Mycena aurantiomarginata: diferenças entre revisões

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Revisão das 04h04min de 15 de maio de 2014

Mycena aurantiomarginata
Classificação científica
Reino:
Fungi
Divisão:
Basidiomycota
Classe:
Agaricomycetes
Ordem:
Agaricales
Família:
Mycenaceae
Gênero:
Mycena
Espécies:
M. aurantiomarginata
Nome binomial
Mycena aurantiomarginata
(Fr.) Quél. (1872)
Sinónimos[1]
  • Agaricus marginatus Schumach. (1803)
  • Agaricus aurantiomarginatus Fr. (1821)
  • Agaricus schumacheri Pers. (1828)
  • Mycena elegans var. aurantiomarginata (Fr.) Cejp (1930)
Mycena aurantiomarginata
View the Mycomorphbox template that generates the following list
float
Mycological characteristics
hymenium is adnate
stipe is bare


Mycena aurantiomarginata, conhecido comumente como golden-edge bonnet, é uma espécie de fungo agárico na família Mycenaceae. Primeiro formalmente descrita em 1803, teve seu nome atual dado em 1872. Latamente distribuída, é comum na Europa e na América do Norte, e também há sido coletada na África do Norte, América Central e Japão. O fungo é sapróbico, e produz corpos frutíferos (cogumelos) que crescem sobre o leito de florestas de coníferas. Os cogumelos têm uma capa em forma de sino a cônica de até 2 cm em diâmetro, posta em cima de um delgado estipe de até 6 cm de comprimento com pelos amarelos a laranja na base. O fungo é nomeado assim por causa de suas bordas laranja brilhantes da lamela. Uma característica microscópica são os cístidios claviformes que são cobertos com numerosas projeções espetadas, assemelhando-se a um porrete. A comestibilidade do cogumelo não há sido determinada. M. aurantiomarginata pode ser distinguida de espécies Mycena similares por diferenças em tamanho, cor e substrato. Uma publicação de 2010 reportou a descoberta e caracterização de um pigmento novel mycenaaurin A, isolado do cogumelo. O pigmento é responsável por sua cor, e tem atividade antibiótica que pode funcionar para prevenir certas bactérias de crescerem sobre o cogumelo.

Taxonomia

A espécie, originalmente nomeada Agaricus marginatus pelo naturalista dinamarquês Heinrich Christian Friedrich Schumacher em 1803, tem vários sinônimos.[2] Elias Magnus Fries renomeou-a Agaricus aurantio-marginatus em seu Systema Mycologicum de 1821,[3] enquanto Christiaan Hendrik Persoon chamou-a Agaricus schumacheri em 1828.[4] Embora Schumacher tivesse a data de publicação mais antiga, o nome de Frie é sancionado, e assim ao epíteto específico que ele usou é dada precedência nomenclatural. O micologista francês Lucien Quélet transferiu a espécie para o gênero Mycena em 1872.[5] Em 1930 Karel Cejp considerou-a ser uma variedade de Mycena elegans.[6]

De acordo com a organização do gênero Mycena de Alexander H. Smith, M. aurantiomarginata é classificada na seção Calodontes, subseção Granulatae, a qual contém espécies com queilocístidios ásperos, tais como M. rosella, M. flavescens, M. elegans, e M. strobilinoides.[7] In his 1992 study of Mycena, Dutch mycologist Rudolph Arnold Maas Geesteranus put M. aurantiomarginata in the section Luculentae, characterized by species with an olive to yellowish-olive and moist cap, pallid to gray-olive gills with bright orange margins, brownish to grayish-olive stiles, white spore deposit, and spiny cystidia.[8] M. aurantiomarginata was included in a 2010 molecular analysis focused on clarifying the phylogenetic relationships between Northern European species in the section Calodontes. The results suggested that, based on the similarity of nuclear large subunit ribosomal DNA sequences, the fungus is closely related to M. crocata and M. leaiana.[9] This conclusion was previously corroborated by research that used molecular analysis to demonstrate that several Mycena species can be mycorrhizal partners of the orchid Gastrodia confusa.[10]

O epíteto específico ''aurantiomarginata é latino, e refere-se às margens laranja de suas lâminas (aurantius, "laranja"; marginata, "margeada") [11] No Reino Unido, o cogumelo é comumente conhecida como golden-edge bonnet, "barrete de bordas douradas". [12]

Descriçãon

A corThe cap color is somewhat variable, but typically darker in the center and lighter around the margin.
The gills have orange edges that are brighter than the gill faces.

O píleo de M. aurantiomarginata varia em forma de obtusamente cônico a em forma de sino, e torna-se plano na maturidade, alcançando diâmetros de Predefinição:Convert/–. A cor do píleo é variável, indo de fosco oliva-escuro (cinza-amarronzado escuro) a oliva alaranjado no centro, enquanto a marge é alaranjada. Alexander H. Smith, em sua [[monografiaThe cap color is variable, ranging from dark olive fuscous (dark brownish-gray) to yellowish-olive in the center, while the margin is orangish. Alexander H. Smith, in his 1947 monograph of North American Mycena species, stated that the caps are not hygrophanous (changing color depending on the level of hydration),[13] while Mycena specialist Arne Aronsen says they are.[14] The overall color fades as the mushroom ages.[15] The surface is moist, and young individuals are covered with fine whitish powder, but this soon sloughs off to leave a polished surface that develops radial grooves in maturity.[13] The flesh is thin (about 1 mm thick in the center of the cap) and flexible.[15]

Gills are adnate with a decurrent tooth (where the gills curve up to join the stipe but then, close to the stipe, the margin turns down again), and initially narrow but broaden when old. They are pallid to grayish-olive with bright orange edges.[13] Smith noted that the edge color may spread to the gill faces in some specimens, because the pigment, rather than being encrusted on the walls of the cystidia, is found in the cytosol and therefore more readily diffusible.[16] The gills are spaced close together, with between 16 and 26 gills reaching the stipe,[14] and there are up to three tiers of interspersed lamellulae (short gills that do not extend fully from the cap edge to the stipe).[15] The cylindrical stipe is Predefinição:Convert/– long by Predefinição:Convert/– thick, hollow, and stiff but flexible;[13] it is somewhat thicker at the base.[17] It has a brownish to grayish-olive color that is sometimes tinged with shades of orange. The surface is smooth except for orange powder near the top, while the base is covered with stiff orange hairs. Smith reports the mushroom tissue to have no distinctive taste or odor,[13] while Aronsen says the odor is "very conspicuous; sweet, fruity, often experienced as farinaceous or faintly of anise".[14] Like many small Mycena species, the edibility of the mushroom is unknown, as it is too insubstantial to consider collecting for the table.[16]

The cystidia are club-shaped and spiny.

The spores are elliptic, smooth, and amyloid, with dimensions of 7–9 by 4–5 μm.[13] The basidia (spore-bearing cells of the hymenium) are club-shaped, four-spored, and measure 25–32 by 5.5–7 μm.[14] Pleurocystidia and cheilocystidia (cystidia on the gill faces and edges, respectively) are abundant and similar in morphology: club-shaped to somewhat capitate (with a head),[13] the tops sparsely to densely covered with small spines (said to resemble a mace[18]), filled with a bright orange pigment, and measuring 28–36 by 7–12 μm. The flesh of the cap is covered with a cuticle, on the surface of which are found scattered cystidia similar to those on the gills. Directly beneath the cuticle is a layer of enlarged cells, and beneath this are filamentous hyphae.[13] Clamp connections are present in the hyphae.[14]

Mycena aurantiomarginata uses a tetrapolar mating system, whereby genes at two different locations on the chromosomes regulate sexual compatibility, or mating type. This system prevents self-fertilization and ensures a high degree of genotypic diversity. When the fungal mycelia is grown in culture on a petri dish, the colonies are white, odorless, and typically have a central patch of congested aerial hyphae that grow upward from the colony surface, which abruptly become flattened to submerged, and occasionally form faint zone lines. The hyphae commonly form deposits of tiny amorphous crystals where they contact other mycelial fronts, especially where the hyphae are vegetatively incompatible and destroy each other by lysis.[19]

Espécies similares

The bright orange Mycena leaiana grows in clusters on rotting wood.

Mycena aurantiomarginata é geralmente reconhecível no campo por sua capa marrom-oliva a alaranjada, bordas de lâmida laranja brilhantes, e pelos amarelados na base do estipe M. elegans é similar em aparência M. aurantiomarginata, e alguns as hão considerado sinônimas[20]. M. elegans é maior, com diamêtro is larger, with a cap diameter up to 3,5 cm (1,4 in) and stipe length up to 12 cm (4,7 in), darker, and has pale greenish-yellow colors on the gill edges and stipes that stain dull reddish-brown in age.[21] M. leaiana is readily distinguished from M. aurantiomarginata by the bright orange color of its fruit bodies, its clustered growth on rotting wood, and the presence of a gelatinous layer on its stipe.[22] M. strobilinoides closely resembles M. aurantiomarginata in shape, size, spore morphology, and the presence of hairs at the stipe base. It has a cap color that ranges from scarlet to yellow, and features scarlet edges on widely spaced, pale pinkish-orange to yellow gills.[23]

Hábitat e distribuição

Mycena aurantiomarginata é um fungo sapróbico, dis a saprobic fungus, obtendo nutrientes de matéria orgânica em decomposição achada sobre o leito florestal, tal como needle carpets. Corpos frutíferos do fungo crescem dispersos, em grupos ou em deriving nutrients from decomposing organic matter found on the forest floor, such as needle carpets. Fruit bodies of the fungus grow scattered, in groups, or in tufts under conifers (usually spruce and fir), and are often found on moss. In North America, it is found in California, Washington, Oregon, and British Columbia.[24] The species is widely distributed in western and northern Europe.[25] In Central America, the mushroom has been collected on the summit of Cerro de la Muerte in the Cordillera de Talamanca, Costa Rica, on leaf litter of Comarostaphylis arbutoides (a highly branched evergreen shrub or tree in the heath family).[26] In 2010, it was reported from Hokkaido in northern Japan, where it was found growing on Picea glehnii forest litter in early winter.[27] It has also been recorded from North Africa.[28]

Compostos bioativos

Mycenaaurin A

Em 2010, um composto de pigmento isolado e caracterizado de corpos frutíferos de Mycena aurantiomarginata foi descrito como novo para a ciência por Rober Jaeger e Peter Spiteller no Journal of Natural Products. O químico, mycenaaurin A, é um composto polieno que consiste de um tridecacetídeo The chemical, mycenaaurin A, is a polyene compound that consists of a tridecaketide (i.e., 13 adjacent methylene bridge and carbonyl functional groups with two amino acid moieties on either end of the molecule). The authors posit that the flanking amino acid groups are probably derived biosynthetically from S-Adenosyl methionine. The tridecaketide itself contains an alpha-pyrone, a conjugated hexaene, and a single alkenyl moiety. Jaeger and Spiteller suggest that mycenaaurin A might function as a defense compound, since it has antibacterial activity against the Gram-positive bacterium Bacillus pumilus. The chemical is only present in the fruit bodies, and not in the colorless mycelia.[29] An earlier screening for antimicrobial activity in the fruit bodies revealed a weak ability to inhibit the growth of the fungi Candida albicans and Aspergillus fumigatus.[30]

Referências

  1. ↑ «Mycena aurantiomarginata (Fr.) Quél. 1872». MycoBank. International Mycological Association. Consultado em 1 de janeiro de 2013 
  2. ↑ Schumacher HCF. (1803). Enumeratio Plantarum, in Partibus Sællandiae Septentrionalis et Orientalis Crescentium (em Latin). 2. Copenhagen, Denmark: F. Brummer 
  3. ↑ Fries EM. (1821). Systema Mycologicum (em Latin). 1. Greifswald, Germany: Sumtibus Ernesti Mauritii. p. 113 
  4. ↑ Persoon CH. (1828). Mycologia Europaea. 3. Erlangen, Germany: Bavarian State Library. p. 230 
  5. ↑ Quélet L. (1872). «Les Champignons du Jura et des Vosges». Mémoires de la Société d'Émulation de Montbéliard. II (em French). 5: 240 
  6. ↑ «Mycena elegans var. aurantiomarginata (Fr.) Cejp 1930». MycoBank. International Mycological Association. Consultado em 1 de janeiro de 2013 
  7. ↑ Smith (1947), p. 196.
  8. ↑ Mass Geesteranus RA. (1992). Mycenas of the Northern Hemisphere. II. Conspectus of the Mycenas of the Northern Hemisphere. Amsterdam, The Netherlands: Koninklijke Nederlandse Akademie van Vetenschappen. ISBN 978-0-444-85757-6 
  9. ↑ Harder CB, Læssøe T, Kjøller R, Frøslev TG. (2010). «A comparison between ITS phylogenetic relationships and morphological species recognition within Mycena sect. Calodontes in Northern Europe». Mycological Progress. 9 (3): 395–405. doi:10.1007/s11557-009-0648-7 
  10. ↑ Ogura-Tsujita Y, Gebauer G, Hashimoto T, Umata H, Yukawa T. (2009). «Evidence for novel and specialized mycorrhizal parasitism: The orchid Gastrodia confusa gains carbon from saprotrophic Mycena» (PDF). Proceedings of the Royal Society B. 276 (1657): 761–7. PMC 2660934Acessível livremente. PMID 19004757. doi:10.1098/rspb.2008.1225 
  11. ↑ Rea C. (1922). British Basidiomycetae: A Handbook to the Larger British Fungi. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. p. 374 
  12. ↑ «Recommended English Names for Fungi in the UK-Revised». Scottish Fungi. Consultado em 1 de janeiro de 2013 
  13. ↑ a b c d e f g h Smith (1947), pp. 198–9.
  14. ↑ a b c d e Aronsen A. (22 September 2004). «Mycena aurantiomarginata». A key to the Mycenas of Norway. Consultado em 1 de janeiro de 2013  Verifique data em: |data= (ajuda)
  15. ↑ a b c Wood M, Stevens F. «Mycena aurantiomarginata». California Fungi. Consultado em 1 de janeiro de 2013 
  16. ↑ a b Smith AH. (1975). A Field Guide to Western Mushrooms. Ann Arbor, Michigan: University of Michigan Press. p. 157. ISBN 0-472-85599-9 
  17. ↑ Massee G. (1922). «British Fungus-flora. A Classified Text-book of Mycology». London, UK: G. Bell & Sons: 117 
  18. ↑ Ammirati J, Trudell S. (2009). Mushrooms of the Pacific Northwest. Col: Timber Press Field Guide. Portland, Oregon: Timber Press. p. 124. ISBN 0-88192-935-2 
  19. ↑ Petersen RH. (1997). «Mating systems in Hymenomycetes: New reports and taxonomic implications». Mycotaxon. 63: 225–59 
  20. ↑ Konrad P. (1931). «Notes critique sue quelques champignons du Jura (cinquième série)». Bulletin trimestriel de la Société mycologique de France (em French). 47: 129–48 
  21. ↑ Smith (1947), p. 202.
  22. ↑ Smith (1947), p. 413.
  23. ↑ Arora D. (1986). Mushrooms Demystified: A Comprehensive Guide to the Fleshy Fungi. Berkeley, California: Ten Speed Press. p. 228. ISBN 0-89815-169-4 
  24. ↑ Gibson I. (2012). Klinkenberg B. (ed.), ed. «Mycena aurantiomarginata (Fr.) Quel.». E-Flora BC: Electronic Atlas of the Plants of British Columbia. Lab for Advanced Spatial Analysis, Department of Geography, University of British Columbia, Vancouver. Consultado em 1 de janeiro de 2013 
  25. ↑ «Species: Mycena aurantiomarginata (Fr.) Quél. 1872». Global Biodiversity Information Facility. Consultado em 12 de dezembro de 2010 
  26. ↑ Halling RE, Mueller GM. «Mycena aurantiomarginata». Macrofungi of Costa Rica. Consultado em 1 de janeiro de 2013 
  27. ↑ Shirayama H. (2010). «Mycena aurantiomarginata newly recorded from Japan». Transactions of the Mycological Society of Japan (em Japanese). 51 (1): 22–5. ISSN 0029-0289 
  28. ↑ Breitenbach J, Kränzlin F. (1991). Fungi of Switzerland: A Contribution to the Knowledge of the Fungal Flora of Switzerland : Boletes and Aparics. 3. Lucerne, Switzerland: Verlag Edition Mycologia/Mad River Press. ISBN 978-3-85604-030-7 
  29. ↑ Jaeger RJR, Spiteller P. (2010). «Mycenaaurin A, an antibacterial polyene pigment from the fruiting bodies of Mycena aurantiomarginata». Journal of Natural Products. 73 (8): 1350–4. PMID 20617819. doi:10.1021/np100155z 
  30. ↑ Suay I, Arenal F, Asensio FJ, Basilio A, Cabello MA, Díez MT, García JB, González del Val A, Gorrochategui J, Hernández P, Peláez F, Vicente MF. (2000). «Screening of basidiomycetes for antimicrobial activities» (PDF). Antonie van Leeuwenhoek. 78 (2): 129–39. PMID 11204765. doi:10.1023/A:1026552024021 

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