Composição do corpo humano: diferenças entre revisões

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=== Distribuição percentual completa ===


Alguns dos elementos listados na sequencia não são reconhecidos como nutrientes essenciais, embora sejam componentes do corpo humano.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.fda.gov/Food/GuidanceRegulation/GuidanceDocumentsRegulatoryInformation/LabelingNutrition/ucm064928.htm|title=Guidance for Industry: A Food Labeling Guide 14. Appendix F|date=1 January 2013|publisher=US Food and Drug Administration|archive-url=https://wayback.archive-it.org/7993/20170404170950/https://www.fda.gov/Food/GuidanceRegulation/GuidanceDocumentsRegulatoryInformation/LabelingNutrition/ucm064928.htm|archive-date=4 April 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref> Outros, embora essenciais podem ser danosos quando presentes em grandes quantidades<ref name="Medicine2006">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dYZZTgjDeccC&pg=PA415|title=Dietary Reference Intakes: The Essential Guide to Nutrient Requirements|author=Institute of Medicine|date=29 September 2006|publisher=National Academies Press|isbn=978-0-309-15742-1|access-date=21 June 2016|pages=313–19, 415–22}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"
!Número atômico
!Elemento
! data-sort-type="number" |Fração em relação à massa
<ref>Thomas J. Glover, comp., ''Pocket Ref'', 3rd ed. (Littleton: Sequoia, 2003), p. 324 ({{LCCN|2002091021||}}), which in</ref><ref>turn cites Geigy Scientific Tables, Ciba-Geigy Limited, Basel, Switzerland, 1984.</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Chemistry, Ninth Edition|last=Chang|first=Raymond|publisher=McGraw-Hill|isbn=978-0-07-110595-8|year=2007|pages=52}}</ref><ref>[http://web2.airmail.net/uthman/elements_of_body.html "Elemental Composition of the Human Body"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181218074109/http://web2.airmail.net/uthman/elements_of_body.html|date=2018-12-18}} by Ed Uthman, MD Retrieved 17 June 2016</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qXbKF1Pw_GsC&q=The+Chemical+Elements+of+Life+Scientific+American&pg=PA27|title=The Biological Chemistry of the Elements: The Inorganic Chemistry of Life|last1=Frausto Da Silva|first1=J. J. R|last2=Williams|first2=R. J. P|date=2001-08-16|isbn=9780198508489}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Chemistry, Fifth Edition|last=Zumdahl|first=Steven S. and Susan A.|publisher=Houghton Mifflin Company|isbn=978-0-395-98581-6|year=2000|pages=894}})</ref>
! data-sort-type="number" |Massa total (kg) - Considerando um individuo mediano com peso em torno de 70kg<ref name="Emsley2011">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2EfYXzwPo3UC&pg=PA83|title=Nature's Building Blocks: An A-Z Guide to the Elements|last=Emsley|first=John|date=25 August 2011|publisher=OUP Oxford|isbn=978-0-19-960563-7|access-date=17 June 2016|author-link=John Emsley|page=83}}</ref>
! data-sort-type="number" |Percentual atômico
!Essencial em humanos<ref>[[hdl:10113/46493|Neilsen, cited]]</ref> / Efeitos negativos em caso de quantidades excessivas
!Toxicidade
|-
|8
|Oxigenio
| data-sort-value="65" |0.65
|43
|24
|[[Dioxygen in biological reactions|Yes]] (e.g. [[water]], [[Electrophile|electron acceptor]])<ref name="SalmAllen2015">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VqhZCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA21|title=Nester's Microbiology: A Human Perspective|last1=Salm|first1=Sarah|last2=Allen|first2=Deborah|last3=Nester|first3=Eugene|last4=Anderson|first4=Denise|date=9 January 2015|isbn=978-0-07-773093-2|access-date=19 June 2016|page=21}}</ref>
|[[Reactive oxygen species]]
|16
|-
|6
|Carbono
| data-sort-value="18" |0.18
|16
|12
|[[Organic compound|Yes]]<ref name="SalmAllen2015" /> ([[Organic compound|organic compounds]])
|
|14
|-
|1
|Hidrogenio
| data-sort-value="10" |0.10
|7
|62
|[[Organic compound|Yes]]<ref name="SalmAllen2015" /> (e.g. [[water]])
|[[Acidosis]]
|1
|-
|7
|Nitrogenio
| data-sort-value="3" |0.03
|1.8
|1.1
|[[Nitrogen#Biological role|Yes]]<ref name="SalmAllen2015" /> (e.g. [[DNA]] and [[Amino acid|amino acids]])
|
|15
|-
|20
|Cálcio
| data-sort-value="1.4" |0.014
|1.0
|0.22
|[[Calcium in biology|Yes]]<ref name="SalmAllen2015" /><ref name="AllowancesBoard1989">{{cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/recommendeddieta0000nati|title=Recommended Dietary Allowances: 10th Edition|author1=Subcommittee on the Tenth Edition of the Recommended Dietary Allowances, Food and Nutrition Board|author2=Commission on Life Sciences, National Research Council|date=1 February 1989|publisher=National Academies Press|chapter=9-10|isbn=978-0-309-04633-6|access-date=18 June 2016|chapter-url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK234927/|url-access=registration}}</ref><ref name="CFR FDA">[http://www.ecfr.gov/cgi-bin/text-idx?SID=10896471be7fb6ff7aae0acf00081a82&mc=true&node=pt21.2.101&rgn=div5#se21.2.101_19 Code of Federal Regulations, Title 21: Food and Drugs, Ch 1, subchapter B, Part 101, Subpart A, §101.9(c)(8)(iv)]</ref> (e.g. [[Calmodulin]] and [[Hydroxylapatite]] in [[Bone|bones]])
|[[Hypercalcaemia]]
|2
|-
|15
|Fósforo
| data-sort-value="1.1" |0.011
|0.78
|0.22
|[[Phosphorus#Biological role|Yes]]<ref name="SalmAllen2015" /><ref name="AllowancesBoard1989" /><ref name="CFR FDA" /> (e.g. [[DNA]], [[Phospholipid|Phospholipids]] and [[Phosphorylation]])
|[[Hyperphosphatemia]]
|15
|-
|19
|Potassio
| data-sort-value="0.25" |{{val|2.0|e=-3}}
|0.14
|0.033
|[[Potassium#Biological role|Yes]]<ref name="SalmAllen2015" /><ref name="AllowancesBoard1989" /> (e.g. [[Na+/K+-ATPase|Na<sup>+</sup>/K<sup>+</sup>-ATPase]])
|[[Hyperkalemia]]
|1
|-
|16
|Enxofre
| data-sort-value="0.25" |{{val|2.5|e=-3}}
|0.14
|0.038
|[[Sulfur#Biological role|Yes]]<ref name="SalmAllen2015" /> (e.g. [[Cysteine]], [[Methionine]], [[Biotin]], [[Thiamine]])
|
|16
|-
|11
|Sódio
| data-sort-value="0.15" |{{val|1.5|e=-3}}
|0.10
|0.037
|[[Sodium#Biological role|Yes]]<ref name="AllowancesBoard1989" /> (e.g. [[Na+/K+-ATPase|Na<sup>+</sup>/K<sup>+</sup>-ATPase]])
|[[Hypernatremia]]
|1
|-
|17
|Cloro
| data-sort-value="0.15" |{{val|1.5|e=-3}}
|0.095
|0.024
|[[Serum chloride|Yes]]<ref name="AllowancesBoard1989" /><ref name="CFR FDA" /> (e.g. [[Cl-transporting ATPase]])
|[[Hyperchloremia]]
|17
|-
|12
|Magnesio
| data-sort-value="0.05" |{{val|500|e=-6}}
|0.019
|0.0070
|[[Magnesium#Biological roles|Yes]]<ref name="AllowancesBoard1989" /><ref name="CFR FDA" /> (e.g. binding to [[Magnesium in biology#Essential role in the biological activity of ATP|ATP and other nucleotides]])
|[[Hypermagnesemia]]
|2
|-
|26
|Ferro
| data-sort-value="0.006" |{{val|60|e=-6}}
| data-sort-value=".0042" |0.0042
|0.00067
|[[Iron#Biological role|Yes]]<ref name="AllowancesBoard1989" /><ref name="CFR FDA" /> (e.g. [[Hemoglobin]], [[Cytochrome|Cytochromes]])
|[[Iron overload]]
|8
|-
|9
|Fluor
| data-sort-value="0.0037" |{{val|37|e=-6}}
|0.0026
|0.0012
|Yes ([[Australia|AUS]], [[New Zealand|NZ]]),<ref>[https://www.nrv.gov.au/nutrients/fluoride Australian National Health and Medical Research Council (NHMRC) and New Zealand Ministry of Health (MoH)]</ref> No ([[United States of America|US]], [[European Union|EU]]),<ref>[https://www.fas.org/sgp/crs/misc/RL33280.pdf "Fluoride in Drinking Water: A Review of Fluoridation and Regulation Issues"]</ref><ref>{{cite journal |url=http://orbit.dtu.dk/files/57406955/17%20dietary%20ref.pdf |title=Scientific Opinion on Dietary Reference Values for fluoride |issue=8 |year=2013 |pages=3332 |doi=10.2903/j.efsa.2013.3332 |issn=1831-4732 |volume=11 |doi-access=free |journal=EFSA Journal}}</ref> Maybe ([[World Health Organization|WHO]])<ref>[https://www.who.int/water_sanitation_health/dwq/chemicals/fluoride.pdf WHO/SDE/WSH/03.04/96 "Fluoride in Drinking-water"]</ref>
|Fluorine: [[Biological aspects of fluorine#Hazards|Highly toxic]]
Fluoride: [[Fluoride toxicity|Toxic in high amounts]]
|17
|-
|30
|Zinco
| data-sort-value="0.0032" |{{val|32|e=-6}}
|0.0023
|0.00031
|[[Zinc#Biological role|Yes]]<ref name="AllowancesBoard1989" /><ref name="CFR FDA" /> (e.g. [[Zinc finger protein|Zinc finger proteins]])
|[[Zinc toxicity]]
|12
|-
|14
|Silício
| data-sort-value="0.002" |{{val|20|e=-6}}
|0.0010
|0.0058
|[[Silicon#Biological role|Probably]]<ref>{{cite journal |title=Silicon as Versatile Player in Plant and Human Biology: Overlooked and Poorly Understood Muhammad Ansar Farooq and Karl-J |date=2015 |issue=994 |page=994 |doi=10.3389/fpls.2015.00994 |pmc=4641902 |pmid=26617630 |volume=6 |doi-access=free |author1=Muhammad Ansar Farooq |author2=Karl-Josef Dietz |journal=Front. Plant Sci.}}</ref>
|
|14
|-
|31
|Gálio
| data-sort-value="0.002" |{{val|4.9|e=-6}}
|0.0007
|0.00093
|No
|[[Gallium#Precautions|Gallium halide]] poisoning<ref>{{cite journal |title=Gallium poisoning: a rare case report. |date=February 2012 |issue=2 |last2=Ivanoff |first2=A. E. |pages=212–5 |doi=10.1016/j.fct.2011.10.041 |pmid=22024274 |last3=Hottel |first3=T. L. |volume=50 |last1=Ivanoff |first1=C. S. |journal=Food Chem. Toxicol.}}</ref>
|13
|-
|37
|Rubídio
| data-sort-value="0.00046" |{{val|4.6|e=-6}}
|0.00068
|0.000033
|No
|[[Potassium]] replacement
|1
|-
|38
|Estrôncio
| data-sort-value="0.00046" |{{val|4.6|e=-6}}
|0.00032
|0.000033
|——
|[[Calcium]] replacement
|2
|-
|35
|Bromo
| data-sort-value="0.00029" |{{val|2.9|e=-6}}
|0.00026
|0.000030
|——
|[[Bromism]]
|17
|-
|82
|Chumbo
| data-sort-value="0.00017" |{{val|1.7|e=-6}}
|0.00012
|0.0000045
|No
|[[Lead poisoning]]
|14
|-
|29
|Cobre
| data-sort-value="0.0001" |{{val|1|e=-6}}
|0.000072
|0.0000104
|[[Copper#Biological role|Yes]]<ref name="AllowancesBoard1989" /><ref name="CFR FDA" /> (e.g. [[copper proteins]])
|[[Copper toxicity]]
|11
|-
|13
|Alumínio
| data-sort-value="0.000087" |{{val|870|e=-9}}
|0.000060
|0.000015
|No
|[[Aluminium poisoning]]
|13
|-
|48
|Cádmio
| data-sort-value="0.000072" |{{val|720|e=-9}}
|0.000050
|0.0000045
|No
|[[Cadmium poisoning]]
|12
|-
|58
|Cério
| data-sort-value="0.000057" |{{val|570|e=-9}}
|0.000040
|
|No
|
|
|-
|56
|Bario
| data-sort-value="0.000031" |{{val|310|e=-9}}
|0.000022
|0.0000012
|No
|toxic in higher amounts
|2
|-
|50
|Estanho
| data-sort-value="0.000024" |{{val|240|e=-9}}
|0.000020
|{{val|6.0|e=-7}}
|No
|
|14
|-
|53
|Iodo
| data-sort-value="0.000016" |{{val|160|e=-9}}
|0.000020
|{{val|7.5|e=-7}}
|[[Iodine#Biological role|Yes]]<ref name="AllowancesBoard1989" /><ref name="CFR FDA" /> (e.g. [[thyroxine]], [[triiodothyronine]])
|Iodine-induced [[Hyperthyroidism]]<ref>[https://www.healthline.com/health/iodine-poisoning Healthline: Everything You Need to Know About Iodine Poisoning]</ref>
|17
|-
|22
|Titânio
| data-sort-value="0.000013" |{{val|130|e=-9}}
|0.000020
|
|No
|
|4
|-
|5
|Boro
| data-sort-value="0.000069" |{{val|690|e=-9}}
|0.000018
|0.0000030
|[[Boron#Biological role|Probably]]<ref name="Medicine2006" /><ref name="EVM2003">[https://cot.food.gov.uk/sites/default/files/vitmin2003.pdf Safe Upper Levels for Vitamins and Mineral (2003), boron p. 164-71, nickel p. 225-31, EVM, Food Standards Agency, UK] {{ISBN|1-904026-11-7}}</ref>
|
|13
|-
|34
|Selenio
| data-sort-value="0.000019" |{{val|190|e=-9}}
|0.000015
|{{val|4.5|e=-8}}
|[[Selenium#Biological role|Yes]]<ref name="AllowancesBoard1989" /><ref name="CFR FDA" /> (e.g. [[selenocysteine]])
|[[Selenium#Toxicity|Selenium toxicity]]
|16
|-
|28
|Niquel
| data-sort-value="0.000014" |{{val|140|e=-9}}
|0.000015
|0.0000015
|No
|toxic
|10
|-
|24
|Cromo
| data-sort-value="0.0000024" |{{val|24|e=-9}}
|0.000014
|{{val|8.9|e=-8}}
|[[Chromium#Biological role|Yes]]<ref name="AllowancesBoard1989" /><ref name="CFR FDA" />
|
|6
|-
|25
|Manganes
| data-sort-value="0.000017" |{{val|170|e=-9}}
|0.000012
|0.0000015
|[[Manganese#Biological role|Yes]]<ref name="AllowancesBoard1989" /><ref name="CFR FDA" /> (e.g. [[Mn-SOD]])
|
|7
|-
|33
|Arsenio
| data-sort-value="0.000026" |{{val|260|e=-9}}
|0.000007
|{{val|8.9|e=-8}}
|[[Arsenic#Biological role|No]]<ref name="fda-arsenic" />
|[[Arsenic poisoning]]
|15
|-
|3
|Lítio
| data-sort-value="0.0000031" |{{val|31|e=-9}}
|0.000007
|0.0000015
|[[Lithium#Biological role|Yes]] (intercorrelated with the functions of several [[enzymes]], [[hormones]] and [[Vitamin|vitamins]])
|[[Lithium toxicity]]
|1
|-
|80
|Mercurio
| data-sort-value="0.000019" |{{val|190|e=-9}}
|0.000006
|{{val|8.9|e=-8}}
|No
|[[Mercury poisoning]]
|12
|-
|55
|Césio
| data-sort-value="0.0000021" |{{val|21|e=-9}}
|0.000006
|{{val|1.0|e=-7}}
|No
|
|1
|-
|42
|Molybdenio
| data-sort-value="0.000013" |{{val|130|e=-9}}
|0.000005
|{{val|4.5|e=-8}}
|[[Molybdenum#Biological role|Yes]]<ref name="AllowancesBoard1989" /><ref name="CFR FDA" /> (e.g. the [[Molybdenum oxotransferase|molybdenum oxotransferases]], [[Xanthine oxidase]] and [[Sulfite oxidase]])
|
|6
|-
|32
|Germanio
|
| data-sort-value="0.000005" |{{val|5|e=-6}}
|
|No
|
|14
|-
|27
|Cobalto
| data-sort-value="0.0000021" |{{val|21|e=-9}}
|0.000003
|{{val|3.0|e=-7}}
|[[Cobalt#Biological role|Yes]] (e.g. [[Vitamin B12|Cobalamin/Vitamin B12]])<ref name="Yamada2013">{{cite book|title=Interrelations between Essential Metal Ions and Human Diseases|last1=Yamada|first1=Kazuhiro|volume=13|chapter=Cobalt: Its Role in Health and Disease|doi=10.1007/978-94-007-7500-8_9|isbn=978-94-007-7499-5|issn=1559-0836|pmid=24470095|year=2013|pages=295–320|journal=Metal Ions in Life Sciences}}</ref><ref name="Banci2013">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gVQ_AAAAQBAJ&pg=PA333|title=Metallomics and the Cell|last=Banci|first=Lucia|date=18 April 2013|publisher=Springer Science & Business Media|isbn=978-94-007-5561-1|access-date=19 June 2016|pages=333–368}}</ref>
|
|9
|-
|44
|[[Ruthenium]]
| data-sort-value="0.0000022" |{{val|22|e=-9}}
|0.000007
|
|No <ref name="Teoniskoetter2020">{{cite book|url=http://eawag-bbd.ethz.ch/periodic/elements/ru.html|title=Biochemical Periodic Table|last1=Toeniskoetter|first1=Steve|chapter=Ruthenium|year=2020}}</ref>
|
|8
|-
|51
|[[Antimony|Antimonio]]
| data-sort-value="0.000011" |{{val|110|e=-9}}
|0.000002
|
|[[Antimony#Precautions|No]]
|toxic
|15
|-
|47
|Prata
| data-sort-value="0.000001" |{{val|10|e=-9}}
|0.000002
|
|No
|
|11
|-
|41
|Niobio
| data-sort-value="0.00016" |{{val|1600|e=-9}}
|0.0000015
|
|No
|
|5
|-
|40
|[[Zirconium]]
| data-sort-value="0.0006" |{{val|6|e=-6}}
|0.000001
|{{val|3.0|e=-7}}
|No
|
|4
|-
|57
|[[Lanthanum]]
| data-sort-value="0.000137" |{{val|1370|e=-9}}
|{{val|8|e=-7}}
|
|No
|
|
|-
|52
|Telúrio
| data-sort-value="0.000012" |{{val|120|e=-9}}
|{{val|7|e=-7}}
|
|No
|
|16
|-
|39
|[[Yttrium]]
|
|{{val|6|e=-7}}
|
|No
|
|3
|-
|83
|Bismuto
|
|{{val|5|e=-7}}
|
|No
|
|15
|-
|81
|[[Thallium]]
|
|{{val|5|e=-7}}
|
|No
|highly toxic
|13
|-
|49
|[[Indium]]
|
|{{val|4|e=-7}}
|
|No
|
|13
|-
|79
|Ouro
| data-sort-value="0.0000003" |{{val|3|e=-9}}
|{{val|2|e=-7}}
|{{val|3.0|e=-7}}
|No
|uncoated nanoparticles possibly [[genotoxic]]<ref name="FratoddiVenditti2015">{{cite journal |title=How toxic are gold nanoparticles? The state-of-the-art |issue=6 |last2=Venditti |first2=Iole |year=2015 |pages=1771–1799 |doi=10.1007/s12274-014-0697-3 |issn=1998-0124 |last3=Cametti |first3=Cesare |last4=Russo |first4=Maria Vittoria |volume=8 |hdl-access=free |s2cid=84837060 |last1=Fratoddi |hdl=11573/780610 |first1=Ilaria |journal=Nano Research}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |title=Scientific Opinion on the re-evaluation of gold (E 175) as a food additive |issue=1 |year=2016 |page=4362 |doi=10.2903/j.efsa.2016.4362 |issn=1831-4732 |volume=14 |doi-access=free |journal=EFSA Journal}}</ref><ref name="HillyerAlbrecht2001">{{cite journal |title=Gastrointestinal persorption and tissue distribution of differently sized colloidal gold nanoparticles |issue=12 |last2=Albrecht |first2=Ralph M. |year=2001 |pages=1927–1936 |doi=10.1002/jps.1143 |issn=0022-3549 |pmid=11745751 |volume=90 |last1=Hillyer |first1=Julián F. |journal=Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences}}</ref>
|11
|-
|21
|[[Scandium]]
|
|{{val|2|e=-7}}
|
|No
|
|3
|-
|73
|[[Tantalum]]
|
|{{val|2|e=-7}}
|
|No
|
|5
|-
|23
|Vanádio
| data-sort-value="0.000026" |{{val|260|e=-9}}
|{{val|1.1|e=-7}}
|{{val|1.2|e=-8}}
|[[Vanadium#Biological role|Possibly]]<ref name="Medicine2006" /> (suggested osteo-metabolism (bone) growth factor)
|
|5
|-
|90
|[[Thorium]]
|
|{{val|1|e=-7}}
|
|No
|toxic, radioactive
|
|-
|92
|Uranio
|
|{{val|1|e=-7}}
|{{val|3.0|e=-9}}
|No
|toxic, radioactive
|
|-
|62
|[[Samarium]]
|
|{{val|5.0|e=-8}}
|
|No
|
|
|-
|74
|Tungstenio
|
|{{val|2.0|e=-8}}
|
|No
|
|6
|-
|4
|Berilo
|
|{{val|3.6|e=-8}}
|{{val|4.5|e=-8}}
|No
|toxic in higher amounts
|2
|-
|88
|Rádio
|
|{{val|3|e=-14}}
|{{val|1|e=-17}}
|No
|toxic, radioactive
|2
|}
|}
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Revisão das 20h53min de 12 de abril de 2022

A composição do corpo humano pode ser analisada por meio de diversas maneiras distintas. Tal análise pode ser executada em termos da distribuição percentual dos elementos químicos dispersos em um ser humano mediano ou considerando componentes moleculares, como por exemplo, as quantidades de água, proteína, gorduras (ou lipídios), hidroxiapatita, carboidratos, entre outros.[1]

Já em relação aos tipos de células, o corpo humano contém centenas de estruturas celulares diferentes, mas notavelmente, o maior número de células contidas em um ser humano saudável (embora não corresponda a maior massa) não são células humanas, mas sim de bactérias que residem no trato gastrointestinal.[2]

Elementos químicos.

Quase 99% de toda a massa de um corpo humano normal é composta por apenas seis elementos químicos distintos: oxigênio, carbono, hidrogênio, cálcio e fósforo. Dentro do 1% da massa restante, 0,85% correspondem a outros cinco elementos: potássio, enxofre, sódio, cloro e magnésio. Todos os demais elementos somados juntos não alcançam a massa do magnésio, o menos abundante dos 11 elementos citados nesta lista [3]

Elementos traço

Nem todos os elementos presentes no corpo humano encontrados em quantidades traço apresentam papeis essenciais para a vida. A ciência acredita que alguns desses elementos são simples contaminantes secundários sem função biológica (exemplos: césio e titânio), enquanto outros são considerados tóxicos ativos, podendo ser danosos conforme a quantidade (cadmio e mercúrio, por exemplo). Em alguns casos essa função pode ser alterada conforme a quantidade presente no organismo. O arsênio, por exemplo, é considerado tóxico, mas especula-se que ele desempenhe algum papel biológico quando presente em quantidades ínfimas no organismo.[4]

Principais elementos que compõem um corpo humano saudável (incluindo sua porção líquida)
Elemento Símbolo % dispersa no corpo humano Percentual atômico
Oxigenio O 65.0 24.0
Carbono C 18.5 12.0
Hidrogenio H 9.5 62.0
Nitrogenio N 3.2 1.1
Calcio Ca 1.5 0.22
Fósforo P 1.0 0.22
Potassio K 0.4 0.03
Enxofre S 0.3 0.038
Sodio Na 0.2 0.037
Cloro Cl 0.2 0.024
Magnesio Mg 0.1 0.015
Oligoelementos incluindo boro (B), cromo (Cr), cobalto, (Co), cobre (Cu), flúor (F), Iodo (I), Ferro (Fe), manganes (Mn), molibdenio (Mo), selenio (Se), silicio (Si), estanho (Sn), vanadio (V) e zinco(Zn). <  1.0 < 0.3

Distribuição percentual completa

Alguns dos elementos listados na sequencia não são reconhecidos como nutrientes essenciais, embora sejam componentes do corpo humano.[5] Outros, embora essenciais podem ser danosos quando presentes em grandes quantidades[6]

Número atômico Elemento Fração em relação à massa

[7][8][9][10][11][12]

Massa total (kg) - Considerando um individuo mediano com peso em torno de 70kg[13] Percentual atômico Essencial em humanos[14] / Efeitos negativos em caso de quantidades excessivas Toxicidade
8 Oxigenio 0.65 43 24 Yes (e.g. water, electron acceptor)[15] Reactive oxygen species 16
6 Carbono 0.18 16 12 Yes[15] (organic compounds) 14
1 Hidrogenio 0.10 7 62 Yes[15] (e.g. water) Acidosis 1
7 Nitrogenio 0.03 1.8 1.1 Yes[15] (e.g. DNA and amino acids) 15
20 Cálcio 0.014 1.0 0.22 Yes[15][16][17] (e.g. Calmodulin and Hydroxylapatite in bones) Hypercalcaemia 2
15 Fósforo 0.011 0.78 0.22 Yes[15][16][17] (e.g. DNA, Phospholipids and Phosphorylation) Hyperphosphatemia 15
19 Potassio 2.0×10−3 0.14 0.033 Yes[15][16] (e.g. Na+/K+-ATPase) Hyperkalemia 1
16 Enxofre 2.5×10−3 0.14 0.038 Yes[15] (e.g. Cysteine, Methionine, Biotin, Thiamine) 16
11 Sódio 1.5×10−3 0.10 0.037 Yes[16] (e.g. Na+/K+-ATPase) Hypernatremia 1
17 Cloro 1.5×10−3 0.095 0.024 Yes[16][17] (e.g. Cl-transporting ATPase) Hyperchloremia 17
12 Magnesio 500×10−6 0.019 0.0070 Yes[16][17] (e.g. binding to ATP and other nucleotides) Hypermagnesemia 2
26 Ferro 60×10−6 0.0042 0.00067 Yes[16][17] (e.g. Hemoglobin, Cytochromes) Iron overload 8
9 Fluor 37×10−6 0.0026 0.0012 Yes (AUS, NZ),[18] No (US, EU),[19][20] Maybe (WHO)[21] Fluorine: Highly toxic

Fluoride: Toxic in high amounts

17
30 Zinco 32×10−6 0.0023 0.00031 Yes[16][17] (e.g. Zinc finger proteins) Zinc toxicity 12
14 Silício 20×10−6 0.0010 0.0058 Probably[22] 14
31 Gálio 4.9×10−6 0.0007 0.00093 No Gallium halide poisoning[23] 13
37 Rubídio 4.6×10−6 0.00068 0.000033 No Potassium replacement 1
38 Estrôncio 4.6×10−6 0.00032 0.000033 —— Calcium replacement 2
35 Bromo 2.9×10−6 0.00026 0.000030 —— Bromism 17
82 Chumbo 1.7×10−6 0.00012 0.0000045 No Lead poisoning 14
29 Cobre 1×10−6 0.000072 0.0000104 Yes[16][17] (e.g. copper proteins) Copper toxicity 11
13 Alumínio 870×10−9 0.000060 0.000015 No Aluminium poisoning 13
48 Cádmio 720×10−9 0.000050 0.0000045 No Cadmium poisoning 12
58 Cério 570×10−9 0.000040 No
56 Bario 310×10−9 0.000022 0.0000012 No toxic in higher amounts 2
50 Estanho 240×10−9 0.000020 6.0×10−7 No 14
53 Iodo 160×10−9 0.000020 7.5×10−7 Yes[16][17] (e.g. thyroxine, triiodothyronine) Iodine-induced Hyperthyroidism[24] 17
22 Titânio 130×10−9 0.000020 No 4
5 Boro 690×10−9 0.000018 0.0000030 Probably[6][25] 13
34 Selenio 190×10−9 0.000015 4.5×10−8 Yes[16][17] (e.g. selenocysteine) Selenium toxicity 16
28 Niquel 140×10−9 0.000015 0.0000015 No toxic 10
24 Cromo 24×10−9 0.000014 8.9×10−8 Yes[16][17] 6
25 Manganes 170×10−9 0.000012 0.0000015 Yes[16][17] (e.g. Mn-SOD) 7
33 Arsenio 260×10−9 0.000007 8.9×10−8 No[26] Arsenic poisoning 15
3 Lítio 31×10−9 0.000007 0.0000015 Yes (intercorrelated with the functions of several enzymes, hormones and vitamins) Lithium toxicity 1
80 Mercurio 190×10−9 0.000006 8.9×10−8 No Mercury poisoning 12
55 Césio 21×10−9 0.000006 1.0×10−7 No 1
42 Molybdenio 130×10−9 0.000005 4.5×10−8 Yes[16][17] (e.g. the molybdenum oxotransferases, Xanthine oxidase and Sulfite oxidase) 6
32 Germanio 5×10−6 No 14
27 Cobalto 21×10−9 0.000003 3.0×10−7 Yes (e.g. Cobalamin/Vitamin B12)[27][28] 9
44 Ruthenium 22×10−9 0.000007 No [29] 8
51 Antimonio 110×10−9 0.000002 No toxic 15
47 Prata 10×10−9 0.000002 No 11
41 Niobio 1600×10−9 0.0000015 No 5
40 Zirconium 6×10−6 0.000001 3.0×10−7 No 4
57 Lanthanum 1370×10−9 8×10−7 No
52 Telúrio 120×10−9 7×10−7 No 16
39 Yttrium 6×10−7 No 3
83 Bismuto 5×10−7 No 15
81 Thallium 5×10−7 No highly toxic 13
49 Indium 4×10−7 No 13
79 Ouro 3×10−9 2×10−7 3.0×10−7 No uncoated nanoparticles possibly genotoxic[30][31][32] 11
21 Scandium 2×10−7 No 3
73 Tantalum 2×10−7 No 5
23 Vanádio 260×10−9 1.1×10−7 1.2×10−8 Possibly[6] (suggested osteo-metabolism (bone) growth factor) 5
90 Thorium 1×10−7 No toxic, radioactive
92 Uranio 1×10−7 3.0×10−9 No toxic, radioactive
62 Samarium 5.0×10−8 No
74 Tungstenio 2.0×10−8 No 6
4 Berilo 3.6×10−8 4.5×10−8 No toxic in higher amounts 2
88 Rádio 3×10−14 1×10−17 No toxic, radioactive 2

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