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[[File:Golos Truda 14-12-1914.jpg|thumb|left|December 4, 1914.]]
[[File:Golos Truda 14-12-1914.jpg|thumb|left|December 4, 1914.]]


Após a repressão da Revolução Russa de 1905 e o exílio dos dissidentes políticos do Império Russo, os jornais russos em Nova Iorque cresceram e prosperaram.<ref name="rischin">{{Cite book|last=Rischin|first=Moses|title=The Promised City: New York's Jews, 1870-1914|publisher=[[Harvard University Press]]|authorlink=Moses Rischin|location=Cambridge|year=1977|isbn=0-674-71501-2|oclc=3650290|page=129|editora=|ano=|local=|páginas=|acessodata=1 de maio de 2018}}</ref>
Após a repressão da [[Revolução Russa de 1905]] e o exílio dos dissidentes políticos do Império Russo, os jornais russos em Nova Iorque cresceram e prosperaram.<ref name="rischin">{{Cite book|last=Rischin|first=Moses|title=The Promised City: New York's Jews, 1870-1914|publisher=[[Harvard University Press]]|authorlink=Moses Rischin|location=Cambridge|year=1977|isbn=0-674-71501-2|oclc=3650290|page=129|editora=|ano=|local=|páginas=|acessodata=1 de maio de 2018}}</ref> Entre as florescentes publicações encontramos vários jornais e revistas políticas [[Sindicalista|sindicalistas]],<ref name="rischin" /> das quais ''Golos Truda'' fazia parte. Este último começou a ser publicado pela [[União dos Trabalhadores Russos|União dos Trabalhadores Russos nos Estados Unidos e no Canadá]] (''Union of Russian Workers in the United States and Canada'') em 1911, inicialmente de forma mensual.<ref>{{Harvnb|Avrich|2006|p=255}}</ref>


Tras la represión de la Revolución Rusa de 1905 y el exilio de los disidentes políticos del Imperio Ruso, la prensa escrita en idioma ruso en Nueva York disfrutó de un renacimiento.2​ Entre las publicaciones en ciernes surgieron una serie de periódicos y revistas políticas sindicales, entre las que se incluía Golos Trudá,2​ que comenzó a ser publicado mensualmente por la Unión de Trabajadores de Rusia en los Estados Unidos y Canadá (Union of Russian Workers in the United States and Canada) en esa ciudad en 1911.3​4​ El periódico adoptó la ideología del anarcosindicalismo, una fusión del sindicalismo y la filosofía anarquista que había salido del Congreso Internacional Anarquista de Ámsterdam (1907) y que llegó a América del Norte a través de la influencia de la IWW. Los anarcosindicalistas rechazaban lucha política de orientación estatal y el intelectualismo, proponiendo en cambio a los sindicatos como agentes revolucionarios que producirían una sociedad anarquista protagonizada principalmente por colectivos de trabajadores.
Tras la represión de la Revolución Rusa de 1905 y el exilio de los disidentes políticos del Imperio Ruso, la prensa escrita en idioma ruso en Nueva York disfrutó de un renacimiento.2​ Entre las publicaciones en ciernes surgieron una serie de periódicos y revistas políticas sindicales, entre las que se incluía Golos Trudá,2​ que comenzó a ser publicado mensualmente por la Unión de Trabajadores de Rusia en los Estados Unidos y Canadá (Union of Russian Workers in the United States and Canada) en esa ciudad en 1911.3​4​ El periódico adoptó la ideología del anarcosindicalismo, una fusión del sindicalismo y la filosofía anarquista que había salido del Congreso Internacional Anarquista de Ámsterdam (1907) y que llegó a América del Norte a través de la influencia de la IWW. Los anarcosindicalistas rechazaban lucha política de orientación estatal y el intelectualismo, proponiendo en cambio a los sindicatos como agentes revolucionarios que producirían una sociedad anarquista protagonizada principalmente por colectivos de trabajadores.


Following the suppression of the [[Russian Revolution of 1905]] and the consequent exile of political dissidents from the Russian Empire, Russian-language journalism in New York City enjoyed a revival. Among the fledgling publications were a number of political newspapers and labor union periodicals,<ref name="rischin" /> including ''Golos Truda'', which the [[Union of Russian Workers in the United States and Canada]] began publishing in the city in 1911, initially on a monthly basis.<ref>{{Harvnb|Avrich|2006|p=255}}</ref> The newspaper adopted its ideology an anarchist version of syndicalism, a fusion of trade unionism and [[anarchist schools of thought|anarchist philosophy]] which had emerged from the 1907 [[International Anarchist Congress of Amsterdam]] and along similar lines in America through the influential [[Industrial Workers of the World]].<ref name="vincent">{{Cite book| last = Vincent | first = Andrew | title = Modern Political Ideologies | publisher = Wiley-Blackwell |edition=third | year = 2009 | isbn = 978-1-4051-5495-6 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=igrwb3rsOOUC&lpg=PA118&dq=%22anarcho-syndicalism%22&pg=PA118 |page=118 |chapter=Anarchism |location=[[Chichester]] |oclc=245025406}}</ref> The anarcho-syndicalists rejected state-oriented political struggle and intellectualism, instead proposing labor unions as the revolutionary agents that would bring about an anarchist society characterised primarily by [[worker collective]]s.<ref name="vincent" />
Following the suppression of the [[Russian Revolution of 1905]] and the consequent exile of political dissidents from the Russian Empire, Russian-language journalism in New York City enjoyed a revival. Among the fledgling publications were a number of political newspapers and labor union periodicals, including ''Golos Truda'', which the [[Union of Russian Workers in the United States and Canada]] began publishing in the city in 1911, initially on a monthly basis. The newspaper adopted its ideology an anarchist version of syndicalism, a fusion of trade unionism and [[anarchist schools of thought|anarchist philosophy]] which had emerged from the 1907 [[International Anarchist Congress of Amsterdam]] and along similar lines in America through the influential [[Industrial Workers of the World]].<ref name="vincent">{{Cite book| last = Vincent | first = Andrew | title = Modern Political Ideologies | publisher = Wiley-Blackwell |edition=third | year = 2009 | isbn = 978-1-4051-5495-6 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=igrwb3rsOOUC&lpg=PA118&dq=%22anarcho-syndicalism%22&pg=PA118 |page=118 |chapter=Anarchism |location=[[Chichester]] |oclc=245025406}}</ref> The anarcho-syndicalists rejected state-oriented political struggle and intellectualism, instead proposing labor unions as the revolutionary agents that would bring about an anarchist society characterised primarily by [[worker collective]]s.<ref name="vincent" />


At the outbreak of the Russian Revolution in 1917, the [[Russian Provisional Government]] declared a general amnesty and offered to fund the return of those Russians who had been exiled as political opponents of the Empire; the entire staff of ''Golos Truda'' elected to leave New York City for Russia and to move the periodical to Petrograd.<ref name=rocker>[[Rudolf Rocker|Rocker, Rudolf]]. [http://dwardmac.pitzer.edu/Anarchist_Archives/bright/voline/biography.html Foreword] to {{Harvnb|Volin|1974}}</ref> In [[Vancouver]] on May 26, 1917, the editors, along with [[Ferrer Center]] artist [[Manuel Komroff]] and thirteen others, boarded a ship bound for [[Japan]].<ref name=aa>{{Cite book| last = Antliff | first = Allan | authorlink=Allan Antliff |title = Anarchist Modernism | publisher = University of Chicago Press | location = Chicago | year = 2001 | isbn = 0-226-02103-3 |page=254}}</ref> On board, the anarchists played music, gave lectures, staged plays and even published a revolutionary newspaper, ''The Float''.<ref name=aa/> From Japan, the band made their way to [[Siberia]], and proceeded East to European Russia.<ref name=aa/>
At the outbreak of the Russian Revolution in 1917, the [[Russian Provisional Government]] declared a general amnesty and offered to fund the return of those Russians who had been exiled as political opponents of the Empire; the entire staff of ''Golos Truda'' elected to leave New York City for Russia and to move the periodical to Petrograd.<ref name=rocker>[[Rudolf Rocker|Rocker, Rudolf]]. [http://dwardmac.pitzer.edu/Anarchist_Archives/bright/voline/biography.html Foreword] to {{Harvnb|Volin|1974}}</ref> In [[Vancouver]] on May 26, 1917, the editors, along with [[Ferrer Center]] artist [[Manuel Komroff]] and thirteen others, boarded a ship bound for [[Japan]].<ref name=aa>{{Cite book| last = Antliff | first = Allan | authorlink=Allan Antliff |title = Anarchist Modernism | publisher = University of Chicago Press | location = Chicago | year = 2001 | isbn = 0-226-02103-3 |page=254}}</ref> On board, the anarchists played music, gave lectures, staged plays and even published a revolutionary newspaper, ''The Float''.<ref name=aa/> From Japan, the band made their way to [[Siberia]], and proceeded East to European Russia.<ref name=aa/>

Revisão das 09h21min de 1 de maio de 2018

The subject of this article is an anarchist periodical, not to be confused with the Menshevik magazine of the same name published in Samara in 1916

Golos Truda (em russo: Голос Труда, em português: A voz do labor) foi um jornal anarquista russo.[1] Foi fundado por exiliados russos em Nova Iorque em 1911 e mudou-se para Petrogrado durante a Revolução Russa de 1917, quando os editores aproveitaram a amnistia geral e o direto de retorno para os dissidentes políticos e demais perseguidos pelo regime czarista. Ali, o jornal integrou-se no movimento operário anarquista local, advogando a necessidade duma revolução social por e para os trabalhadores e opôs-se a vários outros movimentos esquerdistas.

A toma do poder pelos bolcheviques marcou o começo da decadência do jornal. O novo governo tomou medidas cada vez mais repressivas em relação à literatura dissidente e, em geral, contra qualquer manifestação do anarquismo. Após alguns anos de publicação clandestina, os editores do Golos Truda foram finalmente expungidos pelo regime estalinista em 1929.

Começos

December 4, 1914.

Após a repressão da Revolução Russa de 1905 e o exílio dos dissidentes políticos do Império Russo, os jornais russos em Nova Iorque cresceram e prosperaram.[2] Entre as florescentes publicações encontramos vários jornais e revistas políticas sindicalistas,[2] das quais Golos Truda fazia parte. Este último começou a ser publicado pela União dos Trabalhadores Russos nos Estados Unidos e no Canadá (Union of Russian Workers in the United States and Canada) em 1911, inicialmente de forma mensual.[3]

Tras la represión de la Revolución Rusa de 1905 y el exilio de los disidentes políticos del Imperio Ruso, la prensa escrita en idioma ruso en Nueva York disfrutó de un renacimiento.2​ Entre las publicaciones en ciernes surgieron una serie de periódicos y revistas políticas sindicales, entre las que se incluía Golos Trudá,2​ que comenzó a ser publicado mensualmente por la Unión de Trabajadores de Rusia en los Estados Unidos y Canadá (Union of Russian Workers in the United States and Canada) en esa ciudad en 1911.3​4​ El periódico adoptó la ideología del anarcosindicalismo, una fusión del sindicalismo y la filosofía anarquista que había salido del Congreso Internacional Anarquista de Ámsterdam (1907) y que llegó a América del Norte a través de la influencia de la IWW. Los anarcosindicalistas rechazaban lucha política de orientación estatal y el intelectualismo, proponiendo en cambio a los sindicatos como agentes revolucionarios que producirían una sociedad anarquista protagonizada principalmente por colectivos de trabajadores.

Following the suppression of the Russian Revolution of 1905 and the consequent exile of political dissidents from the Russian Empire, Russian-language journalism in New York City enjoyed a revival. Among the fledgling publications were a number of political newspapers and labor union periodicals, including Golos Truda, which the Union of Russian Workers in the United States and Canada began publishing in the city in 1911, initially on a monthly basis. The newspaper adopted its ideology an anarchist version of syndicalism, a fusion of trade unionism and anarchist philosophy which had emerged from the 1907 International Anarchist Congress of Amsterdam and along similar lines in America through the influential Industrial Workers of the World.[4] The anarcho-syndicalists rejected state-oriented political struggle and intellectualism, instead proposing labor unions as the revolutionary agents that would bring about an anarchist society characterised primarily by worker collectives.[4]

At the outbreak of the Russian Revolution in 1917, the Russian Provisional Government declared a general amnesty and offered to fund the return of those Russians who had been exiled as political opponents of the Empire; the entire staff of Golos Truda elected to leave New York City for Russia and to move the periodical to Petrograd.[5] In Vancouver on May 26, 1917, the editors, along with Ferrer Center artist Manuel Komroff and thirteen others, boarded a ship bound for Japan.[6] On board, the anarchists played music, gave lectures, staged plays and even published a revolutionary newspaper, The Float.[6] From Japan, the band made their way to Siberia, and proceeded East to European Russia.[6]

Publicação na Rússia

Ver também: Printed media in the Soviet Union
Ficheiro:Voline.jpg
Volin described Golos Truda's procedure of revealing misdeeds of those in power, and suggesting alternatives as, "not only its right, but incontestably its strictest duty."[7]

Though initially the Bolsheviks had not enjoyed much popularity following the February Revolution—with liberal Prime Minister Alexander Kerensky retaining enough support to repress an attempted coup d'état by the faction in July—they capitalized on the disorder and economic collapse of Russian society, mass worker's strikes and the Kornilov affair to increase their popularity among—and ultimately control over—the Soviets. Volin lamented that the almost six-month gap between the February Revolution and the launch of Golos Truda in Russia as "a long and irreparable delay" for the anarchists; they now faced a difficult task, with the majority of the workers having been won over by the powerful, consolidated Bolshevik Party whose propaganda efforts dwarfed those of the anarchists.[7]

In Petrograd, the work of beginning publication was assisted by the nascent Anarchist-Syndicalist Propaganda Union, [5] and the new paper bolstered the city's indigenous anarchist workers' movement.[8] Its editorial staff included Maksim Rayevsky, Vladimir Shatov (the linotype operator),[6] Volin,[9] Gregori Maksimov, Alexander Schapiro,[10] and Vasya Swieda.[11][12]

The first (weekly) issue was published on August 11, 1917, with an editorial stated its firm opposition to the tactics and programs of the Bolsheviks, Mensheviks, left Social Revolutionaries, right Social Revolutionaries and others, and that the conception of revolutionary action of the anarchist socialists bore no resemblance to those of the Marxist socialists.[7] It declared as its principal goal a revolution that would replace the state with a free confederation of autonomous "peasant unions, industrial unions, factory committees, control commissions and the like in locations all over the country".[13] This revolution would be "anti-statist in its methods of struggle, syndicalist in its economic content, and federal in its political tasks".[13] It placed its greatest hopes in the factory committees, which had arisen spontaneously around the country after the February Revolution.[14]

Each of the early issues contained what Volin later described as "clear and definite articles on the way in which the Anarcho-Syndicalists conceived the constructive tasks of the Revolution to come", citing as examples "a series of articles on the role of the factory committees; articles on the tasks of the Soviets, and others on how to resolve the agrarian problem, on the new organization of production, and on exchange".[7] It published copious articles on the general strike as well as on the French bourses du travail and syndicats.[15] The paper shifted to daily publication for three months after the October Revolution of that same year.[5][7] In a series of articles, it proclaimed the necessity of immediately abandoning the vanguardist Bolshevik dictatorship of the proletariat, and of allowing the workers freedom of association and action.[7]

Although Golos Truda sharply criticized the anarchist communists of Petrograd as romantics, ignorant of the complex social forces of the Revolution among Petrograd's Bolshevik-supporting factory workers, the ideas of the union and its paper were considered bizarre and met with little initial success.[7] Despite this, the anarchist-syndicalist union persisted and gradually acquired a degree of influence, focusing its efforts through propaganda in Golos Truda, with the intent of capturing the attention of the public with its ideals and by differentiating itself from the other radical factions.[7] The paper's circulation continuing to increase in the city and its provinces, with robust anarchist collectives and meetings emerging in Kronstadt, Oboukhovo, and Kolpino.[7] In March 1918, the Bolsheviks moved the seat of government from Petrograd to Moscow, and the anarchists swiftly followed, moving the printing of Golos Truda to the new capital.[11][16][17]

Repressão e legado

Ver também: Political repression in the Soviet Union

The Central Executive Committee of the Congress of Soviets issued a press decree that let the Bolsheviks suppress dissident newspapers.[18] After the suppression of the Golos Truda by the Bolshevik government in August 1918, G.P Maximoff, Nikolai Dolenko and Efim Yartchuk established Volny Golos Truda (The Free Voice of Labour).[11][19] At the Tenth Party Congress in March 1921, Bolshevik leader Vladimir Lenin declared war against the petite bourgeoisie, and in particular the anarchists, with immediate consequences; the Cheka closed the publishing and printing premises of Golos Truda in Petrograd, as well as the paper's bookstore in Moscow, where all but half a dozen anarchists had been arrested.[20]

Despite the banning of their paper, the Golos Truda group continued on, however, and issued a final edition in the form of a journal, in Petrograd and Moscow in December 1919.[21] During the New Economic Policy period (1921–1928), it released a number of works, including the publication of the collected works of pre-eminent anarchist theorist Mikhail Bakunin from its bookstore and publishing house in Petrograd between 1919 and 1922.[22][23] What little anarchist activity the regime tolerated ended in 1929, after the accession of Joseph Stalin, and the bookshops of the Golos Truda group in Moscow and Petrograd were closed permanently amidst an abrupt and violent wave of repression.[24] The newspaper was also suppressed by the Post Office Department in the United States, where it was succeeded by the widely circulated Khleb i Volya (Bread and Freedom), first published on February 26, 1919, which in turn was banned from the United States and Canada for its anarchist position.[25]

Russian revolutionary anarchist-turned-Bolshevik Victor Serge described Golos Truda as the most authoritative anarchist group active in 1917, "in the sense that it was the only one to possess any semblance of doctrine, a valuable collection of militants" who foresaw that the October Revolution "could only end in the formation of a new power".[26]

Ver também

Referências

  1. ↑ «IISH - Archives». www.iisg.nl. Consultado em 1 de maio de 2018 
  2. ↑ a b Rischin, Moses (1977). The Promised City: New York's Jews, 1870-1914. Cambridge: Harvard University Press. p. 129. ISBN 0-674-71501-2. OCLC 3650290 
  3. ↑ Avrich 2006, p. 255
  4. ↑ a b Vincent, Andrew (2009). «Anarchism». Modern Political Ideologies third ed. Chichester: Wiley-Blackwell. p. 118. ISBN 978-1-4051-5495-6. OCLC 245025406 
  5. ↑ a b c Rocker, Rudolf. Foreword to Volin 1974
  6. ↑ a b c d Antliff, Allan (2001). Anarchist Modernism. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. p. 254. ISBN 0-226-02103-3 
  7. ↑ a b c d e f g h i Chapter 4, "The Unknown Anarchist Press in the Russian Revolution", Volin 1974
  8. ↑ Thorpe, Wayne (1989). The Workers Themselves. [S.l.]: Kluwer Academic. p. 59. ISBN 0-7923-0276-1 
  9. ↑ Avrich 2006, p. 137
  10. ↑ Graham, Robert (June 28, 2008). «Alexander Schapiro - Anarchosyndicalism and Anarchist Organization». Robert Graham's Anarchism Weblog. Consultado em March 20, 2009  Verifique data em: |acessodata=, |data= (ajuda)
  11. ↑ a b c «G.P. Maksimov Papers». iisg.nl. International Institute of Social History. Consultado em March 22, 2009  Verifique data em: |acessodata= (ajuda)
  12. ↑ Avrich, Paul (2005). Anarchist Voices. Stirling: AK Press. p. 369. ISBN 1-904859-27-5. OCLC 64098230 
  13. ↑ a b «Editorial». Golos Truda (1): 1. August 11, 1917  Verifique data em: |data= (ajuda)
  14. ↑ Avrich 2006, p. 140
  15. ↑ Avrich 2006, p. 139
  16. ↑ Woodcock, George (2004). Anarchism: a History of Libertarian Ideas and Movements. Peterborough: Broadview Press. ISBN 1-55111-629-4 
  17. ↑ Avrich 2006, p. 179
  18. ↑ Hough, Jerry F.; Fainsod, Merle (1979). How the Soviet Union is Governed. [S.l.]: Harvard University Press. p. 78. ISBN 978-0-674-41030-5 
  19. ↑ Heath, Nick. «Maximov, Grigori Petrovitch, 1893-1950». Libcom.org. Consultado em March 22, 2009  Verifique data em: |acessodata= (ajuda)
  20. ↑ Goldman, Emma (1930). Living My Life. New York: Dover Publications. p. 887. ISBN 0-486-22544-5 
  21. ↑ Avrich 2006, p. 286
  22. ↑ G. P. Maximoff, ed. (1953). «Introduction». The Political Philosophy of Bakunin. London: Free Press. pp. 17–27. OCLC 213747035 
  23. ↑ Avrich 2006, p. 237
  24. ↑ Avrich 2006, p. 244
  25. ↑ «Will Deport Reds as Alien Plotters». The New York Times. The New York Times Company. November 9, 1919  Verifique data em: |data= (ajuda)
  26. ↑ Serge, Victor (1994). «Lenin in 1917». Revolutionary History. 5 (3) 

Bibliography

External links

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