Graça preveniente: diferenças entre revisões

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'''Graça preveniente''' é uma [[teologia cristã]] enraizada em [[Agostinho de Hipona]].<ref>[[Henry Bettenson]], ''The Later Christian Fathers'' (London: Oxford University Press, 1970), pp. 204-205.</ref> Ela é abraçada primeiramente pelos cristãos [[Arminianismo|Arminianos]] que são influênciados pela teologia de [[John Wesley]], e que foram parte do [[Metodismo|movimento metodista]]. Wesley tipicamente referiu-se a ela na linguagem do século XVIII como ''graça preventiva''. Em portugues moderno, a frase ''graça precedente'' deve ter um significado similar.
'''Graça preveniente''' é uma [[teologia cristã]] enraizada em [[Agostinho de Hipona]].<ref>[[Henry Bettenson]], ''The Later Christian Fathers'' (London: Oxford University Press, 1970), pp. 204-205.</ref> Ela é abraçada primeiramente pelos cristãos [[Arminianismo|Arminianos]] que são influênciados pela teologia de [[John Wesley]], e que foram parte do [[Metodismo|movimento metodista]]. Wesley tipicamente referiu-se a ela na linguagem do século XVIII como ''graça preventiva''. Em portugues moderno, a frase ''graça precedente'' deve ter um significado similar.


Graça preveniente é divina graça que precede as decisões humanas. <!--It exists prior to and without reference to anything humans may have done. As humans are corrupted by the effects of [[sin]], prevenient grace allows persons to engage their God-given [[free will]] to choose the salvation offered by God in Jesus Christ or to reject that salvific offer. Whereas Augustine held that prevenient grace cannot be resisted, Wesleyan Arminians believe that it enables, but does not ensure, personal acceptance of the gift of salvation.
Graça preveniente é divina graça que precede as decisões humanas. <!--It exists prior to and without reference to anything humans may have done. Como os homens foram corrompidos pelo efeito do [[pecado]], prevenient grace allows persons to engage their God-given [[livre-arbítrio]] to choose a salvação oferecida por Deus em Jesus Cristo ou to reject that salvific offer. Whereas Augustine held that prevenient grace cannot be resisted, Wesleyan Arminians believe that it enables, but does not ensure, personal acceptance of the gift of salvation.


== Definição ==
== Definição ==
The ''[[United Methodist Book of Discipline]]'' (2004) defines prevenient grace as, "…the divine love that surrounds all humanity and precedes any and all of our conscious impulses. This grace prompts our first wish to please God, our first glimmer of understanding concerning God's will, and our 'first slight transient conviction' of having sinned against God. God's grace also awakens in us an earnest longing for deliverance from sin and death and moves us toward repentance and faith."<ref>''The Book of Discipline of The United Methodist Church - 2004'' (Nashville: United Methodist Publishing House, 2004), Section 1: Our Doctrinal Heritage: Distinctive Wesleyan Emphases.</ref>
The ''[[United Methodist Book of Discipline]]'' (2004) define graça preveniente como, "…o amor divino que surrounds all humanity and precedes any and all of our conscious impulses. This grace prompts our first wish to please God, our first glimmer of understanding concerning God's will, and our 'first slight transient conviction' of having sinned against God. God's grace also awakens in us an earnest longing for deliverance from sin and death and moves us toward repentance and faith."<ref>''The Book of Discipline of The United Methodist Church - 2004'' (Nashville: United Methodist Publishing House, 2004), Section 1: Our Doctrinal Heritage: Distinctive Wesleyan Emphases.</ref>


The [[Church of the Nazarene]] has made prevenient grace one of its sixteen "Articles of Faith" found in the Nazarene ''Manual''.<ref name="nazarene articles">{{Citar web |url=http://media.premierstudios.com/nazarene/docs/Manual2005_09.pdf |título=Nazarene Manual 2005-2009 |língua= |autor= |obra= |data= |acessodata=}}</ref> The ''Manual'' declares on behalf of the Church of the Nazarene:
A [[Igreja do Nazareno]] fez da graça preveniente um dos seus sessenta "Artigos de Fé", encontrado no ''Manual''.<ref name="nazarene articles">{{Citar web |url=http://m nazarenoedia.premierstudios.com/nazarene/docs/Manual2005_09.pdf |título=Nazarene Manual 2005-2009 |língua= |autor= |obra= |data= |acessodata=}}</ref> O ''Manual'' declara sobre behalf da Igreja do Nazareno:
<blockquote>We believe that the human race’s creation in Godlikeness included ability to choose between right and wrong, and that thus human beings were made morally responsible; that through the fall of Adam they became depraved so that they cannot now turn and prepare themselves by their own natural strength and works to faith and calling upon God. But we also believe that the grace of God through Jesus Christ is freely bestowed upon all people, enabling all who will to turn from sin to righteousness, believe on Jesus Christ for pardon and cleansing from sin, and follow good works pleasing and acceptable in His sight.<ref name="nazarene articles"/></blockquote>
<blockquote>We believe that the human race’s creation in Godlikeness included ability to choose between right and wrong, and that thus human beings were made morally responsible; that through the fall of Adam they became depraved so that they cannot now turn and prepare themselves by their own natural strength and works to faith and calling upon God. But we also believe that the grace of God through Jesus Christ is freely bestowed upon all people, enabling all who will to turn from sin to righteousness, believe on Jesus Christ for pardon and cleansing from sin, and follow good works pleasing and acceptable in His sight.<ref name="nazarene articles"/></blockquote>


Predecessor to the Nazarene Articles of Faith are the [[Articles of Religion (Methodist)|Articles of Religion]], which John Wesley adapted for use by American Methodists. With very similar language between it and Article VII of the ''Manual'', Article VIII states, "The condition of man after the fall of Adam is such that he cannot turn and prepare himself, by his own natural strength and works, to faith, and calling upon God; wherefore we have no power to do good works, pleasant and acceptable to God, ''without the grace of God by Christ preventing [preceding] us'', that we may have a good will, and working with us, when we have that good will" (emphasis added). The article is official doctrine not only for The [[United Methodist Church]], and its counterpart for the Church of the Nazarene, but for many other Wesleyan denominations as well, such as the [[African Methodist Episcopal Church]], [[African Methodist Episcopal Zion Church]], the [[Methodist Church of Great Britain|British Methodist Church]], and other denominations associated with the [[Holiness movement]].
Predecessor to the Nazarene Articles of Faith are the [[Articles of Religion (Methodist)|Articles of Religion]], which John Wesley adapted for use by American Methodists. With very similar language between it and Article VII of the ''Manual'', Article VIII states, "The condition of man after the fall of Adam is such that he cannot turn and prepare himself, by his own natural strength and works, to faith, and calling upon God; wherefore we have no power to do good works, pleasant and acceptable to God, ''without the grace of God by Christ preventing [preceding] us'', that we may have a good will, and working with us, when we have that good will" (emphasis added). The article is official doctrine not only for The [[United Methodist Church]], and its counterpart for the Church of the Nazarene, but for many other Wesleyan denominations as well, such as the [[African Methodist Episcopal Church]], [[African Methodist Episcopal Zion Church]], the [[Methodist Church of Great Britain|British Methodist Church]], and other denominations associated with the [[movimento de santidade]].


[[Thomas Oden]] of [[Drew University]] defines prevenient grace as, "…the grace that begins to enable one to choose further to cooperate with saving grace. By offering the will the restored capacity to respond to grace, the person then may freely and increasingly become an active, willing participant in receiving the conditions for justification."<ref>''John Wesley's Scriptural Christianity'' (Grand Rapids, MI: Zondervan, 1994), p. 243.</ref>
[[Thomas Oden]] da [[Universidade de Drew]] define graça preveniente como, "…the grace that begins to enable one to choose further to cooperate with saving grace. By offering the will the restored capacity to respond to grace, the person then may freely and increasingly become an active, willing participant in receiving the conditions for justification."<ref>''John Wesley's Scriptural Christianity'' (Grand Rapids, MI: Zondervan, 1994), p. 243.</ref>


== Em Wesley ==
== Em Wesley ==
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== Na teologia Católica Romana ==
== Na teologia Católica Romana ==
A questão da graça preveniente foi discutida no capítulo cinquenta da sexta sessão do [[Concílio de Trento]]:
The issue of prevenient grace was discussed in the fifth chapter of the sixth session of the [[Council of Trent]]:

⚫
''The Synod furthermore declares, that in adults, the beginning of the said Justification is to be derived from the prevenient grace of God, through Jesus Christ, that is to say, from His vocation, whereby, without any merits existing on their parts, they are called; that so they, who by sins were alienated from God, may be disposed through His quickening and assisting grace, to convert themselves to their own justification, by freely assenting to and co-operating with that said grace''.<ref>{{Citar web |url=http://history.hanover.edu/texts/trent/ct06.html |título=Council of Trent |língua= |autor= |obra= |data= |acessodata=}}</ref>


⚫
''The Synod furthermore declares, that in adults, the beginning of the said Justification is to be derived from the prevenient grace of God, through Jesus Christ, that is to say, from His vocation, whereby, without any merits existing on their parts, they are called; that so they, who by sins were alienated from God, may be disposed through His quickening and assisting grace, to convert themselves to their own justification, by freely assenting to and co-operating with that said grace''.<ref>{{Citar web |url=http://history.hanover.edu/texts/trent/ct06.html |título=Concílio de Trento |língua= |autor= |obra= |data= |acessodata=}}</ref>
-->
== Na Escritura ==
== Na Escritura ==
As partes usadas das Escrituras que dão suporte a doutrina incluem as passagens abaixo:
Scriptures used to support the doctrine include (NT quotes from Wesley's translation, unless noted):

:[[Book of Jeremiah|Jeremiah]] 1:5 ([[English Standard Version|ESV]]): "Before I formed you in the womb I knew you, and before you were born I consecrated you…"
*[[Livro de Jeremias|Jeremias]] 1:5 ([[Almeida Revista e Atualizada|ARA]]): "Antes que eu te formasse no ventre materno, eu te conheci, e, antes que saísses da madre, te consagrei…"
:Jeremiah 31:3 ([[King James Version|KJV]]): "…I have loved thee with an everlasting love: therefore with [[lovingkindness]] have I drawn thee."

:[[Book of Ezekiel|Ezekiel]] 34:11, 16 ([[English Standard Version|ESV]]): "For thus says the Lord {{GOD}}: Behold, I, I myself will search for my sheep and will seek them out…I will seek the lost, and I will bring back the strayed, and I will bind up the injured, and I will strengthen the weak…"
*Jeremias 31:3 ([[Tradução Brasileira|TB]]): "...Com amor eterno te amei, portanto com benignidade te atraí."
:[[Gospel of Luke|Luke]] 19:10: "For the Son of Man is come to seek and to save that which was lost."

:[[Gospel of John|John]] 6:44: "No man can come unto me, unless the Father who hath sent me, draw him…"
*[[Ezequiel]] 34:11, 16 ([[Almeida Revista e Atualizada|ARA]]): "Porque assim diz o SENHOR Deus: Eis que eu mesmo procurarei as minhas ovelhas e as buscarei.…A perdida buscarei, a desgarrada tornarei a trazer, a quebrada ligarei e a enferma fortalecerei…"
:[[Epistle to the Romans|Romans]] 2:4: "…the goodness of God leadeth thee to repentance…"

:[[Epistle to the Philippians|Philippians]] 2:12-13: "…work out your own salvation with fear and trembling. For it is God that worketh in you according to his good pleasure, both to will and to do."
*[[Evangelho de Lucas|Lucas]] 19:10: "Porque o Filho do Homem veio buscar e salvar o perdido."
⚫
:[[I João]] 4:19: "Nós amomos ele, porque ele nos amou primeiro."

*[[Evangelho de João|João]] 6:44: "Ninguém pode vir a mim se o Pai, que me enviou, não o trouxer..."

*[[Epístola aos Romanos|Romanos]] 2:4: "…a bondade de Deus é que te conduz ao arrependimento…"

*[[Epístola aos Filipenses|Filipenses]] 2:12-13: "…desenvolvei a vossa salvação com temor e tremor; porque Deus é quem efetua em vós tanto o querer como o realizar, segundo a sua boa vontade."


⚫
*[[I João]] 4:19: "Nós amamos ele, porque ele nos amou primeiro."
<!--
== Nos hinos metodistas ==
== Nos hinos metodistas ==
Most Methodist hymnals have a section with hymns concerning prevenient grace, most recently ''The United Methodist Hymnal'' (1989). One of the best known hymns written about the doctrine is [[Charles Wesley|Charles Wesley's]] "Come, Sinners, to the Gospel Feast", which includes the lines, "Ye need not one be left behind, ''for God hath bid all humankind…the invitation is to all''…" (emphasis added).
Most Methodist hymnals have a section with hymns concerning prevenient grace, most recently ''The United Methodist Hymnal'' (1989). One of the best known hymns written about the doctrine is [[Charles Wesley|Charles Wesley's]] "Come, Sinners, to the Gospel Feast", which includes the lines, "Ye need not one be left behind, ''for God hath bid all humankind…the invitation is to all''…" (emphasis added).
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* "'Você não deve ter me chamado senão eu teria sido chamado por você,' disse o Leão." - de ''A Cadeira Prateada'' por [[C. S. Lewis]]
* "'Você não deve ter me chamado senão eu teria sido chamado por você,' disse o Leão." - de ''A Cadeira Prateada'' por [[C. S. Lewis]]
* "Every time we begin to pray to Jesus it is the Holy Spirit who draws us on the way of prayer by his prevenient grace." #2670 [[Catecismo da Igreja Católica]]
* "Every time we begin to pray to Jesus it is the Holy Spirit who draws us on the way of prayer by his prevenient grace." #2670 [[Catecismo da Igreja Católica]]
* "That grace is preceded by no merits. A reward is due to good works, if they are performed; but grace, which is not due, precedes, that they may be done [St. Prosper]." Can. 18. #191 Council of Orange II A.D. 529 [[Councils of Orange]]
* "That grace is preceded by no merits. A reward is due to good works, if they are performed; but grace, which is not due, precedes, that they may be done [St. Prosper]." Can. 18. #191 Concílio de Orange II A.D. 529 [[Concílio de Orange]]
-->
-->


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== {{Bibliografia}} ==
== {{Bibliografia}} ==
* Sermon #44: [http://gbgm-umc.org/umhistory/wesley/sermons/serm-044.stm "Original Sin"] by [[John Wesley]]
* Sermão #44: [http://gbgm-umc.org/umhistory/wesley/sermons/serm-044.stm "O Pecado Original"] por [[John Wesley]]
* Sermon #85: [http://gbgm-umc.org/umhistory/wesley/sermons/serm-085.stm "On Working out Our Own Salvation"] by [[John Wesley]]
* Sermão #85: [http://gbgm-umc.org/umhistory/wesley/sermons/serm-085.stm "On Working out Our Own Salvation"] por [[John Wesley]]
* Sermon #105: [http://gbgm-umc.org/umhistory/wesley/sermons/serm-105.stm "On Conscience"] by [[John Wesley]]
* Sermão #105: [http://gbgm-umc.org/umhistory/wesley/sermons/serm-105.stm "Sobre Consciência"] por [[John Wesley]]
* Sermon #128: [http://gbgm-umc.org/umhistory/wesley/sermons/serm-128.stm "Free Grace"] by [[John Wesley]]
* Sermão #128: [http://gbgm-umc.org/umhistory/wesley/sermons/serm-128.stm "Graça Livre"] por [[John Wesley]]
* ''Wesley on Salvation: A Study in the Standard Sermons'' (1989) by Kenneth J. Collins, chapter 1: "Prevenient Grace and Human Sin" (ISBN 0-310-75421-6)
* ''Wesley on Salvation: A Study in the Standard Sermons'' (1989) por Kenneth J. Collins, capítulo 1: "Prevenient Grace and Human Sin" (ISBN 0-310-75421-6)
* "Total Corruption and the Wesleyan Tradition: Prevenient Grace" by Donal Dorr, ''Irish Theological Quarterly'' 31 (1964), 303-321.
* "Total Corruption and the Wesleyan Tradition: Prevenient Grace" por Donal Dorr, ''Irish Theological Quarterly'' 31 (1964), 303-321.
* ''A Wesleyan-Holiness Theology'' (1994) by J. Kenneth Grider, chapter 14: "The First Work of Grace" (ISBN 0-8341-1512-3)
* ''A Wesleyan-Holiness Theology'' (1994) por J. Kenneth Grider, capítulo 14: "The First Work of Grace" (ISBN 0-8341-1512-3)
* ''John Wesley's Message for Today'' (1983) by Steve Harper, chapter 3: "Power to Begin: Prevenient Grace" (ISBN 0-310-45711-4)
* ''John Wesley's Message for Today'' (1983) por Steve Harper, capítulo 3: "Power to Begin: Prevenient Grace" (ISBN 0-310-45711-4)
* ''Practical Divinity: Theology in the Wesleyan Tradition'' (1982) by Thomas A. Langford, chapter 2: "Wesley's Theology of Grace", (ISBN 0-687-07382-0)
* ''Practical Divinity: Theology in the Wesleyan Tradition'' (1982) por Thomas A. Langford, capítulo 2: "Wesley's Theology of Grace", (ISBN 0-687-07382-0)
* ''Responsible Grace: John Wesley's Practical Theology'' (1994) by Randy Maddox, chapters 3-7 (ISBN 0-687-00334-2)
* ''Responsible Grace: John Wesley's Practical Theology'' (1994) por Randy Maddox, capítulos 3-7 (ISBN 0-687-00334-2)
* ''Relational Holiness: Responding to the Call of Love'' (2005) by Thomas Jay Oord and Michael Lodahl (Beacon Hill Press) (ISBN 0-8341-2182-4)
* ''Relational Holiness: Responding to the Call of Love'' (2005) por Thomas Jay Oord e Michael Lodahl (Beacon Hill Press) (ISBN 0-8341-2182-4)
* ''John Wesley's Scriptural Christianity: A Plain Exposition of His Teaching on Christian Doctrine'' (1994) by [[Thomas Oden]], chapter 8: "On Grace and Predestination", pp.&nbsp;243–252 (ISBN 0-310-75321-X)
* ''John Wesley's Scriptural Christianity: A Plain Exposition of His Teaching on Christian Doctrine'' (1994) por [[Thomas Oden]], capítulo 8: "On Grace and Predestination", pp.&nbsp;243–252 (ISBN 0-310-75321-X)
* ''The United Methodist Hymnal'' (1989) "Prevenient Grace" section, hymns 337-360 (ISBN 0-687-43134-4)
* ''The United Methodist Hymnal'' (1989) secção sobre "Prevenient Grace" , hinos 337-360 (ISBN 0-687-43134-4)


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[[Categoria:Teologia]]
[[Categoria:Teologia]]
[[Categoria:Arminianismo]]


[[en:Prevenient grace]]
[[en:Prevenient grace]]

Revisão das 08h00min de 24 de maio de 2010

Arminianismo
Jacó Armínio

Graça preveniente é uma teologia cristã enraizada em Agostinho de Hipona.[1] Ela é abraçada primeiramente pelos cristãos Arminianos que são influênciados pela teologia de John Wesley, e que foram parte do movimento metodista. Wesley tipicamente referiu-se a ela na linguagem do século XVIII como graça preventiva. Em portugues moderno, a frase graça precedente deve ter um significado similar.

Graça preveniente é divina graça que precede as decisões humanas.

Na Escritura

As partes usadas das Escrituras que dão suporte a doutrina incluem as passagens abaixo:

  • Jeremias 1:5 (ARA): "Antes que eu te formasse no ventre materno, eu te conheci, e, antes que saísses da madre, te consagrei…"
  • Jeremias 31:3 (TB): "...Com amor eterno te amei, portanto com benignidade te atraí."
  • Ezequiel 34:11, 16 (ARA): "Porque assim diz o SENHOR Deus: Eis que eu mesmo procurarei as minhas ovelhas e as buscarei.…A perdida buscarei, a desgarrada tornarei a trazer, a quebrada ligarei e a enferma fortalecerei…"
  • Lucas 19:10: "Porque o Filho do Homem veio buscar e salvar o perdido."
  • João 6:44: "Ninguém pode vir a mim se o Pai, que me enviou, não o trouxer..."
  • Romanos 2:4: "…a bondade de Deus é que te conduz ao arrependimento…"
  • Filipenses 2:12-13: "…desenvolvei a vossa salvação com temor e tremor; porque Deus é quem efetua em vós tanto o querer como o realizar, segundo a sua boa vontade."
  • I João 4:19: "Nós amamos ele, porque ele nos amou primeiro."

Referências

  1. ↑ Henry Bettenson, The Later Christian Fathers (London: Oxford University Press, 1970), pp. 204-205.

  • Sermão #44: "O Pecado Original" por John Wesley
  • Sermão #85: "On Working out Our Own Salvation" por John Wesley
  • Sermão #105: "Sobre Consciência" por John Wesley
  • Sermão #128: "Graça Livre" por John Wesley
  • Wesley on Salvation: A Study in the Standard Sermons (1989) por Kenneth J. Collins, capítulo 1: "Prevenient Grace and Human Sin" (ISBN 0-310-75421-6)
  • "Total Corruption and the Wesleyan Tradition: Prevenient Grace" por Donal Dorr, Irish Theological Quarterly 31 (1964), 303-321.
  • A Wesleyan-Holiness Theology (1994) por J. Kenneth Grider, capítulo 14: "The First Work of Grace" (ISBN 0-8341-1512-3)
  • John Wesley's Message for Today (1983) por Steve Harper, capítulo 3: "Power to Begin: Prevenient Grace" (ISBN 0-310-45711-4)
  • Practical Divinity: Theology in the Wesleyan Tradition (1982) por Thomas A. Langford, capítulo 2: "Wesley's Theology of Grace", (ISBN 0-687-07382-0)
  • Responsible Grace: John Wesley's Practical Theology (1994) por Randy Maddox, capítulos 3-7 (ISBN 0-687-00334-2)
  • Relational Holiness: Responding to the Call of Love (2005) por Thomas Jay Oord e Michael Lodahl (Beacon Hill Press) (ISBN 0-8341-2182-4)
  • John Wesley's Scriptural Christianity: A Plain Exposition of His Teaching on Christian Doctrine (1994) por Thomas Oden, capítulo 8: "On Grace and Predestination", pp. 243–252 (ISBN 0-310-75321-X)
  • The United Methodist Hymnal (1989) secção sobre "Prevenient Grace" , hinos 337-360 (ISBN 0-687-43134-4)
Obtida de "https://pt.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Graça_preveniente&oldid=20364499"