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{{Taxocaixa
[[Ficheiro:Cidra fruto.JPG|thumb|Fruto da cidreira]]
|nome = ''Citrus medica''<br><small>cidra</small>
[[Ficheiro:Cidra flor.JPG|thumb|flor da Cidra]]
|imagem = Chinesische Zedrat Zitrone.jpg
'''Cidra''' é uma [[Citrus|fruta cítrica]], [[fruto]] da [[Cidreira (citrus)|cidreira]] pertencente à família das rutáceas (''Citrus medica''). Parece ser uma antiga espécie selvagem<ref>{{en}} Nicolosi, E.; Deng, Z.N.; Gentile, A.; La Malfa, S.; Continella, G. & Tribulato, E., 2000, ''Citrus'' phylogeny and genetic origin of important species as investigated by molecular markers. ''Theoretical and Applied Genetics'' '''100'''(8): 1155-1166. <small>{{doi|10.1007/s001220051419}}</small> (resumo em HTML).</ref>, nativa do [[Sudeste Asiático]] ou da [[Índia]].
|imagem_largura=250px
|imagem_legenda=Fruto da cidreira chinesa.
|reino=[[Plantae]]
|clado1=[[Angiospermae]]
|clado2=[[Eudicots]]
|clado3=[[Rosids]]
|ordem=[[Sapindales]]
|família=[[Rutaceae]]
|género= ''[[Citrus]]''
|espécie= ''C. medica''
|binomial=''Citrus medica''
|binomial_autoridade= [[Carl Linnaeus|L.]]
|
|sinónimos=
* ''[[Citrus limonimedica]]'' <small>([[Alfred Wyndham Lushington|Lush.]])</small>
|sinónimos_ref = <ref>{{citar livro|chapter=''Citrus'' taxonomy |last1=Ollitrault |first1=Patrick |last2=Curk |first2=Franck |last3=Krueger |first3=Robert |title=The Citrus Genus |editor-last1=Talon | editor-first1=Manuel | editor-last2=Caruso |editor-first2=Marco | editor-last3=Gmitter |editor-first3=Fred G, Jr. |publisher=Elsevier |year=2020 |pages=57–81 |ISBN=9780128121634 |chapter-url=https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=2wo4swEACAAJ&pg=PA57 |doi=10.1016/B978-0-12-812163-4.00004-8}}</ref>
}}
[[Ficheiro:Cidra flor.JPG|thumb|250px|Flor da cidreira.]]
[[Ficheiro:Cidra fruto.JPG|thumb|250px|Fruto imaturo da cidreira.]]
'''''Citrus medica''''' é uma [[espécie]] de [[citrino]] (género ''[[Citrus]]'' da família [[Rutaceae]]) cujas variedades cultivadas, designadas por '''cidreira''', produzem a fruta globosa, fortemente aromática e com [[Epicarpo|casca]] espessa, que é amplamente comercializado sob o nome de '''cidra'''. Próxima de uma antiga espécie selvagem nativa do [[Sudeste Asiático]] ou da [[Índia]],<ref>{{en}} Nicolosi, E.; Deng, Z.N.; Gentile, A.; La Malfa, S.; Continella, G. & Tribulato, E., 2000, ''Citrus'' phylogeny and genetic origin of important species as investigated by molecular markers. ''Theoretical and Applied Genetics'' '''100'''(8): 1155-1166. <small>{{doi|10.1007/s001220051419}}</small> (resumo em HTML).</ref> a [[Cidreira (citrus)|cidreira]] é um dos três ''[[Táxon|taxa]]'' do género ''Citrus'' que por [[hibridação]] e [[selecção artificial]] deram origem a todas as modernas [[Variedade (biologia)|variedades]] e [[cultivar]]es de citrinos.<ref>{{cite book |author=Klein, J. |date=2014 |title= Medicinal and Aromatic Plants of the Middle-East |chapter= Citron Cultivation, Production and Uses in the Mediterranean Region |publisher=Springer Netherlands |editor1=Z. Yaniv |editor2=N. Dudai |pages= 199–214|volume=2 |doi=10.1007/978-94-017-9276-9_10 |series=Medicinal and Aromatic Plants of the World |isbn=978-94-017-9275-2 }}</ref> Embora os cultivares de cidreira assumam uma ampla variedade [[Morfologia (biologia)|morfológica]], estão todos intimamente relacionadas geneticamente. É amplamente utilizado na culinária asiática e globalmente na preparação de [[doçaria|doces]] e [[compota]]s e na produção de [[perfume]]s e essências aromáticas, sendo também importante na [[medicina tradicional]] e em rituais e oferendas religiosas no Sueste Asiático. Híbridos de cidra com outros cítricos são comercialmente importantes, com destaque para o [[limão]] e muitas variedades de [[lima (fruta)|lima]]. Grande e [[Ácido cítrico|ácida]], a cidra é muito rica em compostos bioactivos.<ref>{{Citar periódico|titulo=Bioactive Compounds of Citrus as Health Promoters|url=http://www.eurekaselect.com/node/141689|lingua=en|paginas=29–97|doi=10.2174/9781681082394116010005}}</ref> Os romanos e outro povos usavam este fruto como desodorizante e para efeitos medicinais.<ref>Duarte, A.; Fernandes, J.; Bernardes, J.; Miguel, G. (2016). [https://www.researchgate.net/publication/311911612_Citrus_as_a_Component_of_the_Mediterranean_Diet «Citrus as a Component of the Mediterranean Diet (PDF Download Available)»]. ''ResearchGate'' (em inglês). Journal of Spatial and Organizational Dynamics, IV(4): 289-304.</ref>
==Descrição==
O nome ''cidra'' deriva do termo latino ''citrus'', palavra que também deu origem ao [[nome genérico]] ''[[Citrus]]'' atribuído ao [[Género (biologia)|género]] em que a espécie se integra.
<!----------------------------------------


Grande e [[Ácido cítrico|ácida]], a cidra é muito rica em compostos bioactivos.<ref>{{Citar periódico|titulo=Bioactive Compounds of Citrus as Health Promoters|url=http://www.eurekaselect.com/node/141689|lingua=en|paginas=29–97|doi=10.2174/9781681082394116010005}}</ref> Os romanos e outro povos usavam este fruto como desodorizante e para efeitos medicinais.<ref>Duarte, A.; Fernandes, J.; Bernardes, J.; Miguel, G. (2016). [https://www.researchgate.net/publication/311911612_Citrus_as_a_Component_of_the_Mediterranean_Diet «Citrus as a Component of the Mediterranean Diet (PDF Download Available)»]. ''ResearchGate'' (em inglês). Journal of Spatial and Organizational Dynamics, IV(4): 289-304.</ref> Actualmente estes frutos são usados sobretudo na preparação de [[doçaria|doces]] e [[compota]]s.


== Ver também ==
* [[Cidreira (citrus)]]
* [[Etrog]]


In Italian it is known as {{lang|it|cedro}}, the same name used also to indicate the coniferous tree [[cedrus|cedar]]. In [[Persian languages]], it is called {{transl|fa|turunj}}, as against {{transl|fa|naranj}} ('bitter orange'). Both names were borrowed into [[Arabic]] and introduced into Spain and Portugal after their occupation by Muslims in AD 711, whence it became the source of the name ''orange'' (as well as 'toronja', which today describes the grapefruit in Spanish).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.plantlives.com/docs/C/Citrus_medica.pdf |title=Citrus medica |publisher=plantlives.com}}</ref>
{{Commons|Citrus_fruits#Citrons|Cidra}}


== Origin and distribution ==
{{Wiktionary1|Cidra}}
The citron is an old and original citrus species. There is molecular evidence that most cultivated citrus species arose by [[Hybrid (biology)#Hybrid plants|hybridization]] of a small number of ancestral types, including citron, [[pomelo]], [[Mandarin orange|mandarin]] and to a lesser extent, [[Papeda (citrus)|papedas]] and [[kumquat]]. The citron is usually [[fertilized]] by [[self-pollination]]. This results in them displaying a high degree of genetic [[zygosity|homozygosity]], and it is the male parent of any citrus hybrid rather than a female one.<ref name="HortScience 2005" /><ref>{{cite journal |author=E. Nicolosi |author2=Z. N. Deng |author3=A. Gentile |author4=S. La Malfa |author5=G. Continella |author6=E. Tribulato |title=Citrus phylogeny and genetic origin of important species as investigated by molecular markers |journal=Theoretical and Applied Genetics |date=June 2000 |volume=100 |issue=8 |pages=1155–1166 |doi=10.1007/s001220051419}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |author=Noelle A. Barkley |author2=Mikeal L. Roose |author3=Robert R. Krueger |author4=Claire T. Federici |title=Assessing genetic diversity and population structure in a citrus germplasm collection utilizing simple sequence repeat markers (SSRs) |journal=Theoretical and Applied Genetics |date=May 2006 |volume=112 |issue=8 |pages=1519–1531 |doi=10.1007/s00122-006-0255-9 |pmid=16699791 |url=https://naldc-legacy.nal.usda.gov/naldc/download.xhtml?id=11065&content=PDF |access-date=2018-12-04 |df= }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |author=Asad Asadi Abkenar |author2=Shiro Isshiki |author3=Yosuke Tashiro |title=Phylogenetic relationships in the 'true citrus fruit trees' revealed by PCR-RFLP analysis of cpDNA |journal=Scientia Horticulturae |volume=102 |issue=2 |date=1 November 2004 |pages=233–242 |doi=10.1016/j.scienta.2004.01.003}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |author=C. A. Krug |title=Chromosome Numbers in the Subfamily Aurantioideae with Special Reference to the Genus ''Citrus'' |journal=Botanical Gazette |volume=104 |number=4 |date=June 1943 |pages=602–611 |jstor=2472147 |doi=10.1086/335173}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |author=R. Carvalho |author2=W. S. Soares Filho |author3=A. C. Brasileiro-Vidal |author4=M. Guerra |title=The relationships among lemons, limes and citron: a chromosomal comparison |journal=Cytogenetic and Genome Research |volume=109 |issue=1–3 |date=March 2005 |doi=10.1159/000082410 |pages=276–282 |pmid=15753587}}</ref><ref name="Talon">{{cite journal|title=Genomics of the origin and evolution of ''Citrus'' | last1=Wu | first1=Guohong Albert | last2=Terol | first2=Javier | last3=Ibanez | first3=Victoria | last4=López-García | first4=Antonio | last5=Pérez-Román | first5=Estela | last6=Borredá | first6=Carles | last7=Domingo | first7=Concha | last8=Tadeo | first8=Francisco R | last9=Carbonell-Caballero | first9=Jose | last10=Alonso | first10=Roberto | last11=Curk | first11=Franck | last12=Du | first12=Dongliang | last13=Ollitrault | first13=Patrick | last14=Roose | first14=Mikeal L. Roose | last15=Dopazo | first15=Joaquin | last16=Gmitter Jr | first16=Frederick G. | last17=Rokhsar | first17=Daniel | last18=Talon | first18=Manuel | journal=Nature | year = 2018 | volume=554 | issue=7692 | pages=311–316 | doi=10.1038/nature25447 | pmid=29414943| doi-access=free }}</ref>


The citron is thought to have been native to [[India]],<ref name="Talon" /> in valleys at the foothills of the eastern [[Himalayas]]. It is thought that by the 4th century BC, when [[Theophrastus]] mentions the "Persian or Median apple",<ref>''Inquiry into Plants'' 4.iv.2.</ref> the citron was mostly cultivated in the [[Persian Gulf]] on its way to the [[Mediterranean basin]], where it was cultivated during the later centuries in different areas as described by Erich Isaac.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Erich Isaac |title=The Citron in the Mediterranean: a study in religious influences |journal=Economic Geography |volume=35 |issue=1 |date=January 1959 |pages=71–78 |doi=10.2307/142080 |jstor=142080}}</ref> Many mention the role of [[Alexander the Great]] and his armies as they attacked [[Achaemenid Empire|Persia]] and what is today [[Pakistan]], as being responsible for the spread of the citron westward, reaching the [[Europe]]an countries such as [[Greece]] and [[Italy]].<ref name="Purdue Citron" /><ref name="Simoons p.200">{{cite book |author=Frederick J. Simoons |title=Food in China: a cultural and historical inquiry |publisher=CRC Press |year=1990 |isbn=9780849388040 |url=https://books.google.com/?id=Fo087ZxohA4C&pg=PA200&dq=alexander+the+great+citron#v=onepage&q=&f=false |page=200}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.citrusvariety.ucr.edu/citrus/ethrog.html|title=ethrog|publisher=University of California, Riverside}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |author=Marion Eugene Ensminger |author2=Audrey H. Ensminger |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=o3UD2iL4sAAC&lpg=PA424&dq=Alexander%20the%20great%20citron&pg=PA424#v=onepage&q=Alexander%20the%20great%20citron&f=false |title=Foods & Nutrition Encyclopedia |edition=2nd |volume=volume 1 |publisher=CRC Press |year=1993 |isbn=9780849389818 |page=424}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |author=Francesco Calabrese |chapter=Origin and history |editor=Giovanni Dugo |editor2=Angelo Di Giacomo |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OLaykfpqSaYC&pg=PA4&lpg=PA4&dq=alexander+the+great+citron&source=web&ots=XgwlLoMPIz&sig=xZTw2yr9aK5Gbt8rQts0rkEVBWc&hl=en |title=Citrus: The Citrus Genus |publisher=CRC Press |date=2003 |page=4 |isbn=9780203216613}}</ref><ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=SmRJnd73dbYC&pg=PA7&lpg=PA7&dq=alexander+the+great+citron&source=web&ots=vFwVODlm45&sig=R1RQ4NL-ncWrmXqmD7Z2qNGCckM&hl=en Biology of Citrus]{{dead link|date=November 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |author=H. Harold Hume |url=https://books.google.com/?id=WP3ohzxbRxgC&pg=PA59&lpg=PA59&dq=alexander+the+great+citron |title=Citrus Fruits and Their Culture |publisher=Read Books |year=2007 |isbn=9781406781564 |page=59}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |author=Emmanuel Bonavia|authorlink=Emmanuel Bonavia |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tsNBAAAAIAAJ&dq=alexander%20the%20great%20citron&pg=PA255#v=onepage&q&f=false |title=The Cultivated Oranges and Lemons, Etc. of India and Ceylon |publisher=W. H. Allen |year=1888 |page=255}}</ref>
{{Referências}}


=== Antiquity ===
{{esboço-botânica}}
{{See also|Etrog#Historic cultivation areas}}
Leviticus mentions the "fruit of the beautiful ('hadar') tree" as being required for ritual use during the [[Feast of Tabernacles]] ([http://www.mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt0323.htm Lev. 23:40]). According to Rabbinical tradition, the "fruit of the tree hadar" refers to the citron.

The [[Egyptologist]] and [[archaeologist]] [[Victor Loret]] claimed to have identified it depicted on the walls of the [[botanical garden]] at the [[Karnak Temple]], which dates back to the time of [[Thutmosis III]], approximately 3,500 years ago.<ref>{{cite journal |title=Scientific Committee, March 28, 1893: The Antiquity of the Citron in Egypt |url=https://books.google.com/?id=21oCAAAAYAAJ&pg=RA3-PR20&lpg=RA3-PR20&dq=citron+persian+gulf#PRA3-PR20,M1 |journal=Journal of the Royal Horticultural Society |volume=16|last1=Britain) |first1=Royal Horticultural Society (Great |year=1894 }}</ref>

The citron has been cultivated since ancient times, predating the cultivation of other citrus [[species]].<ref>{{cite journal |last=Ramón-Laca |first=L. |title=The Introduction of Cultivated Citrus to Europe via Northern Africa and the Iberian Peninsula |journal=Economic Botany |date=Winter 2003 |volume=57 |issue=4 |pages=502–514 |doi=10.1663/0013-0001(2003)057[0502:tiocct]2.0.co;2}}</ref>

=== Theophrastus ===
The following description on citron was given by [[Theophrastus]]<ref>''Historia plantarum'' 4.4.2-3 (''exc.'' Athenaeus ''Deipnosophistae'' 3.83.d-f); cf. Vergil ''Georgics'' 2.126-135; Pliny ''Naturalis historia'' 12.15,16.</ref>
[[File:A species of citrus fruit (Citrus sarcodactylis Hort. Bog.); Wellcome V0042687.jpg|thumb|Illustration of [[fingered citron]] with the leaves and thorns that are common to all varieties of citron.]]
<blockquote>In the east and south there are special plants... i.e. in Media and Persia there are many types of fruit, between them there is a fruit called Median or Persian Apple. The tree has a leaf similar to and almost identical with that of the ''andrachn'' (''[[Arbutus andrachne]]'' L.), but has [[Thorns, spines, and prickles|thorns]] like those of the ''[[apios]]'' (the wild [[pear]], ''Pyrus amygdaliformis'' Vill.) or the [[firethorn]] (''Cotoneaster pyracantha'' Spach.), except that they are white, smooth, sharp and strong. The fruit is not eaten, but is very fragrant, as is also the [[leaf]] of the tree; and the fruit is put among [[clothes]], it keeps them from being [[moth]]-eaten. It is also useful when one has drunk deadly poison, for when it is administered in [[wine]]; it upsets the [[stomach]] and brings up the poison. It is also useful to improve the [[breath]], for if one boils the inner part of the fruit in a dish or squeezes it into the mouth in some other medium, it makes the breath more pleasant.

The seed is removed from the fruit and sown in the [[Spring (season)|spring]] in carefully tilled beds, and it is watered every fourth or fifth day. As soon the plant is strong it is [[Transplanting|transplanted]], also in the spring, to a soft, well watered site, where the soil is not very fine, for it prefers such places.

And it bears its fruit at all [[season]]s, for when some have gathered, the flower of the others is on the tree and is ripening others. Of the [[flower]]s I have said<ref>''Historia plantarum'' 1.13.4.</ref> those that have a sort of distaff [meaning the [[carpel|pistil]]] projecting from the middle are fertile, while those that do not have this are sterile. It is also sown, like [[date palm]]s, in pots punctured with holes.

This tree, as has been remarked, grows in ''Media'' and ''Persia''.</blockquote>

=== Pliny the Elder ===
Citron was also described by [[Pliny the Elder]], who called it ''nata Assyria malus''. The following is from his book [[Natural History (Pliny)|Natural History]]:
<blockquote>There is another tree also with the same name of "citrus," and bears a fruit that is held by some persons in particular dislike for its smell and remarkable bitterness; while, on the other hand, there are some who esteem it very highly. This tree is used as an ornament to houses; it requires, however, no further description.<ref>{{cite web |title=Chap. 31.—The Citron-Tree |work=Perseus Digital Library |publisher=Tufts University |url=http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.02.0137%3Abook%3D13%3Achapter%3D31}} excerpting from {{cite book |title=The Natural History. Pliny the Elder. |editor1=John Bostock |editor2=H.T. Riley |location=London |publisher=Taylor and Francis |year=1855}}</ref>

The citron tree, called the Assyrian, and by some the Median apple, is an antidote against poisons. The leaf is similar to that of the [[Arbutus|arbute]], except that it has small prickles running across it. As to the fruit, it is never eaten, but it is remarkable for its extremely powerful smell, which is the case, also, with the leaves; indeed, the odour is so strong, that it will penetrate clothes, when they are once impregnated with it, and hence it is very useful in repelling the attacks of noxious insects.

The tree bears fruit at all seasons of the year; while some is falling off, other fruit is ripening, and other, again, just bursting into birth. Various nations have attempted to naturalize this tree among them, for the sake of its medical properties, by planting it in pots of clay, with holes drilled in them, for the purpose of introducing the air to the roots; and I would here remark, once for all, that it is as well to remember that the best plan is to pack all slips of trees that have to be carried to any distance, as close together as they can possibly be placed.

It has been found, however, that this tree will grow nowhere except in Media or Persia. It is this fruit, the pips of which, as we have already mentioned, the [[Parthia]]n grandees employ in seasoning their [[ragout]]s, as being peculiarly conducive to the sweetening of the breath. We find no other tree very highly commended that is produced in Media.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.02.0137%3Abook%3D12%3Achapter%3D7|title=Pliny the Elder, The Natural History, Book XII. The Natural History of Trees, Chap. 7. (3.)—How the Citron Is Planted.|publisher=Tufts University}}</ref>

Citrons, either the pulp of them or the pips, are taken in wine as an antidote to poisons. A decoction of citrons, or the juice extracted from them, is used as a gargle to impart sweetness to the breath. The pips of this fruit are recommended for pregnant women to chew when affected with [[qualmishness]]. Citrons are good, also, for a weak stomach, but it is not easy to eat them except with [[vinegar]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.02.0137%3Abook%3D23%3Achapter%3D56|title=Pliny the Elder, The Natural History, Book XXIII. The Remedies Derived from the Cultivated Trees., Chap. 56.—Citrons: Five Observations upon Them.|publisher=Tufts University}}</ref></blockquote>

== Description and variation ==
[[File:Zitronatszitrone.jpg|thumb|A citron or [[citrus hybrid|citron-like hybrid]] of Italian origin, showing the thick rind]]

=== Fruit ===
The citron fruit is usually [[Glossary of leaf morphology#ovate|ovate]] or oblong, narrowing towards the [[Etrog#Pitom|stylar]] end. However, the citron's fruit shape is highly variable, due to the large quantity of [[Mesocarp#Mesocarp|albedo]], which forms independently according to the fruits' position on the tree, twig orientation, and many other factors. The rind is leathery, furrowed, and adherent. The inner portion is thick, white and hard; the outer is uniformly thin and very fragrant. The pulp is usually acidic, but also can be sweet, and some varieties are entirely pulpless.

Most citron varieties contain a large number of [[monoembryonic]] seeds. The seeds are white with dark innercoats and red-purplish [[chalazal spot]]s for the acidic varieties, and colorless for the sweet ones. Some citron varieties have persistent [[carpel|styles]] which do not fall off after fecundation. Those are usually preferred for ritual ''[[etrog]]'' use.

Some citrons have medium-sized oil bubbles at the outer surface, medially distant to each other. Some varieties are ribbed and faintly warted on the outer surface. A fingered citron variety is commonly called [[Buddha's hand]].

The color varies from green, when unripe, to a yellow-orange when overripe. The citron does not fall off the tree and can reach 8–10 pounds (4–5&nbsp;kg) if not picked before fully mature.<ref>''Un curieux Cedrat marocain'', Chapot 1950.</ref><ref name="HortScience 2005">[http://grande.nal.usda.gov/ibids/index.php?mode2=detail&origin=ibids_references&therow=796030 The Search for the Authentic Citron: Historic and Genetic Analysis; ''HortScience'' '''40'''(7):1963–1968. 2005] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080921214001/http://grande.nal.usda.gov/ibids/index.php?mode2=detail&origin=ibids_references&therow=796030 |date=September 21, 2008 }}</ref> However, they should be picked before the winter, as the branches might bend or break to the ground, and may cause numerous fungal diseases for the tree.

Despite the wide variety of forms taken on by the fruit, citrons are all closely related genetically, representing a single species.<ref name="Talon" /><ref name="Ramadugu">{{cite journal | last1=Ramadugu | first1=Chandrika | last2=Keremane | first2=Manjunath L | last3=Hu | first3=Xulan | last4=Karp | first4=David | last5=Frederici | first5=Claire T | last6=Kahn | first6=Tracy | last7=Roose | first7=Mikeal L | last8=Lee | first8=Richard F. | title=Genetic analysis of citron (''Citrus medica'' L.) using simple sequence repeats and single nucleotide polymorphisms | journal=Scientia Horticulturae | volume=195 | pages=124–137 | year=2015 | doi=10.1016/j.scienta.2015.09.004 | doi-access=free }}</ref> Genetic analysis divides the known cultivars into three clusters: a Mediterranean cluster thought to have originated in India, and two clusters predominantly found in China, one representing the fingered citrons, and another consisting of non-fingered varieties.<ref name="Ramadugu" />

=== Plant ===
[[File:Citron Balady Etrog Simanim.jpg|thumb|A pure citron of any kind has a large portion of [[Fruit_anatomy#Mesocarp|albedo]], which is important for the production of [[succade]]]]

''Citrus medica'' is a slow-growing [[shrub]] or small tree that reaches a height of about {{convert|8|to|15|ft|m|0|abbr=on}}. It has irregular straggling branches and stiff twigs and long [[spine (botany)|spines]] at the [[leaf]] [[axil]]s. The evergreen leaves are green and lemon-scented with slightly serrate edges, ovate-lanceolate or ovate elliptic 2.5 to 7.0&nbsp;inches long. [[Petiole (botany)|Petioles]] are usually wingless or with minor wings. The clustered flowers of the acidic varieties are purplish tinted from outside, but the sweet ones are white-yellowish.
{{Citron varieties}}

The citron tree is very vigorous with almost no dormancy, blooming several times a year, and is therefore fragile and extremely sensitive to frost.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://lib.ucr.edu/agnic/webber/Vol1/Chapter4.html#acid |title=Website Disabled |publisher=University of California, Riverside |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080308005736/http://lib.ucr.edu/agnic/webber/Vol1/Chapter4.html#acid |archivedate=2008-03-08 }}</ref>

=== Varieties and hybrids ===
The [[acid]]ic varieties include the [[Florentine citron|Florentine]] and [[Diamante citron]] from [[Italy]], the [[Greek citron]] and the [[Balady citron]] from [[Israel]].<ref>{{cite journal | url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/234002705 | title=A review on citron-pharmacognosy, phytochemistry and medicinal uses |author1=Meena, Ajay Kumar |author2=Kandale, Ajit |author3=Rao, M. M. |author4=Panda, P. |author5=Reddy, Govind | journal=The Journal of Pharmacy | volume = 2| issue=1 | pages=14–20 |year=2011}}</ref> The sweet varieties include the [[Corsican citron|Corsican]] and [[Moroccan citron]]s. Among the pulpless are also some [[Fingered citron|fingered]] varieties and the [[Yemenite citron]].

There are also a number of citron [[hybrid (biology)|hybrids]]; for example, [[ponderosa lemon]], the [[lumia (citrus)|lumia]] and [[rhobs el Arsa]] are known citron hybrids. Some claim{{citation needed|date=January 2020}} that even the [[Florentine citron]] is not pure citron, but a citron hybrid.

== Uses ==
=== Culinary ===
{{Main|Succade}}

While the [[lemon]] and [[Orange (fruit)|orange]] are peeled to consume their pulpy and [[juice|juicy]] [[flavedo|segments]], the citron's pulp is dry, containing a small quantity of insipid juice, if any. The main content of a citron fruit is the thick white rind, which adheres to the segments and cannot be separated from them easily. The citron gets halved and depulped, then its rind (the thicker the better) is cut in pieces, cooked in sugar syrup, and used as a [[spoon sweet]], in Greek known as "kitro glyko" (κίτρο γλυκό), or it is diced and caramelized with sugar and used as a confection in cakes. In Italy, a soft drink called "Cedrata" is made from the fruit.

In Samoa a refreshing drink called "vai tipolo" is made from squeezed juice. It is also added to a raw fish dish called "oka" and to a variation of palusami or luáu.

Citron is a regularly used item in Asian cuisine. The variety of citron used in Japan, [[yuzu]], is juiced, and the juice is used regularly in dipping sauces, dressings and marinades. The juice is widely available bottled like lemon juice. Grated or shredded yuzu rind is also added to marinades and desserts, and hollowed out yuzu can be seen as decorative containers in higher end restaurants. In Korea, a popular tea, [[yuja-cha]], is made by mixing citron meat and julienned peels with sugar and honey. This tea is consumed both hot and iced, and is often taken for sore throats and colds in winter.

Today the citron is used for the [[fragrance]] or [[Zest (ingredient)|zest]] of its [[flavedo]], but the most important part is still the inner rind (known as [[pith]] or ''[[Fruit anatomy#Mesocarp|albedo]]''), which is a fairly important article in [[international trade]] and is widely employed in the food industry as [[succade]],<ref name="Purdue Citron">{{cite web |url=http://www.hort.purdue.edu/newcrop/morton/citron.html |title=Citron: ''Citrus medica'' Linn. |publisher=Purdue University}}</ref> as it is known when it is candied in sugar.

The dozens of varieties of citron are collectively known as ''Lebu'' in [[Bengali cuisine|Bangladesh, West Bengal]], where it is the primary citrus fruit.

In Iran, the citron's thick white rind is used to make jam; in [[Pakistan]] the fruit is used to make jam but is also pickled; in [[South Indian cuisine]], some varieties of citron (collectively referred to as "Narthangai" in Tamil and "Heralikayi" in Kannada) are widely used in pickles and preserves.In karnataka, heralikayi(citron) is uses to make lemon rice. In [[Kutch]], Gujarat, it is used to make pickle, wherein entire slices of fruits are salted, dried and mixed with [[jaggery]] and spices to make sweet spicy pickle.<ref>{{cite web |title=Bijora Pickle |url=http://www.jainworld.com/jainfoodrecipes/pic_bijora.asp |publisher=Jain World |access-date=2016-08-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161220073239/http://www.jainworld.com/jainfoodrecipes/pic_bijora.asp |archive-date=2016-12-20 |url-status=dead }}</ref> In the United States, citron is an important ingredient in holiday [[fruitcakes]].

<gallery widths="200px" heights="160px">
File:Halv sukat.JPG|A citron halved and depulped, cooked in sugar
File:Bicchiere di tassoni1.jpg|''Cedrata'', a citron soft drink from Italy
File:Citron cake.jpg|Citron torte
</gallery>

=== Medicinal ===
From [[ancient]] through [[medieval]] times, the citron was used mainly for medical purposes: to combat [[seasickness]], [[pulmonary]] troubles, [[intestine|intestinal]] ailments, [[scurvy]] and other disorders. The [[essential oil]] of the [[flavedo]] (the outermost, pigmented layer of rind) was also regarded as an [[antibiotic]].{{fact|date=May 2020}} Citron juice with [[wine]] was considered an effective [[antidote]] to [[poison]], as [[Theophrastus]] reported. In the Ayurvedic system of medicine, the juice is still used for treating conditions like nausea, vomiting, and excessive thirst.

The juice of the citron has a high [[Vitamin C]] content and is used in the Indian system of medicine as an [[anthelmintic]], appetizer, tonic, in cough, rheumatism, vomiting, flatulence, haemorrhoids, skin diseases and weak eyesight.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.frlht.org/rasayana/matulunga |title=Matulunga (Citrus medica) |publisher=frlht.org |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131224161117/http://www.frlht.org/rasayana/matulunga |archivedate=2013-12-24 }}</ref>

There is an increasing market for the citron for the soluble fiber ([[pectin]]) found in its thick [[flavedo|albedo]].<ref>{{cite journal
|author=Dalia A. Abdul
|title=Preparation and Characterization of Pectin from Peel of Kabad (Citrus Medica) Fruit in Sulaimani City, Iraqi Kurdistan Region
|journal=International Journal of Current Research in Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences
|volume=1
|issue=7
|pages=142–146
|url=http://www.ijcrcps.com/pdfcopy/sept2014/ijcrcps22.pdf
}}
* {{cite journal
|author=Ratchada Tangwongchai
|author2=K. Lerkchaiyaphum
|author3=Kasem Nantachai
|author4=T. Rojanakorn
|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/26469515
|title=Pectin extraction from Citron peel (''Citrus medica'' Linn.) and its use in food system
|journal=Songklanakarin Journal of Science and Technology
|volume=28
|issue=6
|page=6
|date=November 2006
|via=ResearchGate
}}
* {{cite journal |author=Frederick Hardy |title=The Extraction of Pectin from the Fruit Rind of the Lime (''Citrus medica acida'') |journal=Biochemical Journal |volume=18 |issue=2 |year=1924 |pages=283–290 |pmc=1259415 |pmid=16743304 |doi=10.1042/bj0180283}}
* [http://www.fshs.org/Proceedings/Password%20Protected/2002%20Vol.%20115/301-303(Widmer).pdf Scholarly Document] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110726070406/http://www.fshs.org/Proceedings/Password%20Protected/2002%20Vol.%20115/301-303%28Widmer%29.pdf |date=July 26, 2011 }}
* {{cite web
|title=Nutritional compostions comprising a soluble viscous fiber in a solid crisp matrix: United States Patent Application 20060078593
|url=http://www.freepatentsonline.com/y2006/0078593.html
|publisher=Free Patents Online
}}
* See also [https://web.archive.org/web/20080820004629/http://www.fiberstar.net/article2.html FiberStar] and [http://www.med.nyu.edu/content?ChunkIID=13971 NYU Langone Medical Center] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141003160852/http://www.med.nyu.edu/content?ChunkIID=13971 |date=October 3, 2014 }}</ref>

=== Religious ===
==== In Judaism ====
{{Main|Etrog}}
The citron is used by Jews (the word for it in Hebrew is ''[[etrog]]'') for a religious [[ritual]] during the Jewish harvest holiday of Sukkot, the [[Feast of Tabernacles]]; therefore, it is considered to be a Jewish symbol, one found on various Hebrew antiques and archaeological findings.<ref>See [[Etrog]]</ref> Citrons used for ritual purposes cannot be grown by grafting branches.{{cn|date=April 2020}}

==== In Buddhism ====
{{Main|Buddha's hand}}
[[File:Buddhahand2.jpg|thumb|[[fingered citron|The Fingered Citron]]]]

A variety of citron native to [[China]] has sections that separate into finger-like parts and is used as an [[offering (Buddhism)|offering]] in [[Buddhist]] temples.{{cn|date=April 2020}}

=== Perfumery ===
For many centuries, citron's fragrant essential oil has been used in perfumery, the same oil that was used medicinally for its antibiotic properties. Its major constituent is [[limonene]].<ref>{{cite journal |author1=Inouye, S. |author2=Takizawa, T. |author3=Yamaguchi, H. |year=2001 |title=Antibacterial activity of essential oils and their major constituents against respiratory tract pathogens by gaseous contact |journal=Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy |volume=47 |issue=5 |pages=565–573 |url=http://jac.oxfordjournals.org/content/47/5/565.abstract |doi=10.1093/jac/47.5.565 |pmid=11328766|doi-access=free }}</ref>


* [[Buddha's hand#Gallery|Gallery of Fingered citrons]]


----------------------------->
==Referências==
{{Reflist|30em}}
==Bibliografia==
{{refbegin}}
* H. Harold Hume, ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=Y6c4AAAAMAAJ&pg=PA59&lpg=PA59&dq=greek+citron#v=twopage&q&f=false Citrus Fruits and Their Culture]''
* Richard S. Barnett, [https://books.google.com/books?id=LBucOPN6zjwC&pg=PA246&lpg=PA246&dq=citron+mesopotamia#v=twopage&q&f=false ''All Kinds of Scented Wood]''
* Frederick J. Simoons, ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=Fo087ZxohA4C&pg=PA200&lpg=PA200&dq=citron+mesopotamia#v=twopage&q&f=false Food in China: A Cultural and Historical Inquiry]''
* Pinhas Spiegel-Roy, Eliezer E. Goldschmidt, ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=S0-h00_-3CUC&pg=PA4#v=twopage&q&f=false Biology of Citrus]''
* Hugh Chisholm, ed., ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=XbX3VOh5ziYC&pg=RA5-PA182&dq=citron+mesopotamia#v=twopage&q&f=false The Encyclopædia Britannica: A Dictionary of Arts, Sciences, Literature ...]''
* [https://books.google.com/books?id=OLaykfpqSaYC&pg=PA3&dq=citron+mesopotamia#v=twopage&q&f=false Citrus: The Genus Citrus By Giovanni Dugo, Angelo Di Giacomo]
* [https://books.google.com/books?id=1GcEAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA148&dq=citron+mesopotamia#v=twopage&q&f=false Encyclopædia Britannica: A Dictionary of Arts, Sciences, Literature and General Information]
* G. S. Nijjar, [https://books.google.com/books?id=jb05AAAAMAAJ&q=citron+albedo&dq=citron+albedo#v=twopage&q&f=false "Fruit Breeding in India"]
* [https://books.google.com/books?id=KPAMAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA43&lpg=PA43&dq=palestine+citron#v=twopage&q&f=false Proceedings, Google Book Search]
* ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=HAHSM6ufMFUC&pg=PT261&lpg=PT261&dq=rhodes+greek+citron+fruit&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=5&ved=0CBoQ6AEwBA#v=twopage&q&f=false&q=rhodes%20greek%20citron%20fruit A Dictionary of Greek and Roman Culture]''
* [https://books.google.com/books?id=wo8csizDv0gC&pg=PA215&lpg=PA215&dq=palestine+citron#PPA214,M1 International Standard Bible Encyclopedia: A-D By Geoffrey William Bromiley]
* Allen Susser, ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=tsaCbFmmiOoC&pg=PA82&dq=citron+albedo#PPA82,M1 The Great Citrus Book: A Guide With Recipes]''
* [https://books.google.com/books?id=OLaykfpqSaYC&pg=PA171&dq=citron+albedo#PPA171,M1 Citrus: The Genus Citrus By Giovanni Dugo, Angelo Di Giacomo - "Peel confection and candying"]
* [https://books.google.com/books?id=LgvYxBG5kUkC&pg=PA465&lpg=PA465&dq=greek+citron#v=twopage&q&f=false Penny Cyclopaedia of the Society for the Diffusion of Useful Knowledge]
* Alphonse de Candolle, ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=kqcMAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA180&lpg=PA180&dq=citrus+medica+mesopotamia#PPA178,M1 Origin of Cultivated Plants]''
* Evyatar Marienberg and David Carpenter, ''[https://unc.academia.edu/evyatarm/Papers/1218963/The_Stealing_of_the_Apple_of_Eve_from_the_13th_century_Synagogue_of_Winchester The Stealing of the 'Apple of Eve' from the 13th century Synagogue of Winchester]{{dead link|date=September 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}'', Henri III Fine Rolls Project, Fine of the Month: [http://frh3.org.uk/content/month/fm-12-2011.html December 2011]
{{refend}}
== Ver também ==
* [[Cidreira (citrus)]]
* [[Etrog]]
== Galeria==
<gallery heights="110px" mode="packed-hover">
File:Cedri BMK.jpg|Para fins culinários ([[Alemanha]])
File:4642 - Cedri al mercato di Ortigia, Siracusa - Foto Giovanni Dall%27Orto, 20 marzo 2014.jpg|Num mercado de frutas ([[Itália]]).
File:Citrons leaves.jpg|Folhas e frutos ([[Naxos]], [[Grécia]]).
File:Lipari-Citrons (3).jpg|Cidras de uma variedade [[Taxonomia dos citrinos|híbrida]] (na [[Sicília]]).
File:മാതളനാരകം.JPG|Cidra selvagem (Índia).
File:Cidra flor.JPG|Flores de cidra.
File:Citrus 3859.JPG|Cidra num vaso.
File:Cédrat.jpg|Um exemplar de ''[[alimea]]'' (a [[Cidra-corsa|cidra da Córsega]])
File:Bijora.jpg|Bijora - cidra para venda em Bhujpur, [[Kutch|Kutch]], [[Gujarat]], [[Índia]].
</gallery>
== {{Links}} ==
{{Wiktionary1|Cidra}}
{{Wikispecies|Citrus medica}}
{{Commons|Citrus_fruits#Citrons|Cidra}}
* [https://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/taxon.pl?10745 USDA Plants Profile – ''Citrus medica'']
* [http://www.hort.purdue.edu/newcrop/morton/citron.html "Citron"] Purdue University
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20070822234415/http://plantbiology.ucr.edu/people/?Roose#CitrusDiversity University of California- "Citrus Diversity"]
* [http://www.stuartxchange.org/Kalamansi.html Stuart-exchange_org:''Citrus medica'' used as a medicinal plant.]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20071217173424/http://www.botgard.ucla.edu/html/botanytextbooks/economicbotany/Citrus/index.html UCLA: "Give Me A Squeeze"]
* [http://www.wildflowers.co.il/english/plant.asp?ID=797 Wildflowers of Israel – Citron]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20110606041237/http://www.flavorandfortune.com/dataaccess/article.php?ID=162 Buddha's Hand citron] by [[David Karp (pomologista)]]
{{Citrus}}
{{Taxonbar|from=Q150064}}


[[Categoria:Frutos]]
[[Categoria:Frutos]]

Revisão das 16h58min de 24 de agosto de 2020

 Nota: Não confundir com Sidra.
 Nota: Para outros significados, veja Cidra (desambiguação).
Cidra
Fruto da cidreira chinesa.
Classificação científica
Reino:
Plantae
Ordem:
Sapindales
Família:
Rutaceae
Gênero:
Citrus
Espécies:
C. medica
Nome binomial
Citrus medica
Sinónimos[1]
Flor da cidreira.
Fruto imaturo da cidreira.

Citrus medica é uma espécie de citrino (género Citrus da família Rutaceae) cujas variedades cultivadas, designadas por cidreira, produzem a fruta globosa, fortemente aromática e com casca espessa, que é amplamente comercializado sob o nome de cidra. Próxima de uma antiga espécie selvagem nativa do Sudeste Asiático ou da Índia,[2] a cidreira é um dos três taxa do género Citrus que por hibridação e selecção artificial deram origem a todas as modernas variedades e cultivares de citrinos.[3] Embora os cultivares de cidreira assumam uma ampla variedade morfológica, estão todos intimamente relacionadas geneticamente. É amplamente utilizado na culinária asiática e globalmente na preparação de doces e compotas e na produção de perfumes e essências aromáticas, sendo também importante na medicina tradicional e em rituais e oferendas religiosas no Sueste Asiático. Híbridos de cidra com outros cítricos são comercialmente importantes, com destaque para o limão e muitas variedades de lima. Grande e ácida, a cidra é muito rica em compostos bioactivos.[4] Os romanos e outro povos usavam este fruto como desodorizante e para efeitos medicinais.[5]

Descrição

O nome cidra deriva do termo latino citrus, palavra que também deu origem ao nome genérico Citrus atribuído ao género em que a espécie se integra.

Referências

  1. ↑ Ollitrault, Patrick; Curk, Franck; Krueger, Robert (2020). «Citrus taxonomy». In: Talon, Manuel; Caruso, Marco; Gmitter, Fred G, Jr. The Citrus Genus. [S.l.]: Elsevier. pp. 57–81. ISBN 9780128121634. doi:10.1016/B978-0-12-812163-4.00004-8 
  2. ↑ (em inglês) Nicolosi, E.; Deng, Z.N.; Gentile, A.; La Malfa, S.; Continella, G. & Tribulato, E., 2000, Citrus phylogeny and genetic origin of important species as investigated by molecular markers. Theoretical and Applied Genetics 100(8): 1155-1166. doi:10.1007/s001220051419 (resumo em HTML).
  3. ↑ Klein, J. (2014). «Citron Cultivation, Production and Uses in the Mediterranean Region». In: Z. Yaniv; N. Dudai. Medicinal and Aromatic Plants of the Middle-East. Col: Medicinal and Aromatic Plants of the World. 2. [S.l.]: Springer Netherlands. pp. 199–214. ISBN 978-94-017-9275-2. doi:10.1007/978-94-017-9276-9_10 
  4. ↑ «Bioactive Compounds of Citrus as Health Promoters» (em inglês): 29–97. doi:10.2174/9781681082394116010005 
  5. ↑ Duarte, A.; Fernandes, J.; Bernardes, J.; Miguel, G. (2016). «Citrus as a Component of the Mediterranean Diet (PDF Download Available)». ResearchGate (em inglês). Journal of Spatial and Organizational Dynamics, IV(4): 289-304.

Bibliografia

Ver também

Galeria

Ligações externas

Wikcionário
Wikcionário
O Wikcionário tem o verbete Cidra.
Wikispecies
Wikispecies
O Wikispecies tem informações sobre: Cidra
Commons
Commons
O Commons possui imagens e outros ficheiros sobre Cidra

Predefinição:Citrus

Obtida de "https://pt.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cidra&oldid=59149933"