki & Johnston 2009, pp. 53–54: "Currently, hapa is often used to refer to anyone of a racially mixed Asian heritage, and even more recently to anyone who is of mixed-race heritage (Taniguchi & Heidenreich 2006)."

[12] Folen, Alana; Ng, Tina (primavera de 2007). «The Hapa Project: How multiracial identity crosses oceans». University of Hawaii at Manoa. Consultado em 4 de setembro de 2013 "Jonathan Okamura, professor of ethnic studies at the University of Hawai`i at Manoa, explained that although hapa is a word that describes all people of mixed ancestry, hapa is primarily used to describe people who are half white and half East or Southeast Asian American."

[13] Taniguchi & Heidenreich 2006, p. 135: "In the United States, individuals recognized the term as meaning mixed Asian/Pacific Islander or, more popularly, part Asian."

[:0-14] Downes, Lawrence (11 de março de 2017). «In Los Angeles, a Festival of Love and Hapa-ness». The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Consultado em 13 de março de 2017

[15] Office of Management and Budget (30 de outubro de 1997), Revisions to the Standards for the Classification of Federal Data on Race and Ethnicity, US Government, arquivado do original em 17 de janeiro de 2017

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