Composição do corpo humano: diferenças entre revisões
Etiquetas: Inserção de predefinição obsoleta Editor Visual: Trocado Hiperligações de desambiguação |
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| align="center" |< 1.0 |
| align="center" |< 1.0 |
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|< 0.3 |
|< 0.3 |
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=== Distribuição percentual completa === |
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Alguns dos elementos listados na sequencia não são reconhecidos como nutrientes essenciais, embora sejam componentes do corpo humano.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.fda.gov/Food/GuidanceRegulation/GuidanceDocumentsRegulatoryInformation/LabelingNutrition/ucm064928.htm|title=Guidance for Industry: A Food Labeling Guide 14. Appendix F|date=1 January 2013|publisher=US Food and Drug Administration|archive-url=https://wayback.archive-it.org/7993/20170404170950/https://www.fda.gov/Food/GuidanceRegulation/GuidanceDocumentsRegulatoryInformation/LabelingNutrition/ucm064928.htm|archive-date=4 April 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref> Outros, embora essenciais podem ser danosos quando presentes em grandes quantidades<ref name="Medicine2006">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dYZZTgjDeccC&pg=PA415|title=Dietary Reference Intakes: The Essential Guide to Nutrient Requirements|author=Institute of Medicine|date=29 September 2006|publisher=National Academies Press|isbn=978-0-309-15742-1|access-date=21 June 2016|pages=313–19, 415–22}}</ref> |
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{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;" |
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!Número atômico |
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!Elemento |
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! data-sort-type="number" |Fração em relação à massa |
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<ref>Thomas J. Glover, comp., ''Pocket Ref'', 3rd ed. (Littleton: Sequoia, 2003), p. 324 ({{LCCN|2002091021||}}), which in</ref><ref>turn cites Geigy Scientific Tables, Ciba-Geigy Limited, Basel, Switzerland, 1984.</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Chemistry, Ninth Edition|last=Chang|first=Raymond|publisher=McGraw-Hill|isbn=978-0-07-110595-8|year=2007|pages=52}}</ref><ref>[http://web2.airmail.net/uthman/elements_of_body.html "Elemental Composition of the Human Body"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181218074109/http://web2.airmail.net/uthman/elements_of_body.html|date=2018-12-18}} by Ed Uthman, MD Retrieved 17 June 2016</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qXbKF1Pw_GsC&q=The+Chemical+Elements+of+Life+Scientific+American&pg=PA27|title=The Biological Chemistry of the Elements: The Inorganic Chemistry of Life|last1=Frausto Da Silva|first1=J. J. R|last2=Williams|first2=R. J. P|date=2001-08-16|isbn=9780198508489}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Chemistry, Fifth Edition|last=Zumdahl|first=Steven S. and Susan A.|publisher=Houghton Mifflin Company|isbn=978-0-395-98581-6|year=2000|pages=894}})</ref> |
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! data-sort-type="number" |Massa total (kg) - Considerando um individuo mediano com peso em torno de 70kg<ref name="Emsley2011">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2EfYXzwPo3UC&pg=PA83|title=Nature's Building Blocks: An A-Z Guide to the Elements|last=Emsley|first=John|date=25 August 2011|publisher=OUP Oxford|isbn=978-0-19-960563-7|access-date=17 June 2016|author-link=John Emsley|page=83}}</ref> |
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! data-sort-type="number" |Percentual atômico |
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!Essencial em humanos<ref>[[hdl:10113/46493|Neilsen, cited]]</ref> / Efeitos negativos em caso de quantidades excessivas |
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!Toxicidade |
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|- |
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|8 |
|||
|Oxigenio |
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| data-sort-value="65" |0.65 |
|||
|43 |
|||
|24 |
|||
|[[Dioxygen in biological reactions|Yes]] (e.g. [[water]], [[Electrophile|electron acceptor]])<ref name="SalmAllen2015">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VqhZCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA21|title=Nester's Microbiology: A Human Perspective|last1=Salm|first1=Sarah|last2=Allen|first2=Deborah|last3=Nester|first3=Eugene|last4=Anderson|first4=Denise|date=9 January 2015|isbn=978-0-07-773093-2|access-date=19 June 2016|page=21}}</ref> |
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|[[Reactive oxygen species]] |
|||
|16 |
|||
|- |
|||
|6 |
|||
|Carbono |
|||
| data-sort-value="18" |0.18 |
|||
|16 |
|||
|12 |
|||
|[[Organic compound|Yes]]<ref name="SalmAllen2015" /> ([[Organic compound|organic compounds]]) |
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| |
|||
|14 |
|||
|- |
|||
|1 |
|||
|Hidrogenio |
|||
| data-sort-value="10" |0.10 |
|||
|7 |
|||
|62 |
|||
|[[Organic compound|Yes]]<ref name="SalmAllen2015" /> (e.g. [[water]]) |
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|[[Acidosis]] |
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|1 |
|||
|- |
|||
|7 |
|||
|Nitrogenio |
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| data-sort-value="3" |0.03 |
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|1.8 |
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|1.1 |
|||
|[[Nitrogen#Biological role|Yes]]<ref name="SalmAllen2015" /> (e.g. [[DNA]] and [[Amino acid|amino acids]]) |
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| |
|||
|15 |
|||
|- |
|||
|20 |
|||
|Cálcio |
|||
| data-sort-value="1.4" |0.014 |
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|1.0 |
|||
|0.22 |
|||
|[[Calcium in biology|Yes]]<ref name="SalmAllen2015" /><ref name="AllowancesBoard1989">{{cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/recommendeddieta0000nati|title=Recommended Dietary Allowances: 10th Edition|author1=Subcommittee on the Tenth Edition of the Recommended Dietary Allowances, Food and Nutrition Board|author2=Commission on Life Sciences, National Research Council|date=1 February 1989|publisher=National Academies Press|chapter=9-10|isbn=978-0-309-04633-6|access-date=18 June 2016|chapter-url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK234927/|url-access=registration}}</ref><ref name="CFR FDA">[http://www.ecfr.gov/cgi-bin/text-idx?SID=10896471be7fb6ff7aae0acf00081a82&mc=true&node=pt21.2.101&rgn=div5#se21.2.101_19 Code of Federal Regulations, Title 21: Food and Drugs, Ch 1, subchapter B, Part 101, Subpart A, §101.9(c)(8)(iv)]</ref> (e.g. [[Calmodulin]] and [[Hydroxylapatite]] in [[Bone|bones]]) |
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|[[Hypercalcaemia]] |
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|2 |
|||
|- |
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|15 |
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|Fósforo |
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| data-sort-value="1.1" |0.011 |
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|0.78 |
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|0.22 |
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|[[Phosphorus#Biological role|Yes]]<ref name="SalmAllen2015" /><ref name="AllowancesBoard1989" /><ref name="CFR FDA" /> (e.g. [[DNA]], [[Phospholipid|Phospholipids]] and [[Phosphorylation]]) |
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|[[Hyperphosphatemia]] |
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|15 |
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|- |
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|19 |
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|Potassio |
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| data-sort-value="0.25" |{{val|2.0|e=-3}} |
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|0.14 |
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|0.033 |
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|[[Potassium#Biological role|Yes]]<ref name="SalmAllen2015" /><ref name="AllowancesBoard1989" /> (e.g. [[Na+/K+-ATPase|Na<sup>+</sup>/K<sup>+</sup>-ATPase]]) |
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|[[Hyperkalemia]] |
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|1 |
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|- |
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|16 |
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|Enxofre |
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| data-sort-value="0.25" |{{val|2.5|e=-3}} |
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|0.14 |
|||
|0.038 |
|||
|[[Sulfur#Biological role|Yes]]<ref name="SalmAllen2015" /> (e.g. [[Cysteine]], [[Methionine]], [[Biotin]], [[Thiamine]]) |
|||
| |
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|16 |
|||
|- |
|||
|11 |
|||
|Sódio |
|||
| data-sort-value="0.15" |{{val|1.5|e=-3}} |
|||
|0.10 |
|||
|0.037 |
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|[[Sodium#Biological role|Yes]]<ref name="AllowancesBoard1989" /> (e.g. [[Na+/K+-ATPase|Na<sup>+</sup>/K<sup>+</sup>-ATPase]]) |
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|[[Hypernatremia]] |
|||
|1 |
|||
|- |
|||
|17 |
|||
|Cloro |
|||
| data-sort-value="0.15" |{{val|1.5|e=-3}} |
|||
|0.095 |
|||
|0.024 |
|||
|[[Serum chloride|Yes]]<ref name="AllowancesBoard1989" /><ref name="CFR FDA" /> (e.g. [[Cl-transporting ATPase]]) |
|||
|[[Hyperchloremia]] |
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|17 |
|||
|- |
|||
|12 |
|||
|Magnesio |
|||
| data-sort-value="0.05" |{{val|500|e=-6}} |
|||
|0.019 |
|||
|0.0070 |
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|[[Magnesium#Biological roles|Yes]]<ref name="AllowancesBoard1989" /><ref name="CFR FDA" /> (e.g. binding to [[Magnesium in biology#Essential role in the biological activity of ATP|ATP and other nucleotides]]) |
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|[[Hypermagnesemia]] |
|||
|2 |
|||
|- |
|||
|26 |
|||
|Ferro |
|||
| data-sort-value="0.006" |{{val|60|e=-6}} |
|||
| data-sort-value=".0042" |0.0042 |
|||
|0.00067 |
|||
|[[Iron#Biological role|Yes]]<ref name="AllowancesBoard1989" /><ref name="CFR FDA" /> (e.g. [[Hemoglobin]], [[Cytochrome|Cytochromes]]) |
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|[[Iron overload]] |
|||
|8 |
|||
|- |
|||
|9 |
|||
|Fluor |
|||
| data-sort-value="0.0037" |{{val|37|e=-6}} |
|||
|0.0026 |
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|0.0012 |
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|Yes ([[Australia|AUS]], [[New Zealand|NZ]]),<ref>[https://www.nrv.gov.au/nutrients/fluoride Australian National Health and Medical Research Council (NHMRC) and New Zealand Ministry of Health (MoH)]</ref> No ([[United States of America|US]], [[European Union|EU]]),<ref>[https://www.fas.org/sgp/crs/misc/RL33280.pdf "Fluoride in Drinking Water: A Review of Fluoridation and Regulation Issues"]</ref><ref>{{cite journal |url=http://orbit.dtu.dk/files/57406955/17%20dietary%20ref.pdf |title=Scientific Opinion on Dietary Reference Values for fluoride |issue=8 |year=2013 |pages=3332 |doi=10.2903/j.efsa.2013.3332 |issn=1831-4732 |volume=11 |doi-access=free |journal=EFSA Journal}}</ref> Maybe ([[World Health Organization|WHO]])<ref>[https://www.who.int/water_sanitation_health/dwq/chemicals/fluoride.pdf WHO/SDE/WSH/03.04/96 "Fluoride in Drinking-water"]</ref> |
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|Fluorine: [[Biological aspects of fluorine#Hazards|Highly toxic]] |
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Fluoride: [[Fluoride toxicity|Toxic in high amounts]] |
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|17 |
|||
|- |
|||
|30 |
|||
|Zinco |
|||
| data-sort-value="0.0032" |{{val|32|e=-6}} |
|||
|0.0023 |
|||
|0.00031 |
|||
|[[Zinc#Biological role|Yes]]<ref name="AllowancesBoard1989" /><ref name="CFR FDA" /> (e.g. [[Zinc finger protein|Zinc finger proteins]]) |
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|[[Zinc toxicity]] |
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|12 |
|||
|- |
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|14 |
|||
|Silício |
|||
| data-sort-value="0.002" |{{val|20|e=-6}} |
|||
|0.0010 |
|||
|0.0058 |
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|[[Silicon#Biological role|Probably]]<ref>{{cite journal |title=Silicon as Versatile Player in Plant and Human Biology: Overlooked and Poorly Understood Muhammad Ansar Farooq and Karl-J |date=2015 |issue=994 |page=994 |doi=10.3389/fpls.2015.00994 |pmc=4641902 |pmid=26617630 |volume=6 |doi-access=free |author1=Muhammad Ansar Farooq |author2=Karl-Josef Dietz |journal=Front. Plant Sci.}}</ref> |
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| |
|||
|14 |
|||
|- |
|||
|31 |
|||
|Gálio |
|||
| data-sort-value="0.002" |{{val|4.9|e=-6}} |
|||
|0.0007 |
|||
|0.00093 |
|||
|No |
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|[[Gallium#Precautions|Gallium halide]] poisoning<ref>{{cite journal |title=Gallium poisoning: a rare case report. |date=February 2012 |issue=2 |last2=Ivanoff |first2=A. E. |pages=212–5 |doi=10.1016/j.fct.2011.10.041 |pmid=22024274 |last3=Hottel |first3=T. L. |volume=50 |last1=Ivanoff |first1=C. S. |journal=Food Chem. Toxicol.}}</ref> |
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|13 |
|||
|- |
|||
|37 |
|||
|Rubídio |
|||
| data-sort-value="0.00046" |{{val|4.6|e=-6}} |
|||
|0.00068 |
|||
|0.000033 |
|||
|No |
|||
|[[Potassium]] replacement |
|||
|1 |
|||
|- |
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|38 |
|||
|Estrôncio |
|||
| data-sort-value="0.00046" |{{val|4.6|e=-6}} |
|||
|0.00032 |
|||
|0.000033 |
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|—— |
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|[[Calcium]] replacement |
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|2 |
|||
|- |
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|35 |
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|Bromo |
|||
| data-sort-value="0.00029" |{{val|2.9|e=-6}} |
|||
|0.00026 |
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|0.000030 |
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|—— |
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|[[Bromism]] |
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|17 |
|||
|- |
|||
|82 |
|||
|Chumbo |
|||
| data-sort-value="0.00017" |{{val|1.7|e=-6}} |
|||
|0.00012 |
|||
|0.0000045 |
|||
|No |
|||
|[[Lead poisoning]] |
|||
|14 |
|||
|- |
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|29 |
|||
|Cobre |
|||
| data-sort-value="0.0001" |{{val|1|e=-6}} |
|||
|0.000072 |
|||
|0.0000104 |
|||
|[[Copper#Biological role|Yes]]<ref name="AllowancesBoard1989" /><ref name="CFR FDA" /> (e.g. [[copper proteins]]) |
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|[[Copper toxicity]] |
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|11 |
|||
|- |
|||
|13 |
|||
|Alumínio |
|||
| data-sort-value="0.000087" |{{val|870|e=-9}} |
|||
|0.000060 |
|||
|0.000015 |
|||
|No |
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|[[Aluminium poisoning]] |
|||
|13 |
|||
|- |
|||
|48 |
|||
|Cádmio |
|||
| data-sort-value="0.000072" |{{val|720|e=-9}} |
|||
|0.000050 |
|||
|0.0000045 |
|||
|No |
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|[[Cadmium poisoning]] |
|||
|12 |
|||
|- |
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|58 |
|||
|Cério |
|||
| data-sort-value="0.000057" |{{val|570|e=-9}} |
|||
|0.000040 |
|||
| |
|||
|No |
|||
| |
|||
| |
|||
|- |
|||
|56 |
|||
|Bario |
|||
| data-sort-value="0.000031" |{{val|310|e=-9}} |
|||
|0.000022 |
|||
|0.0000012 |
|||
|No |
|||
|toxic in higher amounts |
|||
|2 |
|||
|- |
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|50 |
|||
|Estanho |
|||
| data-sort-value="0.000024" |{{val|240|e=-9}} |
|||
|0.000020 |
|||
|{{val|6.0|e=-7}} |
|||
|No |
|||
| |
|||
|14 |
|||
|- |
|||
|53 |
|||
|Iodo |
|||
| data-sort-value="0.000016" |{{val|160|e=-9}} |
|||
|0.000020 |
|||
|{{val|7.5|e=-7}} |
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|[[Iodine#Biological role|Yes]]<ref name="AllowancesBoard1989" /><ref name="CFR FDA" /> (e.g. [[thyroxine]], [[triiodothyronine]]) |
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|Iodine-induced [[Hyperthyroidism]]<ref>[https://www.healthline.com/health/iodine-poisoning Healthline: Everything You Need to Know About Iodine Poisoning]</ref> |
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|17 |
|||
|- |
|||
|22 |
|||
|Titânio |
|||
| data-sort-value="0.000013" |{{val|130|e=-9}} |
|||
|0.000020 |
|||
| |
|||
|No |
|||
| |
|||
|4 |
|||
|- |
|||
|5 |
|||
|Boro |
|||
| data-sort-value="0.000069" |{{val|690|e=-9}} |
|||
|0.000018 |
|||
|0.0000030 |
|||
|[[Boron#Biological role|Probably]]<ref name="Medicine2006" /><ref name="EVM2003">[https://cot.food.gov.uk/sites/default/files/vitmin2003.pdf Safe Upper Levels for Vitamins and Mineral (2003), boron p. 164-71, nickel p. 225-31, EVM, Food Standards Agency, UK] {{ISBN|1-904026-11-7}}</ref> |
|||
| |
|||
|13 |
|||
|- |
|||
|34 |
|||
|Selenio |
|||
| data-sort-value="0.000019" |{{val|190|e=-9}} |
|||
|0.000015 |
|||
|{{val|4.5|e=-8}} |
|||
|[[Selenium#Biological role|Yes]]<ref name="AllowancesBoard1989" /><ref name="CFR FDA" /> (e.g. [[selenocysteine]]) |
|||
|[[Selenium#Toxicity|Selenium toxicity]] |
|||
|16 |
|||
|- |
|||
|28 |
|||
|Niquel |
|||
| data-sort-value="0.000014" |{{val|140|e=-9}} |
|||
|0.000015 |
|||
|0.0000015 |
|||
|No |
|||
|toxic |
|||
|10 |
|||
|- |
|||
|24 |
|||
|Cromo |
|||
| data-sort-value="0.0000024" |{{val|24|e=-9}} |
|||
|0.000014 |
|||
|{{val|8.9|e=-8}} |
|||
|[[Chromium#Biological role|Yes]]<ref name="AllowancesBoard1989" /><ref name="CFR FDA" /> |
|||
| |
|||
|6 |
|||
|- |
|||
|25 |
|||
|Manganes |
|||
| data-sort-value="0.000017" |{{val|170|e=-9}} |
|||
|0.000012 |
|||
|0.0000015 |
|||
|[[Manganese#Biological role|Yes]]<ref name="AllowancesBoard1989" /><ref name="CFR FDA" /> (e.g. [[Mn-SOD]]) |
|||
| |
|||
|7 |
|||
|- |
|||
|33 |
|||
|Arsenio |
|||
| data-sort-value="0.000026" |{{val|260|e=-9}} |
|||
|0.000007 |
|||
|{{val|8.9|e=-8}} |
|||
|[[Arsenic#Biological role|No]]<ref name="fda-arsenic" /> |
|||
|[[Arsenic poisoning]] |
|||
|15 |
|||
|- |
|||
|3 |
|||
|Lítio |
|||
| data-sort-value="0.0000031" |{{val|31|e=-9}} |
|||
|0.000007 |
|||
|0.0000015 |
|||
|[[Lithium#Biological role|Yes]] (intercorrelated with the functions of several [[enzymes]], [[hormones]] and [[Vitamin|vitamins]]) |
|||
|[[Lithium toxicity]] |
|||
|1 |
|||
|- |
|||
|80 |
|||
|Mercurio |
|||
| data-sort-value="0.000019" |{{val|190|e=-9}} |
|||
|0.000006 |
|||
|{{val|8.9|e=-8}} |
|||
|No |
|||
|[[Mercury poisoning]] |
|||
|12 |
|||
|- |
|||
|55 |
|||
|Césio |
|||
| data-sort-value="0.0000021" |{{val|21|e=-9}} |
|||
|0.000006 |
|||
|{{val|1.0|e=-7}} |
|||
|No |
|||
| |
|||
|1 |
|||
|- |
|||
|42 |
|||
|Molybdenio |
|||
| data-sort-value="0.000013" |{{val|130|e=-9}} |
|||
|0.000005 |
|||
|{{val|4.5|e=-8}} |
|||
|[[Molybdenum#Biological role|Yes]]<ref name="AllowancesBoard1989" /><ref name="CFR FDA" /> (e.g. the [[Molybdenum oxotransferase|molybdenum oxotransferases]], [[Xanthine oxidase]] and [[Sulfite oxidase]]) |
|||
| |
|||
|6 |
|||
|- |
|||
|32 |
|||
|Germanio |
|||
| |
|||
| data-sort-value="0.000005" |{{val|5|e=-6}} |
|||
| |
|||
|No |
|||
| |
|||
|14 |
|||
|- |
|||
|27 |
|||
|Cobalto |
|||
| data-sort-value="0.0000021" |{{val|21|e=-9}} |
|||
|0.000003 |
|||
|{{val|3.0|e=-7}} |
|||
|[[Cobalt#Biological role|Yes]] (e.g. [[Vitamin B12|Cobalamin/Vitamin B12]])<ref name="Yamada2013">{{cite book|title=Interrelations between Essential Metal Ions and Human Diseases|last1=Yamada|first1=Kazuhiro|volume=13|chapter=Cobalt: Its Role in Health and Disease|doi=10.1007/978-94-007-7500-8_9|isbn=978-94-007-7499-5|issn=1559-0836|pmid=24470095|year=2013|pages=295–320|journal=Metal Ions in Life Sciences}}</ref><ref name="Banci2013">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gVQ_AAAAQBAJ&pg=PA333|title=Metallomics and the Cell|last=Banci|first=Lucia|date=18 April 2013|publisher=Springer Science & Business Media|isbn=978-94-007-5561-1|access-date=19 June 2016|pages=333–368}}</ref> |
|||
| |
|||
|9 |
|||
|- |
|||
|44 |
|||
|[[Ruthenium]] |
|||
| data-sort-value="0.0000022" |{{val|22|e=-9}} |
|||
|0.000007 |
|||
| |
|||
|No <ref name="Teoniskoetter2020">{{cite book|url=http://eawag-bbd.ethz.ch/periodic/elements/ru.html|title=Biochemical Periodic Table|last1=Toeniskoetter|first1=Steve|chapter=Ruthenium|year=2020}}</ref> |
|||
| |
|||
|8 |
|||
|- |
|||
|51 |
|||
|[[Antimony|Antimonio]] |
|||
| data-sort-value="0.000011" |{{val|110|e=-9}} |
|||
|0.000002 |
|||
| |
|||
|[[Antimony#Precautions|No]] |
|||
|toxic |
|||
|15 |
|||
|- |
|||
|47 |
|||
|Prata |
|||
| data-sort-value="0.000001" |{{val|10|e=-9}} |
|||
|0.000002 |
|||
| |
|||
|No |
|||
| |
|||
|11 |
|||
|- |
|||
|41 |
|||
|Niobio |
|||
| data-sort-value="0.00016" |{{val|1600|e=-9}} |
|||
|0.0000015 |
|||
| |
|||
|No |
|||
| |
|||
|5 |
|||
|- |
|||
|40 |
|||
|[[Zirconium]] |
|||
| data-sort-value="0.0006" |{{val|6|e=-6}} |
|||
|0.000001 |
|||
|{{val|3.0|e=-7}} |
|||
|No |
|||
| |
|||
|4 |
|||
|- |
|||
|57 |
|||
|[[Lanthanum]] |
|||
| data-sort-value="0.000137" |{{val|1370|e=-9}} |
|||
|{{val|8|e=-7}} |
|||
| |
|||
|No |
|||
| |
|||
| |
|||
|- |
|||
|52 |
|||
|Telúrio |
|||
| data-sort-value="0.000012" |{{val|120|e=-9}} |
|||
|{{val|7|e=-7}} |
|||
| |
|||
|No |
|||
| |
|||
|16 |
|||
|- |
|||
|39 |
|||
|[[Yttrium]] |
|||
| |
|||
|{{val|6|e=-7}} |
|||
| |
|||
|No |
|||
| |
|||
|3 |
|||
|- |
|||
|83 |
|||
|Bismuto |
|||
| |
|||
|{{val|5|e=-7}} |
|||
| |
|||
|No |
|||
| |
|||
|15 |
|||
|- |
|||
|81 |
|||
|[[Thallium]] |
|||
| |
|||
|{{val|5|e=-7}} |
|||
| |
|||
|No |
|||
|highly toxic |
|||
|13 |
|||
|- |
|||
|49 |
|||
|[[Indium]] |
|||
| |
|||
|{{val|4|e=-7}} |
|||
| |
|||
|No |
|||
| |
|||
|13 |
|||
|- |
|||
|79 |
|||
|Ouro |
|||
| data-sort-value="0.0000003" |{{val|3|e=-9}} |
|||
|{{val|2|e=-7}} |
|||
|{{val|3.0|e=-7}} |
|||
|No |
|||
|uncoated nanoparticles possibly [[genotoxic]]<ref name="FratoddiVenditti2015">{{cite journal |title=How toxic are gold nanoparticles? The state-of-the-art |issue=6 |last2=Venditti |first2=Iole |year=2015 |pages=1771–1799 |doi=10.1007/s12274-014-0697-3 |issn=1998-0124 |last3=Cametti |first3=Cesare |last4=Russo |first4=Maria Vittoria |volume=8 |hdl-access=free |s2cid=84837060 |last1=Fratoddi |hdl=11573/780610 |first1=Ilaria |journal=Nano Research}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |title=Scientific Opinion on the re-evaluation of gold (E 175) as a food additive |issue=1 |year=2016 |page=4362 |doi=10.2903/j.efsa.2016.4362 |issn=1831-4732 |volume=14 |doi-access=free |journal=EFSA Journal}}</ref><ref name="HillyerAlbrecht2001">{{cite journal |title=Gastrointestinal persorption and tissue distribution of differently sized colloidal gold nanoparticles |issue=12 |last2=Albrecht |first2=Ralph M. |year=2001 |pages=1927–1936 |doi=10.1002/jps.1143 |issn=0022-3549 |pmid=11745751 |volume=90 |last1=Hillyer |first1=Julián F. |journal=Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences}}</ref> |
|||
|11 |
|||
|- |
|||
|21 |
|||
|[[Scandium]] |
|||
| |
|||
|{{val|2|e=-7}} |
|||
| |
|||
|No |
|||
| |
|||
|3 |
|||
|- |
|||
|73 |
|||
|[[Tantalum]] |
|||
| |
|||
|{{val|2|e=-7}} |
|||
| |
|||
|No |
|||
| |
|||
|5 |
|||
|- |
|||
|23 |
|||
|Vanádio |
|||
| data-sort-value="0.000026" |{{val|260|e=-9}} |
|||
|{{val|1.1|e=-7}} |
|||
|{{val|1.2|e=-8}} |
|||
|[[Vanadium#Biological role|Possibly]]<ref name="Medicine2006" /> (suggested osteo-metabolism (bone) growth factor) |
|||
| |
|||
|5 |
|||
|- |
|||
|90 |
|||
|[[Thorium]] |
|||
| |
|||
|{{val|1|e=-7}} |
|||
| |
|||
|No |
|||
|toxic, radioactive |
|||
| |
|||
|- |
|||
|92 |
|||
|Uranio |
|||
| |
|||
|{{val|1|e=-7}} |
|||
|{{val|3.0|e=-9}} |
|||
|No |
|||
|toxic, radioactive |
|||
| |
|||
|- |
|||
|62 |
|||
|[[Samarium]] |
|||
| |
|||
|{{val|5.0|e=-8}} |
|||
| |
|||
|No |
|||
| |
|||
| |
|||
|- |
|||
|74 |
|||
|Tungstenio |
|||
| |
|||
|{{val|2.0|e=-8}} |
|||
| |
|||
|No |
|||
| |
|||
|6 |
|||
|- |
|||
|4 |
|||
|Berilo |
|||
| |
|||
|{{val|3.6|e=-8}} |
|||
|{{val|4.5|e=-8}} |
|||
|No |
|||
|toxic in higher amounts |
|||
|2 |
|||
|- |
|||
|88 |
|||
|Rádio |
|||
| |
|||
|{{val|3|e=-14}} |
|||
|{{val|1|e=-17}} |
|||
|No |
|||
|toxic, radioactive |
|||
|2 |
|||
|} |
|} |
||
{{referências}} |
{{referências}} |
Revisão das 20h53min de 12 de abril de 2022
A composição do corpo humano pode ser analisada por meio de diversas maneiras distintas. Tal análise pode ser executada em termos da distribuição percentual dos elementos químicos dispersos em um ser humano mediano ou considerando componentes moleculares, como por exemplo, as quantidades de água, proteína, gorduras (ou lipídios), hidroxiapatita, carboidratos, entre outros.[1]
Já em relação aos tipos de células, o corpo humano contém centenas de estruturas celulares diferentes, mas notavelmente, o maior número de células contidas em um ser humano saudável (embora não corresponda a maior massa) não são células humanas, mas sim de bactérias que residem no trato gastrointestinal.[2]
Elementos químicos.
Quase 99% de toda a massa de um corpo humano normal é composta por apenas seis elementos químicos distintos: oxigênio, carbono, hidrogênio, cálcio e fósforo. Dentro do 1% da massa restante, 0,85% correspondem a outros cinco elementos: potássio, enxofre, sódio, cloro e magnésio. Todos os demais elementos somados juntos não alcançam a massa do magnésio, o menos abundante dos 11 elementos citados nesta lista [3]
Elementos traço
Nem todos os elementos presentes no corpo humano encontrados em quantidades traço apresentam papeis essenciais para a vida. A ciência acredita que alguns desses elementos são simples contaminantes secundários sem função biológica (exemplos: césio e titânio), enquanto outros são considerados tóxicos ativos, podendo ser danosos conforme a quantidade (cadmio e mercúrio, por exemplo). Em alguns casos essa função pode ser alterada conforme a quantidade presente no organismo. O arsênio, por exemplo, é considerado tóxico, mas especula-se que ele desempenhe algum papel biológico quando presente em quantidades ínfimas no organismo.[4]
Elemento | Símbolo | % dispersa no corpo humano | Percentual atômico | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Oxigenio | O | 65.0 | 24.0 | |
Carbono | C | 18.5 | 12.0 | |
Hidrogenio | H | 9.5 | 62.0 | |
Nitrogenio | N | 3.2 | 1.1 | |
Calcio | Ca | 1.5 | 0.22 | |
Fósforo | P | 1.0 | 0.22 | |
Potassio | K | 0.4 | 0.03 | |
Enxofre | S | 0.3 | 0.038 | |
Sodio | Na | 0.2 | 0.037 | |
Cloro | Cl | 0.2 | 0.024 | |
Magnesio | Mg | 0.1 | 0.015 | |
Oligoelementos incluindo boro (B), cromo (Cr), cobalto, (Co), cobre (Cu), flúor (F), Iodo (I), Ferro (Fe), manganes (Mn), molibdenio (Mo), selenio (Se), silicio (Si), estanho (Sn), vanadio (V) e zinco(Zn). | < 1.0 | < 0.3 |
Distribuição percentual completa
Alguns dos elementos listados na sequencia não são reconhecidos como nutrientes essenciais, embora sejam componentes do corpo humano.[5] Outros, embora essenciais podem ser danosos quando presentes em grandes quantidades[6]
Número atômico | Elemento | Fração em relação à massa | Massa total (kg) - Considerando um individuo mediano com peso em torno de 70kg[13] | Percentual atômico | Essencial em humanos[14] / Efeitos negativos em caso de quantidades excessivas | Toxicidade | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
8 | Oxigenio | 0.65 | 43 | 24 | Yes (e.g. water, electron acceptor)[15] | Reactive oxygen species | 16 |
6 | Carbono | 0.18 | 16 | 12 | Yes[15] (organic compounds) | 14 | |
1 | Hidrogenio | 0.10 | 7 | 62 | Yes[15] (e.g. water) | Acidosis | 1 |
7 | Nitrogenio | 0.03 | 1.8 | 1.1 | Yes[15] (e.g. DNA and amino acids) | 15 | |
20 | Cálcio | 0.014 | 1.0 | 0.22 | Yes[15][16][17] (e.g. Calmodulin and Hydroxylapatite in bones) | Hypercalcaemia | 2 |
15 | Fósforo | 0.011 | 0.78 | 0.22 | Yes[15][16][17] (e.g. DNA, Phospholipids and Phosphorylation) | Hyperphosphatemia | 15 |
19 | Potassio | ×10−3 2.0 | 0.14 | 0.033 | Yes[15][16] (e.g. Na+/K+-ATPase) | Hyperkalemia | 1 |
16 | Enxofre | ×10−3 2.5 | 0.14 | 0.038 | Yes[15] (e.g. Cysteine, Methionine, Biotin, Thiamine) | 16 | |
11 | Sódio | ×10−3 1.5 | 0.10 | 0.037 | Yes[16] (e.g. Na+/K+-ATPase) | Hypernatremia | 1 |
17 | Cloro | ×10−3 1.5 | 0.095 | 0.024 | Yes[16][17] (e.g. Cl-transporting ATPase) | Hyperchloremia | 17 |
12 | Magnesio | ×10−6 500 | 0.019 | 0.0070 | Yes[16][17] (e.g. binding to ATP and other nucleotides) | Hypermagnesemia | 2 |
26 | Ferro | ×10−6 60 | 0.0042 | 0.00067 | Yes[16][17] (e.g. Hemoglobin, Cytochromes) | Iron overload | 8 |
9 | Fluor | ×10−6 37 | 0.0026 | 0.0012 | Yes (AUS, NZ),[18] No (US, EU),[19][20] Maybe (WHO)[21] | Fluorine: Highly toxic
Fluoride: Toxic in high amounts |
17 |
30 | Zinco | ×10−6 32 | 0.0023 | 0.00031 | Yes[16][17] (e.g. Zinc finger proteins) | Zinc toxicity | 12 |
14 | Silício | ×10−6 20 | 0.0010 | 0.0058 | Probably[22] | 14 | |
31 | Gálio | ×10−6 4.9 | 0.0007 | 0.00093 | No | Gallium halide poisoning[23] | 13 |
37 | Rubídio | ×10−6 4.6 | 0.00068 | 0.000033 | No | Potassium replacement | 1 |
38 | Estrôncio | ×10−6 4.6 | 0.00032 | 0.000033 | —— | Calcium replacement | 2 |
35 | Bromo | ×10−6 2.9 | 0.00026 | 0.000030 | —— | Bromism | 17 |
82 | Chumbo | ×10−6 1.7 | 0.00012 | 0.0000045 | No | Lead poisoning | 14 |
29 | Cobre | ×10−6 1 | 0.000072 | 0.0000104 | Yes[16][17] (e.g. copper proteins) | Copper toxicity | 11 |
13 | Alumínio | ×10−9 870 | 0.000060 | 0.000015 | No | Aluminium poisoning | 13 |
48 | Cádmio | ×10−9 720 | 0.000050 | 0.0000045 | No | Cadmium poisoning | 12 |
58 | Cério | ×10−9 570 | 0.000040 | No | |||
56 | Bario | ×10−9 310 | 0.000022 | 0.0000012 | No | toxic in higher amounts | 2 |
50 | Estanho | ×10−9 240 | 0.000020 | ×10−7 6.0 | No | 14 | |
53 | Iodo | ×10−9 160 | 0.000020 | ×10−7 7.5 | Yes[16][17] (e.g. thyroxine, triiodothyronine) | Iodine-induced Hyperthyroidism[24] | 17 |
22 | Titânio | ×10−9 130 | 0.000020 | No | 4 | ||
5 | Boro | ×10−9 690 | 0.000018 | 0.0000030 | Probably[6][25] | 13 | |
34 | Selenio | ×10−9 190 | 0.000015 | ×10−8 4.5 | Yes[16][17] (e.g. selenocysteine) | Selenium toxicity | 16 |
28 | Niquel | ×10−9 140 | 0.000015 | 0.0000015 | No | toxic | 10 |
24 | Cromo | ×10−9 24 | 0.000014 | ×10−8 8.9 | Yes[16][17] | 6 | |
25 | Manganes | ×10−9 170 | 0.000012 | 0.0000015 | Yes[16][17] (e.g. Mn-SOD) | 7 | |
33 | Arsenio | ×10−9 260 | 0.000007 | ×10−8 8.9 | No[26] | Arsenic poisoning | 15 |
3 | Lítio | ×10−9 31 | 0.000007 | 0.0000015 | Yes (intercorrelated with the functions of several enzymes, hormones and vitamins) | Lithium toxicity | 1 |
80 | Mercurio | ×10−9 190 | 0.000006 | ×10−8 8.9 | No | Mercury poisoning | 12 |
55 | Césio | ×10−9 21 | 0.000006 | ×10−7 1.0 | No | 1 | |
42 | Molybdenio | ×10−9 130 | 0.000005 | ×10−8 4.5 | Yes[16][17] (e.g. the molybdenum oxotransferases, Xanthine oxidase and Sulfite oxidase) | 6 | |
32 | Germanio | ×10−6 5 | No | 14 | |||
27 | Cobalto | ×10−9 21 | 0.000003 | ×10−7 3.0 | Yes (e.g. Cobalamin/Vitamin B12)[27][28] | 9 | |
44 | Ruthenium | ×10−9 22 | 0.000007 | No [29] | 8 | ||
51 | Antimonio | ×10−9 110 | 0.000002 | No | toxic | 15 | |
47 | Prata | ×10−9 10 | 0.000002 | No | 11 | ||
41 | Niobio | ×10−9 1600 | 0.0000015 | No | 5 | ||
40 | Zirconium | ×10−6 6 | 0.000001 | ×10−7 3.0 | No | 4 | |
57 | Lanthanum | ×10−9 1370 | ×10−7 8 | No | |||
52 | Telúrio | ×10−9 120 | ×10−7 7 | No | 16 | ||
39 | Yttrium | ×10−7 6 | No | 3 | |||
83 | Bismuto | ×10−7 5 | No | 15 | |||
81 | Thallium | ×10−7 5 | No | highly toxic | 13 | ||
49 | Indium | ×10−7 4 | No | 13 | |||
79 | Ouro | ×10−9 3 | ×10−7 2 | ×10−7 3.0 | No | uncoated nanoparticles possibly genotoxic[30][31][32] | 11 |
21 | Scandium | ×10−7 2 | No | 3 | |||
73 | Tantalum | ×10−7 2 | No | 5 | |||
23 | Vanádio | ×10−9 260 | ×10−7 1.1 | ×10−8 1.2 | Possibly[6] (suggested osteo-metabolism (bone) growth factor) | 5 | |
90 | Thorium | ×10−7 1 | No | toxic, radioactive | |||
92 | Uranio | ×10−7 1 | ×10−9 3.0 | No | toxic, radioactive | ||
62 | Samarium | ×10−8 5.0 | No | ||||
74 | Tungstenio | ×10−8 2.0 | No | 6 | |||
4 | Berilo | ×10−8 3.6 | ×10−8 4.5 | No | toxic in higher amounts | 2 | |
88 | Rádio | ×10−14 3 | ×10−17 1 | No | toxic, radioactive | 2 |
Referências
- ↑ Duda, Krzysztof; Majerczak, Joanna; Nieckarz, Zenon; Heymsfield, Steven B.; Zoladz, Jerzy A. (1 de janeiro de 2019). Zoladz, Jerzy A., ed. «Chapter 1 - Human Body Composition and Muscle Mass». Academic Press (em inglês): 3–26. ISBN 978-0-12-814593-7. Consultado em 12 de abril de 2022
- ↑ Crew, Bec. «Here's How Many Cells in Your Body Aren't Actually Human». ScienceAlert (em inglês). Consultado em 12 de abril de 2022
- ↑ Jahnen-Dechent, Wilhelm; Ketteler, Markus (fevereiro de 2012). «Magnesium basics». Clinical Kidney Journal (Suppl 1): i3–i14. ISSN 2048-8505. PMC 4455825. PMID 26069819. doi:10.1093/ndtplus/sfr163. Consultado em 12 de abril de 2022
- ↑ Anke M. "Arsénico". En: Mertz W. ed., Trace elements in Human and Animal Nutrition , 5ª ed. Orlando, FL: Academic Press, 1986, 347-372; Uthus EO, "Evidencia de la esencialidad arsenical", Environmental Geochemistry and Health , 1992, 14: 54-56; Uthus EO, esencialidad del arsénico y factores que afectan su importancia. En: Chappell WR, Abernathy CO, ediciones Cothern CR, Arsenic Exposure and Health . Northwood, Reino Unido: Science and Technology Letters, 1994, 199-208.
- ↑ «Guidance for Industry: A Food Labeling Guide 14. Appendix F». US Food and Drug Administration. 1 January 2013. Cópia arquivada em 4 April 2017 Verifique data em:
|arquivodata=, |data=
(ajuda) - ↑ a b c Institute of Medicine (29 September 2006). Dietary Reference Intakes: The Essential Guide to Nutrient Requirements. [S.l.]: National Academies Press. pp. 313–19, 415–22. ISBN 978-0-309-15742-1. Consultado em 21 June 2016 Verifique data em:
|acessodata=, |data=
(ajuda) - ↑ Thomas J. Glover, comp., Pocket Ref, 3rd ed. (Littleton: Sequoia, 2003), p. 324 ( ), which in
- ↑ turn cites Geigy Scientific Tables, Ciba-Geigy Limited, Basel, Switzerland, 1984.
- ↑ Chang, Raymond (2007). Chemistry, Ninth Edition. [S.l.]: McGraw-Hill. 52 páginas. ISBN 978-0-07-110595-8
- ↑ "Elemental Composition of the Human Body" Arquivado em 2018-12-18 no Wayback Machine by Ed Uthman, MD Retrieved 17 June 2016
- ↑ Frausto Da Silva, J. J. R; Williams, R. J. P (16 de agosto de 2001). The Biological Chemistry of the Elements: The Inorganic Chemistry of Life. [S.l.: s.n.] ISBN 9780198508489
- ↑ Zumdahl, Steven S. and Susan A. (2000). Chemistry, Fifth Edition. [S.l.]: Houghton Mifflin Company. 894 páginas. ISBN 978-0-395-98581-6)
- ↑ Emsley, John (25 August 2011). Nature's Building Blocks: An A-Z Guide to the Elements. [S.l.]: OUP Oxford. p. 83. ISBN 978-0-19-960563-7. Consultado em 17 June 2016 Verifique data em:
|acessodata=, |data=
(ajuda) - ↑ Neilsen, cited
- ↑ a b c d e f g h Salm, Sarah; Allen, Deborah; Nester, Eugene; Anderson, Denise (9 January 2015). Nester's Microbiology: A Human Perspective. [S.l.: s.n.] p. 21. ISBN 978-0-07-773093-2. Consultado em 19 June 2016 Verifique data em:
|acessodata=, |data=
(ajuda) - ↑ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n Subcommittee on the Tenth Edition of the Recommended Dietary Allowances, Food and Nutrition Board; Commission on Life Sciences, National Research Council (1 February 1989). «9-10». Recommended Dietary Allowances: 10th Edition. [S.l.]: National Academies Press. ISBN 978-0-309-04633-6. Consultado em 18 June 2016 Verifique o valor de
|url-access=registration
(ajuda); Verifique data em:|acessodata=, |data=
(ajuda) - ↑ a b c d e f g h i j k l Code of Federal Regulations, Title 21: Food and Drugs, Ch 1, subchapter B, Part 101, Subpart A, §101.9(c)(8)(iv)
- ↑ Australian National Health and Medical Research Council (NHMRC) and New Zealand Ministry of Health (MoH)
- ↑ "Fluoride in Drinking Water: A Review of Fluoridation and Regulation Issues"
- ↑ «Scientific Opinion on Dietary Reference Values for fluoride» (PDF). EFSA Journal. 11 (8). 3332 páginas. 2013. ISSN 1831-4732. doi:10.2903/j.efsa.2013.3332
- ↑ WHO/SDE/WSH/03.04/96 "Fluoride in Drinking-water"
- ↑ Muhammad Ansar Farooq; Karl-Josef Dietz (2015). «Silicon as Versatile Player in Plant and Human Biology: Overlooked and Poorly Understood Muhammad Ansar Farooq and Karl-J». Front. Plant Sci. 6 (994): 994. PMC 4641902. PMID 26617630. doi:10.3389/fpls.2015.00994
- ↑ Ivanoff, C. S.; Ivanoff, A. E.; Hottel, T. L. (February 2012). «Gallium poisoning: a rare case report.». Food Chem. Toxicol. 50 (2): 212–5. PMID 22024274. doi:10.1016/j.fct.2011.10.041 Verifique data em:
|data=
(ajuda) - ↑ Healthline: Everything You Need to Know About Iodine Poisoning
- ↑ Safe Upper Levels for Vitamins and Mineral (2003), boron p. 164-71, nickel p. 225-31, EVM, Food Standards Agency, UK ISBN 1-904026-11-7
- ↑ Erro de citação: Etiqueta
<ref>
inválida; não foi fornecido texto para as refs de nomefda-arsenic
- ↑ Yamada, Kazuhiro (2013). «Cobalt: Its Role in Health and Disease». Interrelations between Essential Metal Ions and Human Diseases. Metal Ions in Life Sciences. 13. [S.l.: s.n.] pp. 295–320. ISBN 978-94-007-7499-5. ISSN 1559-0836. PMID 24470095. doi:10.1007/978-94-007-7500-8_9
- ↑ Banci, Lucia (18 April 2013). Metallomics and the Cell. [S.l.]: Springer Science & Business Media. pp. 333–368. ISBN 978-94-007-5561-1. Consultado em 19 June 2016 Verifique data em:
|acessodata=, |data=
(ajuda) - ↑ Toeniskoetter, Steve (2020). «Ruthenium». Biochemical Periodic Table. [S.l.: s.n.]
- ↑ Fratoddi, Ilaria; Venditti, Iole; Cametti, Cesare; Russo, Maria Vittoria (2015). «How toxic are gold nanoparticles? The state-of-the-art». Nano Research. 8 (6): 1771–1799. ISSN 1998-0124. doi:10.1007/s12274-014-0697-3. hdl:11573/780610
- ↑ «Scientific Opinion on the re-evaluation of gold (E 175) as a food additive». EFSA Journal. 14 (1): 4362. 2016. ISSN 1831-4732. doi:10.2903/j.efsa.2016.4362
- ↑ Hillyer, Julián F.; Albrecht, Ralph M. (2001). «Gastrointestinal persorption and tissue distribution of differently sized colloidal gold nanoparticles». Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences. 90 (12): 1927–1936. ISSN 0022-3549. PMID 11745751. doi:10.1002/jps.1143