Scilloideae: diferenças entre revisões
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{{Info/Taxonomia |
{{Info/Taxonomia |
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| nome = Hyacinthaceae |
| nome = Scilloideae<br><small>ex-Hyacinthaceae</small> |
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| cor = lightgreen |
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| imagem = HyacinthPink.jpg |
| imagem = HyacinthPink.jpg |
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| imagem_legenda = ''Hyacinthus sp.'' ( |
| imagem_legenda = ''[[Hyacinthus]] sp.'' (jacinto). |
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| imagem_largura=250px |
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| reino = [[Plantae]] |
| reino = [[Plantae]] |
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| divisão = [[Magnoliophyta]] |
| divisão = [[Magnoliophyta]] |
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| classe = [[Liliopsida]] |
| classe = [[Liliopsida]] |
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| ordem = [[Asparagales]] |
| ordem = [[Asparagales]] |
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| ordem_autoridade = [[Johann Heinrich Friedrich Link|Link]]{{sfn|ps=none|Stevens|2016|loc=[http://www.mobot.org/MOBOT/Research/APweb/orders/asparagalesweb.htm#Asparagales Asparagales]}}{{sfn|ps=none|Tropicos|2015}} |
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| ordem_autoridade = [[APG]] |
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| família = |
| família = [[Asparagaceae]] |
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| família_autoridade = |
| família_autoridade = [[Antoine Laurent de Jussieu|Juss.]] (1789) |
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| subfamília = |
| subfamília = '''Scilloideae''' |
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| subfamília_autoridade = [[Gilbert Thomas Burnett|Burnett]]<ref name=Burn35/> |
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[[Ornithogaloideae]] <br /> |
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| subdivisão_nome = Géneros |
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[[Oziroeoideae]] <br /> |
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[[Urgineoideae]] |
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| subfamília_autoridade = [[APG]] |
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| subdivisão_nome = Gêneros |
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| subdivisão = |
| subdivisão = |
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<center>''Ver texto''</center> |
<center>''Ver texto''</center> |
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| sinónimos= |
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}}{{Wikispecies|Hyacinthaceae}} |
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* [[Hyacinthaceae]] <small>[[August Johann Georg Karl Batsch|Batsch]] ex [[Moritz Balthasar Borkhausen|Bork.]]</small> |
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[[Ficheiro:Angiospermes arbre3.png|230px|thumb|Classificação Filogenética ([[APG]])]] |
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* [[Hyacinthoideae]] |
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'''Hyacinthaceae''' é uma família de plantas da ordem [[Asparagales]] que inclui 770 a 1000 espécies distribuídas em 41 a 70 gêneros. Pela [[APG|nova classificação]], é uma nova família oriunda das [[Liliaceae|liliáceas]]. |
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* [[Ornithogaloideae]] |
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* [[Oziroeoideae]] |
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* [[Urgineoideae]] |
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* [[Scilleae]] |
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| sinónimos_ref = <ref name=IPNI/> |
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| mapa=Scilloideae distribution map.jpg |
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| mapa_legenda=Distribuição natural das espécies de Scilloideae.<ref name=tolweb/> |
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}} |
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[[Ficheiro: Scilla bifolia 070406.jpg|thumb|254px|''[[Scilla bifolia]]''.]] |
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[[File:Hyacinthaceae sp Sturm33.jpg|thumb|254px|''[[Ornithogalum]]''.]] |
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[[File:2401 Bluebells.jpg|thumb|254px|Inflorescência de ''[[Hyacinthoides]]''.]] |
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[[File:Ledebouria socialis.jpg|thumb|254px|Folhas e bolbos de ''[[Ledebouria]]''.]] |
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'''Scilloideae''' é uma subfamília de [[plantas com flor]] da família [[Asparagaceae]], da ordem [[Asparagales]], que inclui cerca de 1000 espécies distribuídas por 70 géneros.<ref name="WCSP" /> Os membros desta subfamília são [[geófito]]s [[planta bulbosa|bulboso]]s [[Planta herbácea|herbáceos]], com [[distribuição natural]] predominatemente nas regiões de [[clima mediterrânico]], mas com ocorrência generalizada em [[África]], no oeste da [[Eurásia]] e no [[subcontinente indiano]]. As Scilloideae incluem vários géneros com importantes espécies utilizadas como [[planta ornamental]], como ''[[Hyacinthus]]'' (jacintos), ''[[Hyacinthoides]]'' (campânulas), ''[[Muscari]]'' (jacintos-uva), ''[[Scilla]]'' (cilas) e ''[[Puschkinia]]'' (puschkinias). Algumas espécies são importantes como [[flor de corte]]. |
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==Descrição== |
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As Scilloideae (nome derivado do [[género tipo]] ''[[Scilla]]'') é uma [[subfamília]] de plantas bulbosas da família [[Asparagaceae]] que corresponde à antiga família Hyacinthaceae das [[Liliales]]. Esta subfamília inclui muitas das mais familiares plantas de jardim, como os [[Hyacinthus|jacintos]], as [[Hyacinthoides|campânulas]], os '[[Muscari|jacintos-uva]] e as [[Scilla|cilas]]. Algumas espécies são produtoras de [[flores de corte]], estando na base de importantes sectores da [[floricultura]] e do comércio de flores. |
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As Scilloideae estão distribuídas principalmente em regiões de [[clima mediterrânico]] ou de clima com estação seca similar, incluindo a [[África Austral]], algumas regiões do [[Médio Oriente]] e do oeste da [[América do Sul]]. Apesar dessa preferência ocorrem em vastas regiões da África tropical e subtropical, no [[Sudoeste Asiático|sudoeste da Ásia]] (incluindo a Índia) e no leste da China. As suas flores apresentam seis [[tépala]]s e seis [[estame]]s e [[Ovário (botânica)|ovário súpero]], características que nos sistemas de classificação de [[Morfologia (biologia)|base morfológica]] colocava este grupo dentro da família [[Liliaceae]]. O grupo distiguia-se por apresentar [[folha]]s carnudas e [[mucilagem|mucilaginosas]] dispostas em [[roseta (botânica)|roseta basal]]. |
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Em consequência da sua morfologia, as actuais Scilloideae, como a maioria das [[monocotiledóneas lilioides]] ([[monocotiledóneas]] semelhantes a [[lírio]]s), foram tradicionalmente colocadas numa família Liliaceae amplamente definida (Liliaceae ''sensu lato''). Contudo, as suas características específicas levaram a que alguns autores preferissem autonomizaar o grupo ao [[nível taxonómico]] de família como Hyacinthaceae. Com o advento da [[filogenética]], as fronteiras familiares foram revistas, passando o agrupamento a ser considerado ao nível de uma subfamília reconhecida pelo [[sistema APG IV]], de 2016, como parte das [[Asparagaceae]] (e por consequência, integrando a ordem [[Asparagales]]). Determinar os limites entre os géneros dentro do Scilloideae é uma área ativa de investigação, com o número de géneros a variar, de fonte para fonte, de cerca de 30 a cerca de 70.<ref name=ChasReveFay09/> |
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The subfamily contains many popular spring-flowering garden bulbs, such as [[Hyacinth (plant)|hyacinth]]s (''Hyacinthus''), grape hyacinths (''[[Muscari]]''), bluebells (''[[Hyacinthoides]]'') and squills (''[[Scilla]]''). Other members are summer- and autumn-flowering, including ''[[Galtonia]]'' and ''[[Eucomis]]'' ('pineapple lilies'). Most are native to [[Mediterranean climate]] zones and neighboring areas in the [[Mediterranean Basin]] and [[South Africa]]. Others are found in [[Central Asia]], the [[Far East]] and [[South America]]. |
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Morphologically the subfamily is characterised by having 6 [[tepals]] and 6 [[stamens]] with a superior [[Ovary (plants)|ovary]], a characteristic which placed them within the older order of [[Liliales]] in many older classification systems, such as the [[Cronquist system]], but they now separate from them within the [[Asparagales]] order. They have also been included in the family [[Liliaceae]]. |
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Roots: contractile and mucilaginous. |
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Leaves: fleshy and mucilaginous arranged in a basal rosette, alternate and spiral, simple, margin entire, with parallel venation, sheathing at the base, without stipules and hair simple. |
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Flowers: arranged in [[scape (botany)|scapiflorous]] inflorescences (in racemes, in spikes, and in heads). The [[Peduncle (botany)|peduncles]] are articulated. The flowers are [[hermaphroditic]], [[actinomorphic]], often showy. |
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[[Perianths]]: six tepals divided into two whorls, free or joined ([[connation|connate]]). When joined, the perianth forms a tubular bell. The tepals are [[imbricate]] and [[petaloid]]. The [[corolla (flower)|corolla]] may be white, yellow, violet, blue, brown and even black (see images). |
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[[Androecium]]: composed of 6 stamens (exceptionally 3, as in [[Albuca]], for example), with the filaments free or [[adnation|adnate]] to the tube, often appendiculate. The anthers are dorsifixed and pollen dehiscence occurs by longitudinal openings. The [[pollen]] is monosulcate (having a linear furrow). |
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[[Gynoecium]]: superior ovary, tricarpelate, connate and trilocular. Single stigma, capitate to 3-lobed. May contain from one to several ovules in each [[locule]]. They have [[nectaries]] at the septa of the ovaries. |
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[[Fruit]]: [[dehiscence (botany)|dehiscence]] loculicidal. |
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[[Seed]]: Seed morphology is diverse, from globular to flattened, and occasionally [[aril]]. The seed coat usually contains phytomelan (phytomelanin), one of the defining characteristics of the order, a black pigment present in the seed coat, creating a dark crust. |
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[[Chromosomes]]: Chromosome size varies widely, from 1.2 to 18 [[micrometre|µm]] in length, [[karyotype]] bimodal or trimodal. The basic chromosome number is also very variable (X = 2, 6, 7, 10, 15, 17, etc.).<ref name=WatsDall/><ref name=APweb_Scilloideae/> |
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== Systematics == |
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When treated as a subfamily, the name Scilloideae is derived from the [[Binomial nomenclature|generic name]] of the [[type genus]], ''[[Scilla]]'', and is attributed to [[Gilbert Thomas Burnett]] in 1835.<ref name=Burn35/> When treated as a family, the name Hyacinthaceae is derived from the type genus ''[[Hyacinth (plant)|Hyacinthus]]'', and is usually attributed to [[August Johann Georg Karl Batsch|August Batsch]] from ("ex") a 1797 publication by [[Moritz Balthasar Borkhausen|Moritz Borkhausen]].<ref name=IPNI/> |
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=== Phylogeny === |
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[[File:Ornithogalum dubium C.jpg|thumb|upright=0.68|''[[Ornithogalum dubium]] '']] |
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The [[monophyly]] of Scilloideae is well supported by studies based on molecular data.<ref name=SebePeteDaviPire12/> These studies also give support to the exclusion of ''[[Camassia]]'', ''[[Chlorogalum]]'' and related genera, i.e. the former Hyacinthaceae subfamily Chlorogaloideae, now placed in the subfamily [[Agavoideae]].<ref name=ChasDuvaHillConr95/><ref name=Spet98/> |
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The exact position of the Scilloideae within the broadly defined Asparagaceae is less clear. One possible phylogeny for the seven subfamilies recognised within the family is shown below.<ref name=APweb_Asparagales/> |
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{{clade |
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|label1=[[Asparagaceae]] |
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|1={{clade |
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|1={{clade |
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|1=[[Aphyllanthoideae]] |
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|2={{clade |
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|2={{clade |
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|1=[[Brodiaeoideae]] |
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|2='''Scilloideae''' |
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}} |
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|1=[[Agavoideae]] |
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}} |
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}} |
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|2={{clade |
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|1=[[Lomandroideae]] |
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|2={{clade |
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|1=[[Asparagoideae]] |
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|2=[[Nolinoideae]] |
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}} |
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}} |
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}} |
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}} |
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Although generally agreeing on the main division of the Asparagaceae into two clades, studies have produced slightly different relationships among the Agavoideae, Aphyllanthoideae, Brodiaeoideae and Scilloideae. For example, Seberg et al. (2012) present analyses based on parsimony and on maximum likelihood. In the first, the Scilloideae are sister to the Agavoideae; in the second, they are sister to the Brodiaeoideae.<ref name=SebePeteDaviPire12/> |
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=== Early classifications === |
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Detailed historical accounts of taxonomic issues relating to the modern subfamily Scilloideae have been provided by Pfosser & Speta (1999)<ref name=PfosSpet99/> and Chase et al. (2009).<ref name=ChasReveFay09/> The [[lilioid monocots]] have long created classification problems. At one extreme, e.g. in the [[Cronquist system]] of 1968, they have been regarded as one large family ([[Liliaceae]] ''[[sensu lato]]''). At the other extreme, e.g. in the [[Dahlgren system]] of 1985, they have been divided between orders and split into many often small families. Dahlgren divided the lilioid monocots in search of [[monophyly]], but in practice he was unsuccessful. His major contribution was to split the Liliaceae into two families, the true Liliaceae, Liliaceae ''sensu stricto'', and the Hyacinthaceae (families which are now placed in separate orders, [[Liliales]] and [[Asparagales]]). |
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Splitting off the Hyacinthaceae from the Liliaceae was originally suggested by [[Batsch]] in 1786.<ref name=Bats86/> Batsch's version of the family only superficially resembles the modern version, but did include ''[[Hyacinth (plant)|Hyacinth]]us'' and ''[[Lachenalia]]''. The group was reduced to a tribe by [[Endlicher]] in 1836, and included ''[[Camassia]]''. In 1866 [[Edward James Salisbury|Salisbury]] redistributed the genera into several families.<ref name=Sali66/> |
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In the 1870s, [[John Gilbert Baker|Baker]] used tribes to divide up the Liliaceae ''[[sensu lato|s.l.]]''. introducing the Hyacintheae, Scilleae, Massonieae, and Chlorogaleae.<ref name=Bake70/> In 1887 [[Adolf Engler|Engler]] divided the Liliaceae ''s.l.'' into two tribes, Lilieaoe and Scilleae.<ref name=Engl87/> In the twentieth century, [[Karl Fritsch|Fritsch]] proposed the division of Liliaceae ''s.l.'' into smaller more homogeneous families.<ref name=Frit32/> In the 1930s the Viennese school elevated Engler's tribes to subfamilies.<ref name=Krau30/> They questioned the inclusion of such different groups as Lilioideae and Scilloideae within the same family, and even Scilloideae was considered to be composed of at least three groups.<ref name=Buch49/> By 1969, [[Herbert Huber (botanist)|Huber]] was recognizing the Scilloideae as the family Hyacinthaceae, and dividing it into tribes.<ref name=Hube69/> How many tribes were recognised and how the genera were distributed within those tribes depended on the diagnostic characters chosen. Huber used seeds, while Schulze in 1980 used pollen.<ref name=Schu80/> Morphology and chromosome analysis were supplemented by chemotaxonomy, due to the presence of cardiac steroids, such as the bufadienolids in the Urgineoideae and cardenolids in Ornithogaloideae. Even [[Carl Linnaeus|Linnaean]] genera such as ''Hyacinthus'', ''Scilla'' and ''Ornithoglum'' proved heterogeneous and characters useful in other families failed to define satisfactory taxa.{{citation needed|date=March 2013}} |
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=== Modern classifications === |
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[[File:Glory of the Snow in the snow.JPG|thumb|upright=0.68|''[[Chionodoxa luciliae]]'', glory-of-the-snow]] |
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Modern classification systems for plants are largely derived from [[molecular phylogenetics|molecular phylogenetic analysis]]. The initial molecular analysis of the Liliaceae ''s.l.'' was based on the Dahlgren system, as for example in the work by Chase et al. in 1995.<ref name=ChasDuvaHillConr95/> When it was discovered that the Dahlgren families were not [[monophyly|monophyletic]], the tendency was to create new families out of each identified [[clade]], as in the first [[Angiosperm Phylogeny Group]] system of 1998, the [[APG system]]. This placed many lilioid families and genera in the order [[Asparagales]] (a term derived from Dahlgren, and the largest monocot order). One of the 29 families into which the Asparagales were divided was the Hyacinthaceae.<ref name=APG1/> |
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With further work it was evident that these 29 families, some of which had few genera, could be grouped into larger clades. The [[APG II system]] of 2003 was a compromise. It divided the Asparagales into 14 broadly defined families, while allowing an alternative system in which some of the larger families could be replaced by smaller ones. The Hyacinthaceae was one of these optional smaller families, which could alternatively be sunk into a broadly defined Asparagaceae.<ref name=APG2/> |
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This compromise approach was abandoned in the [[APG III system]] of 2009, which allowed only the broader families. The paper presenting the system states "The area around Asparagaceae is difficult from the standpoint of circumscription. Although Asparagaceae s.l. are heterogeneous and poorly characterized, Asparagaceae s.s., Agavaceae, Laxmanniaceae, Ruscaceae and even Hyacinthaceae have few if any distinctive features."<ref name="APG3"/> At the same time, Chase et al. provided subfamilies to replace the alternative narrowly defined families of APG II. The Hyacinthaceae became the subfamily Scilloideae of the family Asparagaceae.<ref name=ChasReveFay09/> |
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Many sources have adopted the APG III system; for example, the [[World Checklist of Selected Plant Families]] places genera such as ''Hyacinthus'' only in the broadly defined Asparagaceae.<ref name="WCSP_278565"/> Other sources prefer to retain the narrower families of APG II; for example, Seberg et al. say that it "remains a moot point whether the difficult-to-recognize bracketed families of APG II are a worse or a better choice than the equally difficult-to-recognize subfamilies of APG III", and in their analyses of the phylogeny of the Asparagales they continue to use families such as Hyacinthaceae.<ref name=SebePeteDaviPire12/> |
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=== Tribes === |
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In 1990, Pfosser and Speta stated that their earlier classification of the Hyacinthaceae into the subfamilies Hyacinthoideae, Ornithogaloideae, Oziroeoideae and Urgineoideae continued to be supported by ongoing studies. (They further divided the subfamilies Hyacinthoideae and Ornithogaloideae into tribes.)<ref name=PfosSpet99/> A part of reducing the Hyacinthaceae to the subfamily Scilloideae, Chase et al. (2009) suggested dividing it into four tribes, corresponding to Pfosser and Speta's four subfamilies: Hyacintheae <small>Dumort.</small>, Ornithogaleae <small>Rouy</small>, Oziroëeae <small>M.W.Chase, Reveal & M.F.Fay</small> and Urgineeae <small>Rouy</small>.<ref name=ChasReveFay09/> The possible relationship of the four tribes is represented in the following [[cladogram]],<ref name=MannGoldFay04/> which has, however, only "moderate" statistical support.<ref name=APweb_Scilloideae/> |
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{{Clade|style=line-height:100% |
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|label1=Scilloideae |
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|1={{Clade |
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|1=Oziroëeae |
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|2={{Clade |
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|1=Ornithogaleae |
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|2={{Clade |
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|1=Urgineeae |
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|2={{clade |
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|label1=Hyacintheae |
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|1={{clade |
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|1=''Pseudoprospero'' |
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|2={{clade |
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|1=Massoniinae |
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|2=Hyacinthinae |
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}} |
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}} |
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}} |
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}} |
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}} |
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}} |
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}} |
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The exact boundaries between genera within these tribes remains controversial;<ref name=PfosSpet99/><ref name=MannGoldFay04/><ref name=WetsPfos03/> the situation has been described as being in a "state of flux".<ref name=ChasReveFay09/> |
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==== Oziroëeae ==== |
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Species are found only in western South America. They have flowers with stamens which are joined to the petals, rounded seeds and the embryo as long as the seed. The basic chromosome numbers are ''n'' = 15, 17. The tribe contains only the genus ''[[Oziroe|Oziroë]]''.<ref name=APweb_Scilloideae/> |
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==== Ornithogaleae ==== |
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[[Image:Ornithogalum narbonense.jpg|thumb|upright=0.68|''[[Ornithogalum narbonense]]'']] |
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In terms of the number of species, this is the largest tribe. Its species are distributed in Europe, western Asia and Africa. They have flowers with three stamens which have flattened filaments. Their seeds are flattened and angular. The basic chromosome numbers range from ''n'' = 2 to ''n'' = 10.<ref name=APweb_Scilloideae/> In the treatment by Manning et al. (2009) and Stevens at the [[Angiosperm Phylogeny Website]], the tribe contains four genera, ''[[Albuca]]'' (about 110–140 species), ''[[Dipcadi]]'', ''[[Ornithogalum]]'' (about 160 species, including ''Galtonia'' and ''Neopatersonia'') and ''[[Pseudogaltonia]]''.<ref name=APweb_Scilloideae/><ref name=MannForeDeveFay09/> By contrast, Martínez-Azorín et al. (2011) divide the tribe into 19 genera.<ref name=MartCresJuanFay11/> |
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==== Urgineeae ==== |
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Species within this tribe contain [[bufadienolide]]s and are distributed mainly in Africa, Madagascar, and the Mediterranean through to India. The seeds are flattened and winged with the head barely attached to the [[endosperm]]. The basic chromosome numbers are ''n'' = 6, 7 and 10.<ref name=APweb_Scilloideae/> Depending on the source, the tribe may include the genera ''[[Bowiea]]'', ''[[Drimia]]'' (including ''Urginea''), ''[[Schizobasis]]'' (sometimes included in ''Drimia'') and ''[[Fusifilum]]'' (also sometimes included in ''Drimia'').<ref name=MannGoldFay04/> |
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==== Hyacintheae ==== |
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[[File:Lachenalia orchioides (hyacinthaceae).JPG|thumb|upright=0.68| ''[[Lachenalia orchioides]] '']] |
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In terms of the number of species, this is the second largest tribe. Its species have leaves with pustules or spots, rounded seeds and contain [[homoisoflavanone]]s. The tribe can in turn be divided into three clades (subtribes):<ref name=APweb_Scilloideae/> |
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* ''[[Pseudoprospero]]'' <small>Speta</small> |
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: The only species in the genus, ''Pseudoprospero firmifolium'', is from eastern South Africa. It has two ovules per carpel with one seed per locule and a basic chromosome number ''n'' = 9.<ref name=APweb_Scilloideae/> |
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* Massoniinae <small>Bentham & Hooker f.</small> |
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: Species are distributed in Africa south of the Sahara and India. There are two or more ovules per carpel. The seeds have [[elaiosome]]s. The basic chromosome number is 5 to 10+ (many 20).<ref name=APweb_Scilloideae/> The subtribe contains about 13–20 genera (depending on the treatment), including ''[[Daubenya]]'', ''[[Drimiopsis]]'', ''[[Eucomis]]'', ''[[Lachenalia]]'' (about 110 species), ''[[Ledebouria]]'' (about 80 species), ''[[Massonia]]'' (including ''Whiteheadia''), ''[[Merwilla]]'', ''[[Schizocarphus]]'' and ''[[Veltheimia]]''.<ref name=PfosWetsUngaPren04/> |
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* Hyacinthinae <small>Parlatore</small> |
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: Species are distributed in Europe, the Mediterranean and North Africa and the Middle East, and then again in the Far East. There are two to eight ovules per carpel; elaiosomes are present in the seeds; and the basic chromosome number is 4 to 8+.<ref name=APweb_Scilloideae/> The subtribe contains about 14–25 genera (depending on the treatment), including ''[[Bellevalia]]'' (about 50 species), ''[[Brimeura]]'', ''[[Hyacinthoides]]'', ''[[Muscari]]'' (about 50 species), ''[[Scilla]]'' (about 30 species) and ''[[Prospero (plant)|Prospero]]'' (about 25 species).<ref name=APweb_Scilloideae/> |
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=== Genera and species === |
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Some genera that were formerly placed within the Scillioideae (as Hyacinthaceae), e.g., ''[[Chlorogalum]]'' and ''[[Camassia]]'', are currently placed in the Agavoideae.<ref name=APweb_Agavoideae/> |
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Both historically and {{as of|2013|March|lc=yes}}, there has been "considerable disagreement over generic limits" in the remaining Scilloideae, with different sources listing from 15 to 45 genera for [[sub-Saharan Africa]] alone.<ref name=APweb_Scilloideae/> The total number of genera has been given as anything between about 30 (with about 500–700 species)<ref name=WatsDall/> and 70 (with about 1000 species).<ref name=PfosSpet99/> |
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==== List of genera ==== |
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Unless otherwise noted, the list below is based on genera accepted by the [[World Checklist of Selected Plant Families]] as in the family [[Asparagaceae]] (with synonyms from the same source),<ref name=WCSP_Asparagaceae/> with assignments to the subfamily Scilloideae based on the Germplasm Resources Information Network.<ref name=GRINquery/> As noted above, other sources divide up some of these genera, creating a significantly larger number; thus the genus ''Ornithogalum'' as conceived by Manning et al. (2009) is divided by Martínez-Azorín et al. (2011) into a more narrowly circumscribed ''Ornithogalum'' plus an additional 11 genera.<ref name=MartCresJuanFay11/> |
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{{columns-list|colwidth=30em| |
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<!--*** If you change this list, please change the list at the Asparagaceae article so they remain consistent ***--> |
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<!--*** See talk ***--> |
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*''[[Albuca]]'' <small>L.</small> (including ''Battandiera'' <small>Maire</small>, ''Coilonox'' <small>Raf.</small>, ''Stellarioides'' <small>Medik.</small>, ''Trimelopter'' <small>Raf.</small>; sometimes included in ''Ornithogalum''<ref name=GRINquery/>) |
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*''[[Alrawia]]'' <small>(Wendelbo) Perss. & Wendelbo</small> |
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*''[[Austronea]]''<ref>{{cite journal|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/327141511|title=''Austronea'' (Asparagaceae, Scilloideae), a new genus from southern Africa, including the description of seven new species|last1=Martínez-Azorín|first1=Mario|last2=Crespo|first2=Manuel B. |last3=Alonso-Vargas|first3=María Ángeles|last4=Dold|first4=Anthony P.|last5=Pinter|first5=Michael |last6=Wetschnig|first6=Wolfgang|year=2018|journal=[[Phytotaxa]]|volume=365|issue=2|pp=101–129|doi=10.11646/phytotaxa.365.2.1|hdl=10045/78227|hdl-access=free}}</ref> <small>Martinez-Azorín ''et al''.</small> |
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*''[[Barnardia]]'' <small>Lindl.</small> |
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*''[[Bellevalia]]'' <small>Lapeyr.</small> (including ''Strangweja'' <small>Bertol.</small>) |
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*''[[Bowiea]]'' <small>Harv. ex Hook.f.</small> (Climbing Onion, Sea Onion) |
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*''[[Brimeura]]'' <small>Salisb.</small> |
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*''[[Daubenya]]'' <small>Lindl.</small> (including ''Amphisiphon'' <small>W.F.Barker</small>, ''Androsiphon'' <small>Schltr.</small>) |
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*''[[Dipcadi]]'' <small>Medik.</small> (sometimes included in ''Ornithogalum''<ref name=GRINquery/>) |
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*''[[Drimia]]'' <small>Jacq.</small> (including ''Litanthus'' <small>Harv.</small>, ''Rhadamanthus'' <small>Salisb.</small>, ''Rhodocodon'' <small>Baker</small>, ''Sypharissa'' <small>Salisb.</small>, ''Tenicroa'' <small>Raf.</small>, ''Thuranthos'' <small>C.H.Wright</small>, ''Urginea'' <small>Steinh.</small>, ''Urgineopsis'' <small>Compton</small>) |
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*''[[Drimiopsis]]'' <small>Lindl. & Paxton</small> (sometimes included in ''Ledebouria''<ref name=GRINquery/>) |
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*''[[Eucomis]]'' <small>L'Hér.</small> |
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*''[[Fessia]]'' <small>Speta</small> (sometimes included in ''Scilla''<ref name=GRINquery/>) |
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*''[[Fusifilum]]'' <small>Raf.</small> (sometimes included in ''Drimia''<ref name=GRINquery/>) |
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*''[[Hyacinthella]]'' <small>Schur</small> |
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*''[[Hyacinthoides]]'' <small>Heist. ex Fabr.</small> (including ''Endymion'' <small>Dumort.</small>) |
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*''[[Hyacinth (plant)|Hyacinthus]]'' <small>Tourn. ex L.</small> |
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*''[[Lachenalia]]'' <small>Jacq. ex Murray</small> (including ''Brachyscypha'' <small>Baker</small>, ''Periboea'' <small>Kunth</small>, ''Polyxena'' <small>Kunth</small>) |
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*''[[Ledebouria]]'' <small>Roth</small> |
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*''[[Leopoldia]]'' <small>Parl.</small> (sometimes included in ''Muscari''<ref name=GRINquery/>) |
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*''[[Massonia]]'' <small>Thunb. ex Houtt.</small> (including ''Neobakeria'' <small>Schltr.</small>, ''Whiteheadia'' <small>Harv.</small>) |
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*''[[Merwilla]]'' <small>Speta</small> |
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*''[[Muscari]]'' <small>Mill.</small> (including ''Botryanthus'' <small>Kunth</small>, ''Muscarimia'' <small>Kostel.</small>) |
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*''[[Namophila]]'' <small>U.Müll.-Doblies & D.Müll.-Doblies</small><ref name=eMon_282363/> |
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*''[[Ornithogalum]]'' <small>L.</small> (including ''Avonsera'' <small>Speta</small>, ''Cathissa'' <small>Salisb.</small>, ''Eliokarmos'' <small>Raf.</small>, ''Elsiea'' <small>F.M.Leight.</small>, ''Ethesia'' <small>Raf.</small>, ''Galtonia'' <small>Decne.</small>, ''Honorius'' <small>Gray</small>, ''Loncomelos'' <small>Raf.</small>, ''Melomphis'' <small>Raf.</small>, ''Neopatersonia'' <small>Schönland</small>, ''Nicipe'' <small>Raf.</small>) |
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*''[[Oziroe]]'' <small>Raf.</small> (including ''Fortunatia'' <small>J.F.Macbr.</small>) |
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*''[[Prospero (plant)|Prospero]]'' <small>Salisb.</small> |
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*''[[Pseudogaltonia]]'' <small>(Kuntze) Engl.</small> (sometimes included in ''Ornithogalum''<ref name=GRINquery/>) |
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*''[[Pseudomuscari]]'' <small>Garbari & Greuter</small> (sometimes included in ''Muscari''<ref name=GRINquery/>) |
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*''[[Pseudoprospero]]'' <small>Speta</small> |
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*''[[Puschkinia]]'' <small>Adams</small> |
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*''[[Resnova]]'' <small>van der Merwe</small> |
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*''[[Schizobasis]]'' <small>Baker</small> (sometimes included in ''Drimia''<ref name=GRINquery/>) |
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*''[[Schizocarphus]]'' <small>van der Merwe</small> |
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*''[[Scilla]]'' <small>L.</small> (including ''Autonoe'', ''[[Scilla sect. Chionodoxa|Chionodoxa]]'' <small>Boiss.</small>, ''Chouardia'', ''Nectaroscilla'', ''Oncostema'') |
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*''[[Spetaea]]'' <small>Wetschnig & Pfosser</small> |
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*''[[Veltheimia]]'' <small>Gled.</small> |
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*''[[Zagrosia]]'' <small>Speta</small> (sometimes included in ''Scilla''<ref name=GRINquery/>) |
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*''[[Zingela]]'' <small>N.R.Crouch, Mart.-Azorín, M.B.Crespo, M.Pinter & M.Á.Alonso</small> |
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}} |
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== Distribution and ecology == |
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Scilloideae are widely but discontinuously distributed. The genus ''[[Oziroe]]'' is found only in parts of western [[South America]]. Other genera occur in Africa south of the [[Sahara]] and parts of the [[Arabian Peninsula]], on both sides of the [[Mediterranean]], further north in [[Europe]] through the [[Middle East]] to [[India]], and on the east coast of Asia, in [[China]], [[Korea]] and [[Japan]]. Scilloideae are found in [[temperate]] to [[tropical]] habitats, but are more diverse in areas of [[Mediterranean climate]] (i.e., with a pronounced dry season during the summer).{{citation needed|date=April 2013}} |
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Scilloideae [[Plant reproduction|reproduce]] both sexually and asexually. The showy flowers of many species of the subfamily are [[pollinated]] by a wide range of [[insects]] including [[bees]], [[wasps]], [[flies]] and [[moths]], as well as [[birds]]. Both nectar and pollen act as incentives to pollinating species. [[Vegetative reproduction]] may be by [[bulbils]] or by seeds through [[apomixis]]. The [[biological dispersal|dispersal]] of seeds may occur by water, wind, or by [[ants]] attracted by [[elaiosome]]s.{{citation needed|date=April 2013}} |
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== Uses == |
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[[File:Eucomis autumnalis flower.jpg|thumb|upright=0.68| ''[[Eucomis autumnalis]]'']] |
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=== Cultivation === |
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Many members of the subfamily are popular garden plants, such as ''[[Hyacinth (plant)|Hyacinthus]]'', ''[[Muscari]]'', ''[[Scilla]]'', ''[[Puschkinia]]'', ''[[Hyacinthoides]]'', and ''[[Ornithogalum]]'' (including those formerly placed in ''Galtonia''). |
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In South Africa the species of ''[[Eucomis]]'', ''[[Ornithogalum]]'', ''[[Veltheimia]]'', among others, are grown as ornamentals. ''[[Ornithogalum thyrsoides]]'' and the different cultivars of hyacinths are important in the cut flower market.<ref name=tolweb/> |
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=== Medicinal use === |
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''[[Drimia maritima]]'', the sea squill, has been used as a medicinal plant since ancient times. Its use for treatment of [[edema]] is mentioned in a [[papyrus]] from 1554 BC, the [[Middle Kingdom of Egypt]].{{citation needed|date=March 2013}} Bufadienolides isolated from ''Drimia maritima'' and ''[[Drimia indica]]'' are used for the production of substances for the treatment of heart conditions.{{citation needed|date=March 2013}} |
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=== Food === |
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The Scilloideae are only occasionally used as food plants for humans. In [[Italy]] the bulbs of ''[[Leopoldia comosa]]'' are grown for food<ref>http://www.lampascione.it/ Lampascioni.it (in Italian)</ref> and in [[Greece]] they are consumed as pickles. In [[France]] the inflorescence of ''[[Ornithogalum pyrenaicum]]'' is consumed as a vegetable. In [[Africa]] some tribes consume the bulbs of ''[[Ledebouria apertiflora]]'' and ''[[Ledebouria revoluta]]''.{{citation needed|date=March 2013}} |
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== Toxicity == |
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Many Scilloideae produce poisonous steroidal [[saponins]] such as [[bufadienolide]]s and [[cardenolides]], making them inedible.{{citation needed|date=March 2013}} |
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Several species are toxic. In South Africa, for example, ''Ornithogalum thyrsoides'', and several ''[[Ledebouria]]'' species (''[[Ledebouria cooperi]]'', ''L. inguinata'', ''L. ovatifolia'', ''L. revoluta''), ''[[Ornithogalum saundersiae]]'' and several members of the tribe Urgineeae are poisonous to livestock. [[Scilliroside]] (a bufadienolide) is used to poison rats, traditionally by spreading dried chips of ''[[Drimia maritima]]'' bulbs.<ref>{{ cite journal |author1=el Bahri, L. |author2=Djegham, M. |author3=Makhlouf, M. | title = ''Urginea maritima'' L. (Squill): A Poisonous Plant of North Africa | journal = Veterinary and Human Toxicology | year = 2000 | volume = 42 | issue = 2 | pages = 108–110 | pmid = 10750179 }}</ref> |
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---------------------------------------> |
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== Gêneros == |
== Gêneros == |
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''[[Albuca]]'' (60 spp.); ''[[Alrawia]]''; ''[[Amphisiphon]]''; ''[[Androsiphon]]''; ''[[Bellevalia]]''; ''[[Bowiea]]''; ''[[Brimeura]]''; ''[[Charybdis]]''; ''[[Chionodoxa]]''; ''x [[Chionoscilla]]''; ''[[Daubenya]]''; ''[[Dipcadi]]''; ''[[Drimia]]'' (110 spp.); ''[[Drimiopsis]]''; ''[[Eucomis]]''; ''[[Fortunatia]]''; ''[[Galtonia]]''; ''[[Hastingsia]]''; ''[[Hyacinthella]]''; ''[[Hyacinthoides]]''; ''[[Hyacinthus]]''; ''[[Lachenalia]]'' (110 spp.); ''[[Ledebouria]]''; ''[[Leopoldia]]''; ''[[Litanthus]]''; ''[[Massonia]]''; ''[[Muscari]]''; ''[[Muscarimia]]''; ''[[Neopatersonia]]''; ''[[Ornithogalum]]'' (50 spp.); ''[[Othocallis]]''; ''[[Polyxena (gênero)|Polyxena]]''; ''[[Prospero]]''; ''[[Pseudogaltonia]]''; ''[[Pseudomuscari]]''; ''[[Puschkinia]]''; ''[[Rhadamanthus]]''; ''[[Rhodocodon]]''; ''[[Schizobasis]]''; ''[[Schoenolirion]]''; ''[[Scilla (botânica)|Scilla]]''; ''[[Sypharissa]]''; ''[[Thuranthos]]''; ''[[Urginea]]''; ''[[Veltheimia]]''; ''[[Whiteheadia]]''. |
''[[Albuca]]'' (60 spp.); ''[[Alrawia]]''; ''[[Amphisiphon]]''; ''[[Androsiphon]]''; ''[[Bellevalia]]''; ''[[Bowiea]]''; ''[[Brimeura]]''; ''[[Charybdis]]''; ''[[Chionodoxa]]''; ''x [[Chionoscilla]]''; ''[[Daubenya]]''; ''[[Dipcadi]]''; ''[[Drimia]]'' (110 spp.); ''[[Drimiopsis]]''; ''[[Eucomis]]''; ''[[Fortunatia]]''; ''[[Galtonia]]''; ''[[Hastingsia]]''; ''[[Hyacinthella]]''; ''[[Hyacinthoides]]''; ''[[Hyacinthus]]''; ''[[Lachenalia]]'' (110 spp.); ''[[Ledebouria]]''; ''[[Leopoldia]]''; ''[[Litanthus]]''; ''[[Massonia]]''; ''[[Muscari]]''; ''[[Muscarimia]]''; ''[[Neopatersonia]]''; ''[[Ornithogalum]]'' (50 spp.); ''[[Othocallis]]''; ''[[Polyxena (gênero)|Polyxena]]''; ''[[Prospero]]''; ''[[Pseudogaltonia]]''; ''[[Pseudomuscari]]''; ''[[Puschkinia]]''; ''[[Rhadamanthus]]''; ''[[Rhodocodon]]''; ''[[Schizobasis]]''; ''[[Schoenolirion]]''; ''[[Scilla (botânica)|Scilla]]''; ''[[Sypharissa]]''; ''[[Thuranthos]]''; ''[[Urginea]]''; ''[[Veltheimia]]''; ''[[Whiteheadia]]''. |
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== Referências == |
== Referências == |
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<ref name=Schu80>{{Cite journal |last=Schulze |first=Werner |year=1980 |title=Beiträge zur Taxonomie der Liliifloren: VI Der Umfang der Liliaceae |journal=Wissenschaftliche Zeitschrift der Friedrich-Schiller-Universität Jena, Mathematisch-naturwissenschaftliche Reihe |volume=29 |pages=607–636 }}</ref> |
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<ref name=SebePeteDaviPire12>{{Cite journal |last1=Seberg |first1=Ole |last2=Petersen |first2=Gitte |last3=Davis |first3=Jerrold I. |last4=Pires |first4=J. Chris |last5=Stevenson |first5=Dennis W. |last6=Chase |first6=Mark W. |last7=Fay |first7=Michael F. |last8=Devey |first8=Dion S. |last9=Jørgensen |first9=Tina |last10=Sytsma |first10=Kenneth J. |last11= Pillon |first11=Yohan |year=2012 |title=Phylogeny of the Asparagales based on three plastid and two mitochondrial genes |journal=American Journal of Botany |volume=99 |issue=5 |pages=875–889 |doi=10.3732/ajb.1100468 |pmid=22539521|doi-access=free }}</ref> |
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<ref name=SoltSoltChasMort00>{{Cite journal |last=Soltis |first=D.E. |last2=Soltis |first2=P.S. |last3=Chase |first3=M.W. |last4=Mort |first4=M.E. |last5=Albach |first5=D.C. |last6=Zanis |first6=M. |last7=Savolainen |first7=V. |coauthors=Hahn, W.H.; Hoot, S.B.; Fay, M.F.; Axtell, M.; Swensen, S.M.; Prince, L.M.; Kress, W.J.; Nixon, K.C.; Farris, J.S. |year=2000 |title=Angiosperm phylogeny inferred from 18S rDNA, rbcL, and atpB sequences |journal=Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society |volume=133 |issue=4 |pages=381–461 |url=http://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/ap/bt/2000/00000133/00000004/art00380 |doi=10.1006/bojl.2000.0380}}</ref> |
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<ref name=Spet98>{{Cite book |last=Speta |first=F. |year=1998 |chapter=Hyacinthaceae |editor-last=Kubitzki |editor-first=K<!--.-->|title=The families and genera of vascular plants, vol. 3, Monocotyledons: Lilianae (except Orchidaceae) |location=Berlin |publisher=Springer-Verlag }}</ref> |
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<ref name=tolweb>{{Cite web |last1=Pfosser |first1=Martin |last2=Speta |first2=Franz |url=http://tolweb.org/Hyacinthaceae |title=Hyacinthaceae |work=Tree of Life Web Project |access-date=2013-03-23 }}</ref> |
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<ref name=WatsDall>{{Cite web |last1=Watson |first1=L. |last2=Dallwitz |first2=M.J. |title=Hyacinthaceae |work=The families of flowering plants |url=http://delta-intkey.com/angio/www/hyacinth.htm |access-date=2013-03-23 }}</ref> |
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<ref name=WetsPfos03>{{Cite journal |last1=Wetschnig |first1=W. |last2=Pfosser |first2=M. |year=2003 |title=The ''Scilla plumbea'' puzzle – present status of the genus ''Scilla'' sensu lato in southern Africa and description of ''Spetaea lachenaliiflora'', a new genus and species of Massonieae (Hyacinthaceae) |journal=Taxon |volume=52 |issue=1 |pages=75–91 |jstor=3647303 |doi=10.2307/3647303}}</ref> |
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<ref name="WCSP_278565">{{Cite web |title=Hyacinthus|work=World Checklist of Selected Plant Families |publisher=[[Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew]] |url=http://apps.kew.org/wcsp/namedetail.do?name_id=278565 |access-date=2013-03-27}}</ref> |
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<ref name=WCSP_Asparagaceae>{{Cite web |author=WCSP |year=2011 |title=search for "Asparagaceae"|work=World Checklist of Selected Plant Families |publisher=The Board of Trustees of the [[Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew]] |url=http://apps.kew.org/wcsp/ |access-date=2013-03-22 }}</ref> |
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<ref name="WCSP"> |
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R. H. A. Govaerts, 2011: [http://apps.kew.org/wcsp/home.do Taxon in Suchmaske eingeben bei ''World Checklist of Selected Plant Families'', Kew]. Zuletzt abgerufen am 15. Februar 2020. |
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</ref> |
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}} |
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== Bibliografia == |
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*{{Cite book |last=Mabberley |first=D. |year=1997 |title=The Plant-Book |publisher=Cambridge University Press |location=Cambridge, United Kingdom }} |
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*{{Cite book |last1=Judd |first1=W.S. |last2=Campbell |first2=C.S. |last3=Kellogg |first3=E.A. |last4=Stevens |first4=P.F. |last5=Donoghue |first5=M.J. |year=2007 |chapter=Hyacinthaceae |title=Plant Systematics: A Phylogenetic Approach |pages=269–270 |location=Sunderland, Massachusetts |publisher=Sinauer Associates|isbn=978-0-87893-407-2 |edition=3rd }} |
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*{{Cite journal |last=Stedje |first=Brita |year=2001 |title=Generic Delimitation of Hyacinthaceae, with Special Emphasis on Sub-Saharan Genera |journal=Systematics and Geography of Plants |volume=71 |issue=2 |pages=449–454 |jstor=3668693 |doi=10.2307/3668693}} |
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=={{Links}} == |
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{{Commons category|Scilloideae}} |
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{{Commonscat|Hyacinthaceae}} |
{{Commonscat|Hyacinthaceae}} |
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{{ |
{{Wikispecies|Hyacinthaceae}} |
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{{wikispecies|Scilloideae}} |
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{{Wikispecies-Família|Hyacinthaceae}} |
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*[https://web.archive.org/web/20080524053101/http://www.topwalks.net/plants/generos/hyacinthaceae.htm Hyacinthaceae in Topwalks] |
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* [http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=1200&taxon_id=10419 ''Monocot families'' (USDA)] |
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* [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Tree&id=44985&lvl=3&lin=f&keep=1&srchmode=1&unlock NCBI Taxonomy Browser] |
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* [http://www.csdl.tamu.edu/FLORA/cgi/gateway_family?fam=Hyacinthaceae links at CSDL, Texas] |
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* [http://www.mobot.org/MOBOT/Research/APweb/ APG II]. |
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{{taxonbar|from=Q133292|from2=Q13833438}} |
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[[Categoria:Asparagaceae]] |
[[Categoria:Asparagaceae]] |
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Revisão das 15h40min de 21 de fevereiro de 2021
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![Distribuição natural das espécies de Scilloideae.[4]](/wiki/Ficheiro:Scilloideae_distribution_map.jpg) Distribuição natural das espécies de Scilloideae.[4]
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Scilloideae é uma subfamília de plantas com flor da família Asparagaceae, da ordem Asparagales, que inclui cerca de 1000 espécies distribuídas por 70 géneros.[6] Os membros desta subfamília são geófitos bulbosos herbáceos, com distribuição natural predominatemente nas regiões de clima mediterrânico, mas com ocorrência generalizada em África, no oeste da Eurásia e no subcontinente indiano. As Scilloideae incluem vários géneros com importantes espécies utilizadas como planta ornamental, como Hyacinthus (jacintos), Hyacinthoides (campânulas), Muscari (jacintos-uva), Scilla (cilas) e Puschkinia (puschkinias). Algumas espécies são importantes como flor de corte.
Descrição
As Scilloideae (nome derivado do género tipo Scilla) é uma subfamília de plantas bulbosas da família Asparagaceae que corresponde à antiga família Hyacinthaceae das Liliales. Esta subfamília inclui muitas das mais familiares plantas de jardim, como os jacintos, as campânulas, os 'jacintos-uva e as cilas. Algumas espécies são produtoras de flores de corte, estando na base de importantes sectores da floricultura e do comércio de flores.
As Scilloideae estão distribuídas principalmente em regiões de clima mediterrânico ou de clima com estação seca similar, incluindo a África Austral, algumas regiões do Médio Oriente e do oeste da América do Sul. Apesar dessa preferência ocorrem em vastas regiões da África tropical e subtropical, no sudoeste da Ásia (incluindo a Índia) e no leste da China. As suas flores apresentam seis tépalas e seis estames e ovário súpero, características que nos sistemas de classificação de base morfológica colocava este grupo dentro da família Liliaceae. O grupo distiguia-se por apresentar folhas carnudas e mucilaginosas dispostas em roseta basal.
Em consequência da sua morfologia, as actuais Scilloideae, como a maioria das monocotiledóneas lilioides (monocotiledóneas semelhantes a lírios), foram tradicionalmente colocadas numa família Liliaceae amplamente definida (Liliaceae sensu lato). Contudo, as suas características específicas levaram a que alguns autores preferissem autonomizaar o grupo ao nível taxonómico de família como Hyacinthaceae. Com o advento da filogenética, as fronteiras familiares foram revistas, passando o agrupamento a ser considerado ao nível de uma subfamília reconhecida pelo sistema APG IV, de 2016, como parte das Asparagaceae (e por consequência, integrando a ordem Asparagales). Determinar os limites entre os géneros dentro do Scilloideae é uma área ativa de investigação, com o número de géneros a variar, de fonte para fonte, de cerca de 30 a cerca de 70.[7]
- Albuca L. (including Battandiera Maire, Coilonox Raf., Stellarioides Medik., Trimelopter Raf.; sometimes included in Ornithogalum[8])
- Alrawia (Wendelbo) Perss. & Wendelbo
- Austronea[9] Martinez-Azorín et al.
- Barnardia Lindl.
- Bellevalia Lapeyr. (including Strangweja Bertol.)
- Bowiea Harv. ex Hook.f. (Climbing Onion, Sea Onion)
- Brimeura Salisb.
- Daubenya Lindl. (including Amphisiphon W.F.Barker, Androsiphon Schltr.)
- Dipcadi Medik. (sometimes included in Ornithogalum[8])
- Drimia Jacq. (including Litanthus Harv., Rhadamanthus Salisb., Rhodocodon Baker, Sypharissa Salisb., Tenicroa Raf., Thuranthos C.H.Wright, Urginea Steinh., Urgineopsis Compton)
- Drimiopsis Lindl. & Paxton (sometimes included in Ledebouria[8])
- Eucomis L'Hér.
- Fessia Speta (sometimes included in Scilla[8])
- Fusifilum Raf. (sometimes included in Drimia[8])
- Hyacinthella Schur
- Hyacinthoides Heist. ex Fabr. (including Endymion Dumort.)
- Hyacinthus Tourn. ex L.
- Lachenalia Jacq. ex Murray (including Brachyscypha Baker, Periboea Kunth, Polyxena Kunth)
- Ledebouria Roth
- Leopoldia Parl. (sometimes included in Muscari[8])
- Massonia Thunb. ex Houtt. (including Neobakeria Schltr., Whiteheadia Harv.)
- Merwilla Speta
- Muscari Mill. (including Botryanthus Kunth, Muscarimia Kostel.)
- Namophila U.Müll.-Doblies & D.Müll.-Doblies[10]
- Ornithogalum L. (including Avonsera Speta, Cathissa Salisb., Eliokarmos Raf., Elsiea F.M.Leight., Ethesia Raf., Galtonia Decne., Honorius Gray, Loncomelos Raf., Melomphis Raf., Neopatersonia Schönland, Nicipe Raf.)
- Oziroe Raf. (including Fortunatia J.F.Macbr.)
- Prospero Salisb.
- Pseudogaltonia (Kuntze) Engl. (sometimes included in Ornithogalum[8])
- Pseudomuscari Garbari & Greuter (sometimes included in Muscari[8])
- Pseudoprospero Speta
- Puschkinia Adams
- Resnova van der Merwe
- Schizobasis Baker (sometimes included in Drimia[8])
- Schizocarphus van der Merwe
- Scilla L. (including Autonoe, Chionodoxa Boiss., Chouardia, Nectaroscilla, Oncostema)
- Spetaea Wetschnig & Pfosser
- Veltheimia Gled.
- Zagrosia Speta (sometimes included in Scilla[8])
- Zingela N.R.Crouch, Mart.-Azorín, M.B.Crespo, M.Pinter & M.Á.Alonso
}}
Distribution and ecology
Scilloideae are widely but discontinuously distributed. The genus Oziroe is found only in parts of western South America. Other genera occur in Africa south of the Sahara and parts of the Arabian Peninsula, on both sides of the Mediterranean, further north in Europe through the Middle East to India, and on the east coast of Asia, in China, Korea and Japan. Scilloideae are found in temperate to tropical habitats, but are more diverse in areas of Mediterranean climate (i.e., with a pronounced dry season during the summer).[carece de fontes]
Scilloideae reproduce both sexually and asexually. The showy flowers of many species of the subfamily are pollinated by a wide range of insects including bees, wasps, flies and moths, as well as birds. Both nectar and pollen act as incentives to pollinating species. Vegetative reproduction may be by bulbils or by seeds through apomixis. The dispersal of seeds may occur by water, wind, or by ants attracted by elaiosomes.[carece de fontes]
Uses
Cultivation
Many members of the subfamily are popular garden plants, such as Hyacinthus, Muscari, Scilla, Puschkinia, Hyacinthoides, and Ornithogalum (including those formerly placed in Galtonia).
In South Africa the species of Eucomis, Ornithogalum, Veltheimia, among others, are grown as ornamentals. Ornithogalum thyrsoides and the different cultivars of hyacinths are important in the cut flower market.[4]
Medicinal use
Drimia maritima, the sea squill, has been used as a medicinal plant since ancient times. Its use for treatment of edema is mentioned in a papyrus from 1554 BC, the Middle Kingdom of Egypt.[carece de fontes] Bufadienolides isolated from Drimia maritima and Drimia indica are used for the production of substances for the treatment of heart conditions.[carece de fontes]
Food
The Scilloideae are only occasionally used as food plants for humans. In Italy the bulbs of Leopoldia comosa are grown for food[11] and in Greece they are consumed as pickles. In France the inflorescence of Ornithogalum pyrenaicum is consumed as a vegetable. In Africa some tribes consume the bulbs of Ledebouria apertiflora and Ledebouria revoluta.[carece de fontes]
Toxicity
Many Scilloideae produce poisonous steroidal saponins such as bufadienolides and cardenolides, making them inedible.[carece de fontes]
Several species are toxic. In South Africa, for example, Ornithogalum thyrsoides, and several Ledebouria species (Ledebouria cooperi, L. inguinata, L. ovatifolia, L. revoluta), Ornithogalum saundersiae and several members of the tribe Urgineeae are poisonous to livestock. Scilliroside (a bufadienolide) is used to poison rats, traditionally by spreading dried chips of Drimia maritima bulbs.[12]
>
Gêneros
Albuca (60 spp.); Alrawia; Amphisiphon; Androsiphon; Bellevalia; Bowiea; Brimeura; Charybdis; Chionodoxa; x Chionoscilla; Daubenya; Dipcadi; Drimia (110 spp.); Drimiopsis; Eucomis; Fortunatia; Galtonia; Hastingsia; Hyacinthella; Hyacinthoides; Hyacinthus; Lachenalia (110 spp.); Ledebouria; Leopoldia; Litanthus; Massonia; Muscari; Muscarimia; Neopatersonia; Ornithogalum (50 spp.); Othocallis; Polyxena; Prospero; Pseudogaltonia; Pseudomuscari; Puschkinia; Rhadamanthus; Rhodocodon; Schizobasis; Schoenolirion; Scilla; Sypharissa; Thuranthos; Urginea; Veltheimia; Whiteheadia.
Referências
- ↑ Stevens 2016, Asparagales
- ↑ Tropicos 2015
- ↑ Burnett, Gilbert Thomas (1835). Outlines of Botany. London: J. Churchill. OCLC 9537633 p. 428. Cited in Chase, Reveal & Fay 2009, p. 135.
- ↑ a b Pfosser, Martin; Speta, Franz. «Hyacinthaceae». Tree of Life Web Project. Consultado em 23 de março de 2013
- ↑ IPNI Plant Name Query Results for Hyacinthaceae. 1. [S.l.]: The International Plant Names Index. Consultado em 27 de março de 2013
- ↑ R. H. A. Govaerts, 2011: Taxon in Suchmaske eingeben bei World Checklist of Selected Plant Families, Kew. Zuletzt abgerufen am 15. Februar 2020.
- ↑ Chase, M.W.; Reveal, J.L.; Fay, M.F. (2009). «A subfamilial classification for the expanded asparagalean families Amaryllidaceae, Asparagaceae and Xanthorrhoeaceae». Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society. 161 (2): 132–136. doi:10.1111/j.1095-8339.2009.00999.x
- ↑ a b c d e f g h i j «Query GRIN Taxonomy for Plants». Germplasm Resources Information Network. United States Department of Agriculture. Consultado em 22 de março de 2013
- ↑ Martínez-Azorín, Mario; Crespo, Manuel B.; Alonso-Vargas, María Ángeles; Dold, Anthony P.; Pinter, Michael; Wetschnig, Wolfgang (2018). «Austronea (Asparagaceae, Scilloideae), a new genus from southern Africa, including the description of seven new species». Phytotaxa. 365 (2): 101–129. doi:10.11646/phytotaxa.365.2.1. hdl:10045/78227
- ↑ «Namophila U.Müll.-Doblies & D.Müll.-Doblies». eMonocot. Consultado em 22 de março de 2013
- ↑ http://www.lampascione.it/ Lampascioni.it (in Italian)
- ↑ el Bahri, L.; Djegham, M.; Makhlouf, M. (2000). «Urginea maritima L. (Squill): A Poisonous Plant of North Africa». Veterinary and Human Toxicology. 42 (2): 108–110. PMID 10750179
Erro de citação: Elemento <ref> com nome "APG1" definido em <references> não é utilizado no texto da página.
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<ref> com nome "WCSP_Asparagaceae" definido em <references> não é utilizado no texto da página.Bibliografia
- Mabberley, D. (1997). The Plant-Book. Cambridge, United Kingdom: Cambridge University Press
- Judd, W.S.; Campbell, C.S.; Kellogg, E.A.; Stevens, P.F.; Donoghue, M.J. (2007). «Hyacinthaceae». Plant Systematics: A Phylogenetic Approach 3rd ed. Sunderland, Massachusetts: Sinauer Associates. pp. 269–270. ISBN 978-0-87893-407-2
- Stedje, Brita (2001). «Generic Delimitation of Hyacinthaceae, with Special Emphasis on Sub-Saharan Genera». Systematics and Geography of Plants. 71 (2): 449–454. JSTOR 3668693. doi:10.2307/3668693
