Cristianismo e violência

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As Cruzadas foram uma série de campanhas militares travadas principalmente entre os Europeus Cristãos e Muçulmanos. Acima, uma representação da Primeira Cruzada.

Os cristãos tiveram diversas atitudes em relação à violência e à não-violência ao longo do tempo. Tanto atualmente quanto historicamente, houve quatro atitudes em relação à violência e à guerra e quatro práticas resultantes delas dentro do cristianismo: não-resistência, pacifismo cristão, guerra justa e guerra preventiva (guerra santa, por exemplo, as Cruzadas).[1] No Império Romano, a igreja primitiva adotou uma postura não-violenta quando se tratava de guerra porque a imitação da vida sacrificial de Jesus era preferível a ela.[2] O conceito de "guerra justa", a crença de que usos limitados da guerra eram aceitáveis, originou-se nos escritos de pensadores romanos e gregos não cristãos anteriores, como Cícero e Platão.[3][4] Mais tarde, esta teoria foi adotada por pensadores cristãos como Santo Agostinho, que como outros cristãos, emprestou muito do conceito de guerra justa do direito romano e das obras de escritores romanos como Cícero.[5][6][7] Embora o conceito de "Guerra Justa" tenha sido amplamente aceito desde o início, a guerra não era considerada uma atividade virtuosa e era comum expressar preocupação com a salvação daqueles que matavam inimigos em batalha, independentemente da causa pela qual lutavam.[8] Conceitos como "guerra santa", segundo o qual a própria luta pode ser considerada um ato penitencial e espiritualmente meritório, não surgiram antes do século XI.[8][9]

Having Their fling (1917) pelo cartunista Art Young.

Referências

  1. ↑ Clouse, Robert G. (1986). War Four Christian views. Winona Lake, Indiana: BMH Books. pp. 12–22 
  2. ↑ Duffey, Michael (22 de junho de 2015). «2. Christianity From Peacemaking to Violence to Home Again». In: Omar, Irfan; Duffey, Michael. Peacemaking and the Challenge of Violence in World Religions. [S.l.]: Wiley-Blackwell. pp. 55–56. ISBN 9781118953426 
  3. ↑ «Religion & Ethics – Just War Theory -introduction». BBC. Consultado em 16 de março de 2010 
  4. ↑ Syse, Henrik (2010). «The Platonic roots of just war doctrine: a reading of Plato's Republic». Diametros. 23: 104–123 
  5. ↑ Duffey, Michael (22 de junho de 2015). «2. Christianity From Peacemaking to Violence to Home Again». In: Omar, Irfan; Duffey, Michael. Peacemaking and the Challenge of Violence in World Religions. [S.l.]: Wiley-Blackwell. 58 páginas. ISBN 9781118953426. The purpose of war for Augustine was to preserve "good order". It was a long lasting influence of St. Augustine's teaching on war and violence that shaped mainstream Christianity for 1500 years. Augustine fathered the mainstream Christian view that violence was just a means for political ends...Indeed, Augustine's perspective was not based on the New Testament. 
  6. ↑ Wells, Donald, ed. (1996). An Encyclopedia of War and Ethics. [S.l.]: Greenwood Press. pp. 30–31. ISBN 9780313291166. In 383, Christianity was declared the official religion of the Roman Empire, and Christians who had previously been aloof from political and social responsibility were compelled to rethink their role. Augustine, and his teacher St. Ambrose (340-397), in part inspired by the writings of Cicero (106-43 s.c.), developed just war criteria to show why Christians could consistently serve in the military as armed soldiers, at least in some wars. Although Augustine deplored the ambitions that promoted wars for sovereignty over others, he believed that there were conditions under which it was just to extend an empire... As instances of worthy causes Augustine named preservation of the well-being of the state, punishment of neighbor nations that had refused to make amends for wrongs committed by their subjects, to restore what had been taken unjustly, and even to expand an empire if one was taking land a way from a tyrant (Questions Concerning the Heputteuch. Question 10; and City of God. Book 4, Part 15). 
  7. ↑ Bonney, Richard (2011). «Just War». The Encyclopedia of War. Encyclopedia of Wars. [S.l.: s.n.] ISBN 9781405190374. doi:10.1002/9781444338232.wbeow328. Questions such as under which circumstances war may be legitimized, and the rules of war controlled, are the concern of just war theory in the Christian tradition from the writings of St. Augustine in the fourth century, through the scholastics of the Middle Ages (above all, St. Thomas Aquinas) and early modern period (Vitoria, Sua´rez, and Grotius) to modern commentators such as George Weigel and Michael Walzer. The early Christian writers in turn drew upon Roman Law and the writings of Cicero; indeed, in the view of Alex J. Bellamy, they “added little that was substantially new” (Bellamy 2006: 8). 
  8. ↑ a b Peters, Edward (1998). «Introduction». The First Crusade: The Chronicle of Fulcher of Chartres and Other Source Materials 2 ed. Philadelphia, PA: University of Pennsylvania Press. ISBN 978-0812216561 
  9. ↑ Duffey, Michael (22 de junho de 2015). «2. Christianity From Peacemaking to Violence to Home Again». In: Omar, Irfan; Duffey, Michael. Peacemaking and the Challenge of Violence in World Religions. [S.l.]: Wiley-Blackwell. ISBN 9781118953426 

Leitura complementar[editar | editar código-fonte]

  • Avalos, Hector. Fighting Words. The Origins of Religious Violence. Amherst, NY: Prometheus, 2005.
  • Bekkenkamp, Jonneke and Sherwood, Yvonne, ed. Sanctified Aggression. Legacies of Biblical and Postbiblical Vocabularies of Violence. London/New York: T. & T. Clark International, 2003.
  • Collins, John J. Does the Bible Justify Violence? Minneapolis: Fortress, 2004.
  • Hedges, Chris. 2007. American Fascists: The Christian Right and the War on America. Free Press.
  • Lea, Henry Charles. 1961. The Inquisition of the Middle Ages. Abridged. New York: Macmillan.
  • MacMullen, Ramsay, 1989 "Christianizing the Roman Empire: AD 100–400"
  • MacMullen, Ramsay, 1997, "Christianity and Paganism in the Fourth to Eighth Centuries"
  • Mason, Carol. 2002. Killing for Life: The Apocalyptic Narrative of Pro-Life Politics. Ithaca: Cornell University Press.
  • McTernan, Oliver J. 2003. Violence in God's name: religion in an age of conflict. Orbis Books.
  • Thiery, Daniel E. Polluting the Sacred: Violence, Faith and the Civilizing of Parishioners in Late Medieval England. Leiden: Brill, 2009.
  • Tyerman, Christopher. 2006. God's War: A New History of the Crusades. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, Belknap.
  • Zeskind, Leonard. 1987. The ‘Christian Identity’ Movement, [booklet]. Atlanta, Georgia: Center for Democratic Renewal/Division of Church and Society, National Council of Churches.
  • Robert Spencer Religion of Peace?: Why Christianity Is and Islam Isn't, Regnery Publishing, 2007, ISBN 1-59698-515-1
  • Rodney Stark God’s Battalions: The Case for the Crusades, HarperOne, 2010,
  • Schwartz, Regina M. The Curse of Cain: The Violent Legacy of Monotheism. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1998.
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