Papiro de Anastasi I

Papiro de Anastasi I (oficialmente designado papyrus British Museum 10247) é um papiro egípcio antigo contendo um texto satírico usado para o treinamento de escribas durante o Período Raméssida (isto é, a XIX e XX dinastia egípcia). Um escriba do exército, Hori, escreve a seu companheiro escrevente, Amenemope, de modo a ridicularizar a natureza irresponsável e de segunda ordem de seu trabalho.

Conteúdo e importância moderna

A carta dá exemplos do que um escriba deveria ser capaz de fazer: calcular o número de rações que têm de ser distribuídas a um certo número de soldados cavando um lago ou a quantidade de tijolos necessários para erguer uma rampa de dimensões determinadas,^[1] avaliar o número de homens necessários para mover um obelisco ou erigir uma estátua, e organizar o fornecimento de provisões para um exército. Em uma longa seção, Hori discute a geografia da costa do Mediterrâneo até o norte, como o Líbano, e os problemas que podem perseguir um viajante.

Este papiro é importante para os historiadores e estudiosos da Bíblia, sobretudo, pelas informações que fornece sobre cidades na Síria e Canaã durante o Império Novo.^[2] Há uma longa lista de cidades que correm ao longo da fronteira norte do djadi ou divisória do rio Jordão em Canaã, que ligou o Líbano ao longo do rio Litani e retjenu superior e a Síria ao longo do Orontes. As terras fronteiriças da província de Canaã com Kadesh são definidas na tradução de Gardiner p. 19.^[3]

Exemplo da sátira no texto

Hori continua mostrando que Amenemope não é hábil no papel de um maher. A palavra é discutida em Egyptian Grammar de Gardiner sob "Mensageiro" e pode ser encontrada na inscrição da batalha de Kadesh acima da cabeça de um certo batedor de Mitani.^[4] O escriba relaciona então o que parece ser uma anedota real na qual Amenemope é aparentemente infame. Contém um monte de detalhes refletindo desacreditavelmente em seu nome e comparando-o a Qedjerdi, o chefe de Isser. Isso toca no conceito de fofoca entre os escribas para o qual o idioma está "muito nas vozes de".

A composição do intercâmbio satírico entre os escribas aparece muito bem escrita, especialmente onde Hori descreve Amenemope como incompetente para o serviço, dando como exemplo a sua má gestão de não apenas sua carruagem, mas seu caráter. Amenemope é emboscado em um passe de montanha, possivelmente em uma batalha nas campanhas contra Kadesh que continuaram ao longo da XVIII e XIX dinastias. Hori deixa claro que estes envolvem rotas que devem ser bem conhecidas pelos escribas que operam como mahers ou mensageiros e batedores nas batalhas. Ilustrações da batalha de Kadesh fornecem um excelente fundo para o conto de Hori mostrando a forma das carruagens, e o tamanho do Shasu.^[5]

O escriba configura isso como um incidente em que a incompetência, inexperiência e medo de Amenemope resulta no naufrágio de sua carruagem e o corte de pânico em sua mão com uma faca enquanto tentava soltar seu cavalo do naufrágio de sua carruagem. A falta de experiência de Amenemope faz com que ele não fique apreensivo quando deveria estar e então entrar em pânico quando deveria permanecer calmo.^[6]

Hori amontoa os resultados da inexperiência e da falta de especialização de Amenemope para mostrar claramente seu estado de espírito, incluindo a parte onde ele mostra sua dor e medo, forçando o seu caminho à donzela que vigia os jardins quando ele chega a Jafa.^[7]

A carruagem de Amenmope está em uma estreita passagem montanhosa acima de um desfiladeiro no qual cerca de quatro ou cinco côvados (2,1 metros) de altura Shasu estão à espreita. A estrada é áspera e misturada com a vegetação e o Shasu olha perigoso e feroz. Ele destrói seu equipamento e tem que cortá-lo solto com uma faca de algumas árvores que está enroscada. Ele se corta tentando tirar os rastros dos galhos. "Seu auto-abuso é grande na boca de seus seguidores", diz o escriba Hori.^[8]

Ver também

Literatura do Antigo Egito

Referências

↑ Dieter Arnold The Encyclopaedia of Ancient Egyptian Architecture, I.B.Tauris 2002, p.40
↑ Kitchen 2000, p.530.
↑
Come let me tell thee of other towns, which are above(??) them. Thou hast not gone to the land of Kadesh, Tekhes, Kurmeren, Temenet, Deper, Idi, Herenem. Thou hast not beheld Kirjath-anab and Beth-Sepher. Thou dost not know Ideren, nor yet Djedpet. Thou dost not know the name of Kheneredj which is in the land of Upe, a bull upon its boundary, the scene of the battles of every warrior. Pray teach me concerning the appearance(?) of Kin; acquaint me with Rehob; explain Beth-sha-el and Tereqel. The stream of Jordan, how is it crossed? Cause me to know the way of crossing over to Megido which is above it(??).
↑
Thou art a Maher skilled in the deeds of the brave! A Maher such as thou art is found (able) to march at the head of an army! O Mariannu, forward to shoot(?)!
↑
Behold the ///////// is in a ravine two thousand cubits deep, filled with boulders and pebbles. Thou drawest back(?), thou graspest the bow, thou dost //////. Thy left hand, thou causest the great ones to look. Their eyes are good, thy hand grows weak(?). Abdt km Ari mhr nam. Thou makest the name of every Maher, officers of the land of Egypt. Thy name becomes like (that of) Qedjerdi, the chief of Isser, when the hyena found him in the balsam-tree.
↑
- The(?) narrow defile is infested(?) with Shosu concealed beneath the bushes; some of them are of four cubits or of five cubits, from head(??) to foot(?), fierce of face, their heart is not mild, and they hearken not to coaxing.
Thou art alone, there is no helper(?) with thee, no army behind thee. Thou findest no ///////// to make for thee a way of crossing. Thou decidest(?) (the matter) by marching onward, though thou knowest not the road. Shuddering(?) seizes thee, (the hair of) thy head stands up(?), thy soul is in thy hand. Thy path is filled with boulders and pebbles, without a passable track(??), overgrown with reeds and brambles, briers (?) and wolf's-pad. The ravine is on one side of thee, the mountain rises(?) on the other. On thou goest jolting(?), thy chariot on its side.
↑
Thou fearest to crush(?) thy horse. If it be thrown towards the abyss(?), thy collar-piece(?) is left bare(?), thy girth(?) falls. Thou unfastenest the horse so as to repair the collar-piece(?) at the top of the defile. Thou art not expert in the way of binding it together; thou knowest not how to tie(?) it. The ///////// is left where it is; the chariot is too heavy to bear the load of it(?). Thy heart is weary. Thou startest trotting(?). The sky is revealed. Thou fanciest that the enemy is behind thee; trembling seizes thee. Would that thou hadst a hedge of ///////// to put-upon the other side! The chariot is damaged(?) at the moment thou findest a camping-place(?). Thou perceivest the taste of pain! Thou hast entered Joppa, and findest the flowers blossoming in their season. Thou forcest a way in(?) ///////// Thou findest the fair maiden who keeps watch over the gardens. She takes thee to herself for a companion, and surrenders to thee her charms.
↑ Gardiner translates that p. 20:
Thou art recognized, and bearest witness (against thyself[?]). Thou art dismissed(?) from (the rank of) Maher. Thy shirt of fine linen of Upper Egypt, thou sellest it. Tell me how(??) thou liest every night, with a piece of woollen cloth(?) over thee. Thou slumberest, for thou art worn out. A ///////// takes away thy bow, thy knife for the belt, and thy quiver. Thy reins have been cut in the darkness. Thy horse is gone and is speeding(??) over the slippery ground. The road stretches before it. It smashes thy cart and makes thy ////////////; thy weapons fall to the ground, and are buried(?) in the sand; they become desert(?). Thy //////, begs the ///////// thy mouth: Give (me) food and water, for I have arrived safely. They turn a deaf ear, they do not listen, they do not heed thy tales.

Leitura adicional

Alan H. Gardiner Egyptian Hieratic Texts - Series I: Literary Texts of the New Kingdom, Part I, Leipzig 1911
K. A. Kitchen, Ramesside Inscriptions, Blackwell 2000
Stephen Fryer hieratic language instruction

Ligações externas

Gardiner's tradução do Papiro de Anastasi I

[1] Dieter Arnold The Encyclopaedia of Ancient Egyptian Architecture, I.B.Tauris 2002, p.40

[2] Kitchen 2000, p.530.

[3] 
Come let me tell thee of other towns, which are above(??) them. Thou hast not gone to the land of Kadesh, Tekhes, Kurmeren, Temenet, Deper, Idi, Herenem. Thou hast not beheld Kirjath-anab and Beth-Sepher. Thou dost not know Ideren, nor yet Djedpet. Thou dost not know the name of Kheneredj which is in the land of Upe, a bull upon its boundary, the scene of the battles of every warrior. Pray teach me concerning the appearance(?) of Kin; acquaint me with Rehob; explain Beth-sha-el and Tereqel. The stream of Jordan, how is it crossed? Cause me to know the way of crossing over to Megido which is above it(??).

[4] 
Thou art a Maher skilled in the deeds of the brave! A Maher such as thou art is found (able) to march at the head of an army! O Mariannu, forward to shoot(?)!

[5] 
Behold the ///////// is in a ravine two thousand cubits deep, filled with boulders and pebbles. Thou drawest back(?), thou graspest the bow, thou dost //////. Thy left hand, thou causest the great ones to look. Their eyes are good, thy hand grows weak(?). Abdt km Ari mhr nam. Thou makest the name of every Maher, officers of the land of Egypt. Thy name becomes like (that of) Qedjerdi, the chief of Isser, when the hyena found him in the balsam-tree.

[6] 
- The(?) narrow defile is infested(?) with Shosu concealed beneath the bushes; some of them are of four cubits or of five cubits, from head(??) to foot(?), fierce of face, their heart is not mild, and they hearken not to coaxing.
Thou art alone, there is no helper(?) with thee, no army behind thee. Thou findest no ///////// to make for thee a way of crossing. Thou decidest(?) (the matter) by marching onward, though thou knowest not the road. Shuddering(?) seizes thee, (the hair of) thy head stands up(?), thy soul is in thy hand. Thy path is filled with boulders and pebbles, without a passable track(??), overgrown with reeds and brambles, briers (?) and wolf's-pad. The ravine is on one side of thee, the mountain rises(?) on the other. On thou goest jolting(?), thy chariot on its side.

[7] 
Thou fearest to crush(?) thy horse. If it be thrown towards the abyss(?), thy collar-piece(?) is left bare(?), thy girth(?) falls. Thou unfastenest the horse so as to repair the collar-piece(?) at the top of the defile. Thou art not expert in the way of binding it together; thou knowest not how to tie(?) it. The ///////// is left where it is; the chariot is too heavy to bear the load of it(?). Thy heart is weary. Thou startest trotting(?). The sky is revealed. Thou fanciest that the enemy is behind thee; trembling seizes thee. Would that thou hadst a hedge of ///////// to put-upon the other side! The chariot is damaged(?) at the moment thou findest a camping-place(?). Thou perceivest the taste of pain! Thou hast entered Joppa, and findest the flowers blossoming in their season. Thou forcest a way in(?) ///////// Thou findest the fair maiden who keeps watch over the gardens. She takes thee to herself for a companion, and surrenders to thee her charms.

[8] Gardiner translates that p. 20:
Thou art recognized, and bearest witness (against thyself[?]). Thou art dismissed(?) from (the rank of) Maher. Thy shirt of fine linen of Upper Egypt, thou sellest it. Tell me how(??) thou liest every night, with a piece of woollen cloth(?) over thee. Thou slumberest, for thou art worn out. A ///////// takes away thy bow, thy knife for the belt, and thy quiver. Thy reins have been cut in the darkness. Thy horse is gone and is speeding(??) over the slippery ground. The road stretches before it. It smashes thy cart and makes thy ////////////; thy weapons fall to the ground, and are buried(?) in the sand; they become desert(?). Thy //////, begs the ///////// thy mouth: Give (me) food and water, for I have arrived safely. They turn a deaf ear, they do not listen, they do not heed thy tales.

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