Mostrar código-fonte de Supersaurus

{{automatic taxobox
| fossil_range = [[Jurássico Superior]]<br />{{Período fóssil|153}}
| image = Supersaurus dinosaur.png
| display_parents = 2
| taxon = Supersaurus
| authority = [[James A. Jensen|Jensen]], 1985
| type_species = {{Extintotaxo}}'''''Supersaurus vivianae'''''
| type_species_authority = [[James A. Jensen|Jensen]], 1985
| subdivision_ranks = Espécies
| subdivision = * {{Extintotaxo}}''[[Dinheirosaurus|Supersaurus lourinhanensis]]''?<br /><small>[[José Bonaparte (paleontólogo)|Bonaparte]] & [[Octávio Mateus|Mateus]], 1999</small>
| synonyms = {{collapsible list|bullets = true
 |title=<small>Sinônimo de gênero</small>
|'''''Dystylosaurus'''''<br /><small>[[James A. Jensen|Jensen]], 1985</small>
|'''''Ultrasauros'''''<br /><small>(Jensen, 1985) Olshevsky, 1991 [antigamente ''[[Ultrasaurus]]'', preocupado]</small>
|''[[Dinheirosaurus]]''?<br /><small>Bonaparte & Mateus, 1999</small>
}}
{{collapsible list|bullets = true
 |title=<small>Sinônimo de espécie (''S. vivianae'')</small>
|'''''Dystylosaurus edwini'''''<br /><small>[[James A. Jensen|Jensen]], 1985</small>
|'''''Ultrasauros macintoshi'''''<br /><small>(Jensen, 1985) Olshevsky, 1991 [antigamente ''[[Ultrasaurus]]'', preocupado]</small>
}}
}}
'''''Supersaurus''''', é um gênero de dinossauro [[Saurópodes|saurópode]] (espécies quadrúpedes vegetarianas, de grande tamanho e longos pescoços) descoberto por Vivian Jones, em [[Delta (Colorado)|Delta (Colorado, EUA)]], em 1972. Está entre os maiores dinossauros conhecido pelo tamanho, podendo chegar a 33-34 [[metro]]s de comprimento e peso de 35 a 40&nbsp;toneladas.<ref name=LHW07>{{citar periódico|primeiro =David M. |autor1=Hartman, Scott A.|autor2=and Wahl, William R. |ano=2007 |título=Morphology of a specimen of ''Supersaurus'' (Dinosauria, Sauropoda) from the Morrison Formation of Wyoming, and a re-evaluation of diplodocid phylogeny |periódico=Arquivos do Museu Nacional |volume=65 |número=4 |páginas=527–544 }}</ref>

É conhecido inicialmente na América do Norte, onde foi descoberta a espécie ''Supersaurus vivianae''.

[[Ficheiro:Supersaurus.gif|miniaturadaimagem|Reconstrução de um Supersaurus]]
O ''[[Dinheirosaurus lourinhanensis]]'', dinossauro descoberto em 2015 em [[Portugal]], pode na verdade ser o mesmo que o ''Supersaurus'', o que, se confirmado, levará à mudança do nome deste para ''Supersaurus lourinhanensis''.<ref>Mannion, P. D., Upchurch P., Mateus O., Barnes R. N., & Jones M. E. H. (2012).  New information on the anatomy and systematic position of Dinheirosaurus lourinhanensis (Sauropoda: Diplodocoidea) from the Late Jurassic of Portugal, with a review of European diplodocoids. Journal of Systematic Palaeontology. 10(3), 521–551.</ref><ref>Tschopp, E., Mateus O., & Benson R. B. J. (2015).  A specimen-level phylogenetic analysis and taxonomic revision of Diplodocidae (Dinosauria, Sauropoda). PeerJ. 3, e857., 4 </ref>

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Recent discoveries show ''Supersaurus'' to be a large relative of the familiar ''[[Apatosaurus]]'', a member of the diplodocid subfamily Apatosaurinae.<ref name=LHW07/>

==History==
[[Ficheiro:Supersaurus dinosaur.png|thumb|left|Life restoration of ''Supersaurus]]''
The original [[fossil]] remains of ''Supersaurus'', discovered in the [[Dry Mesa Quarry]], yielded only a few bones: the shoulder girdle ([[holotype|type specimen]] [[Brigham Young University|BYU]] 12962, earlier BYU 5500), an [[ischium]] (BYU 12946) and a few neck vertebrae. This shoulder girdle (or ''[[scapula|scapulocoracoid]]'') stood some 2.4&nbsp;meters (8&nbsp;ft) tall, if placed on end.

A new and much more complete specimen of ''Supersaurus'', nicknamed 'Jimbo', WDC DMJ-021, has in 1996 been found in [[Converse County]], [[Wyoming]]. It is currently being prepared and was described in 2007. Its bones are being held at the [[Wyoming Dinosaur Center]]. By comparison between the two specimens it could be established that a series of tail vertebrae, by Jensen referred to ''Supersaurus'', must have belonged to some other form. On the other hand, of a large number of bones from the Dry Mesa it could be confirmed that they came from ''Supersaurus''. Originally, it was thought that ''Supersaurus'' was related to the long-necked diplodocid ''[[Barosaurus]]'' (a member of the subfamily Diplodocinae), but the new specimen makes it clear that ''Supersaurus'' is actually more closely related to ''[[Apatosaurus]]'' (a member of the subfamily Apatosaurinae). In most respects ''Supersaurus'' has the same [[morphology (biology)|morphology]] as ''Apatosaurus'' but it is less robustly built with especially elongated [[cervical vertebra]]e, resulting into one of the longest known sauropod necks.<ref name=LHW07/> ''Supersaurus'' is present in stratigraphic zone 5 of the Morrison, dating from the [[Tithonian]].<ref name="foster-appendix">Foster, J. (2007). "Appendix." ''Jurassic West: The Dinosaurs of the Morrison Formation and Their World''. Indiana University Press. pp. 327-329.</ref>

===Ultrasauros===
[[Ficheiro:Supersaurus vivianae dorsal vertebra.JPG|thumb|left|A dorsal vertebra of a ''Supersaurus vivianae'']]
Paleontologist [[James A. Jensen]], who described the original ''Supersaurus'' specimen, simultaneously reported the discovery of another gigantic sauropod, which would later be named "Ultrasaurus" ''macintoshi''<ref name="jensen1985">Jensen, J.A. (1985). "Three new sauropod dinosaurs from the Upper Jurassic of Colorado." ''Great Basin Naturalist'', '''45''': 697-709.</ref> (later re-named '''''Ultrasauros macintoshi'''''). The type specimen (the specimen used to define a new [[species]]) of ''Ultrasauros'', being a backbone (dorsal [[vertebra]], labeled BYU 9044), was later found to have come from ''Supersaurus''. In fact, it probably belonged to the original ''Supersaurus'' specimen, which was discovered in the same quarry in 1972. Therefore, ''Ultrasauros'' became a [[junior objective synonym]] of ''Supersaurus'', which had been named first and thus retains priority, and the name ''Ultrasauros'' was abandoned.<ref name="curticeetal1996">Curtice, B., Stadtman, K., and Curtice, L. (1996) "A re-assessment of ''Ultrasauros macintoshi'' (Jensen, 1985)." Pp. 87-95 in M. Morales (ed.), ''The Continental Jurassic: Transactions of the Continental Jurassic Symposium'', Museum of Northern Arizona Bulletin number 60.</ref>

Other bones that were found at the same location and originally thought to belong to ''Ultrasauros'', like a shoulder girdle ([[scapula|scapulocoracoid]], BYU 9462), actually belonged to ''[[Brachiosaurus]]'', possibly a large specimen of ''Brachiosaurus altithorax''.<ref name="curticeetal1996"/> The ''Brachiosaurus'' bones indicate a large, but not record-breaking individual, a little larger than the "''Brachiosaurus" brancai'' (''[[Giraffatitan]] brancai'') mount in the [[Humboldt Museum]] of Berlin. Larger specimens of ''Brachiosaurus'' are known from the [[Tendaguru]] beds of [[Tanzânia]], na [[África Oriental]].

Originally, these ''Supersaurus'' and ''Brachiosaurus'' bones were believed to represent a single dinosaur that was estimated to reach about 25 to 30&nbsp;m long, 8 m high at the shoulder, 15&nbsp;m in total height, and weighing maybe 70&nbsp;[[metric ton]]s. At the time, mass estimates ranged up to 180&nbsp;tons,<ref>McGowan, C. (1991). ''Dinosaurs, Spitfires and Sea Dragons''. Harvard University Press, Cambridge, MA</ref> which placed it in the same category as the [[blue whale]] and the equally problematic ''[[Bruhathkayosaurus]]''.

===Naming of ''Ultrasauros===
[[Ficheiro:Supersaurus vivianae pelvis.JPG|thumb|The pelvis of a ''Supersaurus vivianae'']]
The naming of the [[Chimera (paleontology)|chimeric]] ''Ultrasauros'' has a similarly complicated history. ''Ultrasaur'''''u'''''s'' was the original choice, and was widely used by the media after the discovery in 1979. However, the name of a new [[species]] must be published in a scientific journal to become official.
[[Ficheiro:Longest dinosaurs1.png|thumb|left|Diagram showing the size of different sauropods compared to a human, ''Supersaurus'' in orange]]
Before Jim Jensen published his discovery in 1985, another paleontologist, Haang Mook Kim, used the name ''[[Ultrasaurus]]'' in a 1983 publication to describe what he believed was a giant dinosaur in [[South Korea]]. This was a different, much smaller dinosaur than Jensen's find, but Kim thought it represented a similarly gigantic animal because he confused a [[femur]] (leg bone) for a [[humerus]] (arm bone). While the logic of naming was incorrect, the ''Ultrasaur'''''u'''''s'' from Kim's find fulfilled the requirements for naming and became regarded as a legitimate, if dubious genus. Thus, because Jensen did not publish his own "Ultrasaurus" find until 1985, Kim's use retained its official priority of name, and Jensen was forced to choose a new name (in technical terms, his original choice was "preoccupied" by Kim's sauropod). In 1991, at his suggestion, [[George Olshevsky]] changed one letter, and renamed Jensen's sauropod ''Ultrasaur'''''o'''''s''.

When it was later discovered that the new name referred to bones from two separate, and already known species, the name ''Ultrasauros'' became a junior synonym for ''Supersaurus''. Since the bones from the ''Brachiosaurus'' were only used as a secondary reference for the new species, ''Ultrasauros'' is not a junior synonym for ''Brachiosaurus''. Since ''Supersaurus'' was named slightly earlier, the name ''Ultrasauros'' has been discarded in favor of ''Supersaurus''.

===Additional synonyms===
Another [[diplodocid]] dinosaur found near the original ''Supersaurus'' quarry, known from a backbone (dorsal [[vertebra]] type specimen BYU 5750), was named '''''Dystylosaurus edwini''''' and is now also considered to be a specimen of ''Supersaurus vivianae''. Hence, ''Dystylosaurus'' has also become a junior synonym of ''Supersaurus''.<ref name=CS01>{{citar livro|último =Curtice |primeiro =B. |autor2=and Stadtman, K. |ano=2001 |capítulo=The demise of ''Dystylosaurus edwini'' and a revision of ''Supersaurus vivianae'' |título=Western Association of Vertebrate Paleontologists and Southwest Paleontological Symposium - Proceedings 2001 |editor=McCord, R.D.; and Boaz, D. (eds.) |series=Mesa Southwest Museum Bulletin |volume=8 |páginas=33–40}}</ref>
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== Ligações externas ==
* "[https://web.archive.org/web/20080509184839/http://www.dinosauria.com/jdp/misc/ultra.htm Whatever happened to 'Ultrasauros''?], por Brian Curtice.
* "[http://www.miketaylor.org.uk/dino/faq/s-size/diff/index.html Why do mass estimates vary so much?]", por Mike Taylor, 27-8-2002.

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[[Categoria:Diplodocoidea]]
[[Categoria:Dinossauros do Jurássico]]
[[Categoria:Dinossauros da América do Norte]]
[[Categoria:Espécies fósseis descritas em 1985]]