Sistema de Christenhusz (gimnospérmicas)

O sistema de classificação de gimnospérmicas extantes de Christenhusz et al. (Christenhusz et al., 2011) considera os quatro grupos de gimnospérmicas actuais como subclasses da classe Equisetopsida (= plantas terrestres) (Chase & Reveal, 2009). Os autores reconhecem que as gimnospérmicas extantes são monofiléticas mas devido ao facto que as relações de parentesco com os diversos grupos de gimnospérmicas fósseis são pouco claras, não atribuem ao conjunto um nome formal.

Classificação

O seguinte esquema mostra as ordens, famílias e géneros incluídos em cada uma das quatro subclasses.

I. Cycadidae

Cycadales

Cycadaceae

Cycas.

Zamiaceae

Bowenia, Ceratozamia, Dioon, Encephalartos, Lepidozamia, Macrozamia, Microcycas, Stangeria, Zamia.

II. Ginkgoidae

Ginkgoales

Ginkgoaceae

Ginkgo.

III. Gnetidae

Welwitschiales

Welwitschiaceae

Welwitschia.

Gnetales

Gnetaceae

Gnetum.

Ephedrales

Ephedraceae

Ephedra.

IV. Pinidae (coníferas)

Pinales

Pinaceae

Abies, Cathaya, Cedrus, Keteleeria, Larix, Nothotsuga, Picea, Pinus, Pseudolarix, Pseudotsuga, Tsuga.

Araucariales

Araucariaceae

Agathis, Araucaria, Wollemia.

Podocarpaceae

Acmopyle, Afrocarpus, Dacrycarpus, Dacrydium, Falcatifolium, Halocarpus, Lagarostrobos, Lepidothamnus, Manoao, Microcachrys, Nageia, Parasitaxus, Pherosphaera, Phyllocladus, Podocarpus, Prumnopitys, Retrophyllum, Saxegothaea, Sundacarpus.

Cupressales

Sciadopityaceae

Sciadopitys.

Cupressaceae

Actinostrobus, Athrotaxis, Austrocedrus, Callitris, Calocedrus, Chamaecyparis, Cryptomeria, Cunninghamia, Cupressus, Diselma, Fitzroya, Fokienia, Glyptostrobus, Juniperus, Libocedrus, Metasequoia, Microbiota, Neocallitropsis, Papuacedrus, Pilgerodendron, Platycladus, Sequoia, Sequoiadendron, Taiwania, Taxodium, Tetraclinis, Thuja, Thujopsis, Widdringtonia.

Taxaceae

Amentotaxus, Austrotaxus, Cephalotaxus, Pseudotaxus, Taxus, Torreya.

Sinonímias

Em Christenhusz et al. (2011), aparece a sinonímia de todos os táxones citados. De seguida apresenta-se a sinonímia correspondente aos géneros.

Abietia A.H.Kent = Pseudotsuga
Abutua Lour. = Gnetum
Americus Hanford = Sequoiadendron
Apinus Neck. ex Rydb. = Pinus
Arceuthos Antoine & Kotschy = Juniperus
Aulacophyllum Regel = Zamia

Belis Salisb. = Cunninghamia
Biota (D.Don) Endl. = Platycladus
Botryopitys Doweld = Prumnopitys
Bracteocarpus A.V.Bobrov & Melikian = Dacrycarpus
Brownetera Rich. ex Tratt. = Phyllocladus

Callitropsis Compton = Neocallitropsis
Callitropsis Oerst. = Cupressus
Caryopitys Small = Pinus
Caryotaxus Zucc. ex Henkel & Hochst. = Torreya
Catakidozamia W.Hill = Lepidozamia
Cedrus Duhamel = Juniperus
Chaetocladus J.Nelson = Ephedra
Chigua D.W.Stev. = Zamia
Chrysolarix H.E.Moore = Pseudolarix
Columbea Salisb. = Araucaria
Corneria A.V.Bobrov & Melikian = Dacrydium
Cuprespinnata J.Nelson = Taxodium
Cupresstellata J.Nelson = Fitzroya
Cyparissia Hoffmanns. = Callitris

Dammara Link = Agathis
Decussocarpus de Laub. = Retrophyllum
Dolophyllum Salisb. = Thujopsis
Dombeya Lam. = Araucaria
Ducampopinus A.Chev. = Pinus
Dyerocycas Nakai = Cycas

Epicycas de Laub. = Cycas
Eutacta Link = Araucaria
Eutassa Salisb. = Araucaria

Foetataxus J.Nelson = Torreya
Frenela Mirb. = Callitris

Gaussenia A.V.Bobrov & Melikian = Dacrydium
Gnemon [Rumpf ex] Kuntze = Gnetum

Hesperocyparis Bartel & R.A.Price = Cupressus
Hesperopeuce (Engelm.) Lemmon = Tsuga
Heyderia C.Koch = Calocedrus

Jacularia Raf. = Cunninghamia

Laechhardtia Gordon = Callitris
Laricopsis A.H.Kent = Pseudolarix
Laubenfelsia A.V.Bobrov & Melikian = Dacrycarpus
Leucopitys Nieuwl. = Pinus

Margbensonia A.V.Bobrov & Melikian = Podocarpus
Marywildea A.V.Bobrov & Melikian = Araucaria
Metadacrydium M.G.Baum.-Bod. ex Melikian & A.V.Bobrov = Dacrydium
Microstrobos J.Garden & L.A.S.Johnson = Pherosphaera

Neocupressus de Laub. = Cupressus
Nothocallitris A.V.Bobrov & Melikian = Callitris

Octoclinis F.Muell. = Callitris

Pachylepis Brongn. = Widdringtonia
Palma-Filix Adans. = Zamia
Palmifolium Kuntze = Zamia
Parolinia Endl. = Widdringtonia
Picea D.Don ex Loud. = Abies
Pinea Wolf = Pinus
Platycyparis A.V.Bobrov & Melikian = Cupressus
Platyzamia Zucc. = Dioon
Podocarpus Labill. = Phyllocladus
Pterophyllus J.Nelson = Ginkgo

Quadrifaria Manetti ex Gordon = Araucaria

Raxopitys J.Nelson = Cunninghamia
Retinispora Siebold & Zucc. = Chamaecyparis

Sabina Mill. = Juniperus
Sabinella Nakai = Juniperus
Salisburia Sm. = Ginkgo
Salisburyodendron A.V.Bobrov & Melikian = Agathis
Schubertia Mirb. = Taxodium
Shishindenia Makino ex Koidz. = Chamaecyparis
Squamataxus J.Nelson = Saxegothaea
Stachycarpus (Endl.) Tiegh. = Prumnopitys
Stachypitys A.V.Bobrov & Melikian = Prumnopitys
Stegocedrus Doweld = Libocedrus
Strobus (Sweet ex Spach) Opiz = Pinus
Struvea Rchb. = Torreya

Tassilicyparis A.V.Bobrov & Melikian = Cupressus
Thalamia Spreng. = Phyllocladus
Thoa Aubl. = Gnetum
Thujiaecarpus Trautv. = Juniperus
Thya Adans. = Thuja
Titanodendron A.V.Bobrov & Melikian = Araucaria
Todda-Pana Adans. = Cycas
Tumboa Welw. = Welwitschia
Tumion Raf. = Torreya

Van-Tieghemia A.V.Bobrov & Melikian = Prumnopitys
Veitchia Lindl. = Picea?

Washingtonia Winslow = Sequoiadendron
Wellingtonia Lindl. = Sequoiadendron

Xanthocyparis Farjon & T.H.Nguyên = Cupressus

Ver também

• Gimnospérmicas

Referências

• Christenhusz, M.J.M. et al. (2011-02-18) A new classification and linear sequence of extant gymnosperms. Phytotaxa 19: 55–70.
• Chase, M.W. & Reveal, J.L. (2009) A phylogenetic classification of the land plants to accompany APG III. Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society 161: 122–127.