Sequoia sempervirens: diferenças entre revisões

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{{Info/Taxonomia
{{Info/Taxonomia
|nome = Sequoia-vermelha
|nome = ''Sequoia sempervirens''<br><small>sequoia-costeira, sequoia-vermelha</small>
|cor = lightgreen
|imagem = Sequoia sempervirens Big Basin Redwoods State Park 1.jpg
|imagem = Sequoia sempervirens Big Basin Redwoods State Park 1.jpg
|imagem_legenda = Sequoia.
|imagem_legenda = ''''Sequoia sempervirens''.
|imagem_largura=250px
|estado = VU
|estado = EN
|sistema_estado= iucn3.1
|sistema_estado= iucn3.1
|estado_ref = <ref>{{Cite iucn | last1 = Farjon | first1=A | last2 = Schmid | first2=R | title = ''Sequoia sempervirens'' | volume = 2013 | page = e.T34051A2841558 | date = 2013 | doi = 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2013-1.RLTS.T34051A2841558.en }}</ref>
|reino = [[Plantae]]
|reino = [[Plantae]]
|divisão = [[Pinophyta]]
|divisão = [[Pinophyta]]
Linha 11: Linha 12:
|ordem = [[Pinales]]
|ordem = [[Pinales]]
|família = [[Cupressaceae]]
|família = [[Cupressaceae]]
|género = ''Sequoia''
|género = ''[[Sequoia]]''
|espécie = ''S. sempervirens''
|espécie = ''S. sempervirens''
|binomial = ''Sequoia sempervirens''
|binomial = ''Sequoia sempervirens''
|binomial_autoridade = ([[David Don|D. Don]]) [[Stephan Ladislaus Endlicher|Endl.]]
|binomial_autoridade = ([[David Don|D. Don]]) [[Stephan Ladislaus Endlicher|Endl.]]
| mapa = Sequoia Sequoiadendron range map.png
}}
| mapa_legenda = Distribuição natural da subfamília [[Sequoioideae]]
[[File:Sequoia sempervirens MHNT.BOT.2007.52.2.jpg|thumb|''Sequoia sempervirens'' - [[MHNT]]]]
<div style="background-color:#90ee90">verde - '''''Sequoia sempervirens'''''</div>
<div style="background-color:#ee9090">vermelho - ''[[Sequoiadendron giganteum]]''</div>
}}
[[File:Sequoia sempervirens MHNT.BOT.2007.52.2.jpg|thumb|260px|[[Estróbilo]]s e sementes de ''Sequoia sempervirens'' - [[MHNT]].]]
[[File:US 199 Redwood Highway.jpg|thumb|260px|''Sequoia sempervirens'' próximo da estrada [[U.S. Route 199|US 199]].]]
[[File:Sectionaltree.jpg|thumb|260px|Secção do tronco de ''S. sempervirens''.]]
'''''Sequoia sempervirens''''' é a única [[espécie]] [[extante]] do [[Género (biologia)|género]] ''[[Sequoia]]'' da [[família (biologia)|família]] [[Cupressaceae]] (anteriormente incluído em [[Taxodiaceae]]), conhecida pelos nomes comuns de ''sequóia-costeira'' e ''sequóia-vermelha''.<ref name=Sunset1995>''Sunset Western Garden Book,'' 1995:606–607.</ref><ref name=BSBI07>[https://web.archive.org/web/20150626140254/http://www.bsbi.org.uk/BSBIList2007.xls BSBI List 2007 (xls). Botanical Society of Britain and Ireland]. Archived from the original (xls) on 2015-06-26. Retrieved 2014-10-17.</ref><ref>A espécie próxima ''[[Sequoiadendron giganteum]]'' é conhecida como "sequoia-gigante".</ref> É um [[megafanerófito]] [[perenifólio]] [[Subdioecia|trioico]], de longa duração, capaz de viver de 1200 a 2200 anos ou mais.<ref name=Stagner>{{cite web|url=http://www.nps.gov/parkhistory/online_books/seki/stagner/sec2.htm |title=Sequoia gigantea is of an ancient and distinguished family |publisher=Nps.gov |date=2007-02-02 |access-date=2012-08-07}}</ref> A espécie inclui os seres vivos mais altos e mais massivos da [[Terra]], atingindo até 115&nbsp;m de altura<ref>[http://noticias.terra.com.br/educacao/vocesabia/interna/0,,OI2103395-EI8406,00.html Terra/Biologia]</ref> (sem as [[raiz (botânica)|raízes]]) e até 9&nbsp;m de [[diâmetro à altura do peito]] (dap), estando também estão entre os [[Macrobiologia|macrorganismos]] mais antigos do planeta. Antes do início da extração comercial e do abate generalizado das florestas californianas que se iniciou na década de 1850, esta enorme árvore ocorria [[planta nativa|naturalmente]] numa área estimada de {{fmtn|810000}} ao longo de grande parte da costa da Califórnia (exceto no sul, onde as chuvas não são suficientes) e no sudoeste da costa do Oregon.<ref>{{cite web |title=Redwood National & State Parks Redwood burl poaching background and update |url=https://www.nps.gov/redw/learn/news/upload/RNSP-Burl-Background-and-Update-14April2014.pdf |website=www.nps.gov |access-date=8 Junho 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Kreissman |first1=Bern |last2=Lekisch |first2=Barbara |title=California, an Environmental Atlas & Guide |date=1991 |publisher=Bear Klaw Press |isbn=978-0962748998 |page=104 |url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/California_an_Environmental_Atlas_Guide/ncbRstgM6KQC?hl=en&gbpv=1&bsq=2,000,000%20acres |access-date=8 Junho 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=Hearings, Reports and Prints of the House Committee on Interior and Insular Affairs |date=31 janeiro 1978 |publisher=United States. Congress. House. Committee on Interior and Insular Affairs |page=266 |url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/Hearings_Reports_and_Prints_of_the_House/3ss1AAAAIAAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&pg=PA266&printsec=frontcover |access-date=8 Junho 2020}}</ref>
==Descrição==
O nome ''sequoia'' também é usado como um termo comum para a subfamília [[Sequoioideae]] na qual este género é classificado junto com ''[[Sequoiadendron]]'' (sequoia-gigante) e ''[[Metasequoia]]''.


A espécie destaca-se pelo seu grande porte e longevidade. Pode viver por milénios e, neste período, ultrapassar os 100 [[metro]]s de altura e algumas dezenas de metros de circunferência na base. Alguns exemplares possuem troncos de [[cor]] avermelhada, tão robustos que permitiram escavar um [[túnel]] para a passagem de automóveis através da sua base. Outra característica da espécie, além do porte, é o tamanho relativamente curto de seus ramos laterais, concentrados na região apical da árvore, e as folhas estreitas distribuídas disticamente no ápice dos ramos.
A '''''Sequoia sempervirens''''' ('''sequoia-vermelha''') é a única espécie sobrevivente do gênero Sequoia, sendo nativa da [[América do Norte]], especialmente na [[costa oeste dos Estados Unidos]] onde, na [[Califórnia]], existem exemplares entre 1200–1800 [[ano]]s. Uma delas, chamada ''Hyperion'', é a árvore mais alta da Terra, com 115 m de altura.<ref>[http://noticias.terra.com.br/educacao/vocesabia/interna/0,,OI2103395-EI8406,00.html Terra/Biologia]</ref> O gênero fazia parte da família [[Taxodiaceae]], embora atualmente faça parte da família [[Cupressaceae]], devido a alterações realizadas após a obtenção de novos dados filogenéticos.


Tem sido plantada em [[Portugal]] e na [[Região Sul do Brasil|região Sul]] do [[Brasil]], principalmente para fins ornamentais.
O nome ''sequoia'' também é usado como um termo comum para a subfamília [[Cupressaceae#Géneros|Sequoioideae]] na qual este gênero é classificado junto com a ''[[Sequoiadendron]]'' (Sequoia Gigante) e a ''[[Metasequoia]]''.
<!---------------------------------
The coast redwood is known to have reached {{convert|115|m|ft|abbr=on|sp=us}} tall with a trunk diameter of {{convert|9|m|ft|abbr=on|sp=us}}.<ref name="Flora of North America">{{eFloras|1|200005399|Sequoia sempervirens |first=Frank D. |last=Watson |volume=2 |access-date=1 February 2015}}</ref> It has a [[Cone (geometry)|conical]] [[Crown (botany)|crown]], with horizontal to slightly drooping branches. The [[Bark (botany)|bark]] can be very thick, up to {{convert|1|ft|cm|adj=on|sp=us|order=flip}}, and quite soft and fibrous, with a bright red-brown color when freshly exposed (hence the name redwood), weathering darker. The [[root]] system is composed of shallow, wide-spreading lateral roots.


The [[leaf|leaves]] are variable, being {{convert|15|–|25|mm|in|frac=8|abbr=on|sp=us}} long and flat on young trees and shaded lower branches in older trees. The leaves are scale-like, {{convert|5|–|10|mm|in|frac=8|abbr=on|sp=us}} long on shoots in full sun in the upper crown of older trees, with a full range of transition between the two extremes. They are dark green above and have two blue-white [[stomata]]l bands below. Leaf arrangement is spiral, but the larger shade leaves are twisted at the base to lie in a flat plane for maximum light capture.
A espécie destaca-se pelo seu grande porte e longevidade. Pode viver por milênios e, neste período, ultrapassar os 100 [[metro]]s de altura e algumas dezenas de metros de circunferência em sua base. Alguns exemplares nos [[Estados Unidos]] possuem troncos de [[cor]] avermelhada, tão robustos que permitiram escavar um [[túnel]] para a passagem de [[carro]]s em suas bases. Outra característica da espécie, além do porte, é o tamanho relativamente curto de seus ramos laterais, concentrados na região apical da árvore, e as folhas estreitas distribuídas disticamente no ápice dos ramos.


The species is [[plant sexuality|monoecious]], with pollen and seed cones on the same plant. The [[Conifer cone|seed cones]] are ovoid, {{convert|15|–|32|mm|in|frac=16|abbr=on|sp=us}} long, with 15–25 spirally arranged scales; [[pollination]] is in late winter with maturation about 8–9 months after. Each cone scale bears three to seven [[seed]]s, each seed {{convert|3|–|4|mm|frac=16|in|abbr=on|sp=us}} long and {{convert|0.5|mm|in|sigfig=1|abbr=on|sp=us}} broad, with two wings {{convert|1|mm|in|sigfig=1|abbr=on|sp=us}} wide. The seeds are released when the cone scales dry out and open at maturity. The pollen cones are ovular and {{convert|4|–|6|mm|in|frac=16|abbr=on|sp=us}} long.
Tem sido plantada em [[Portugal]] e na [[Região Sul do Brasil|região Sul]] do [[Brasil]], principalmente para fins ornamentais.


Its [[genetics|genetic]] makeup is unusual among conifers, being a [[polyploid|hexaploid]] (6n) and possibly [[Polyploidy#Terminology|allopolyploid]] (AAAABB).<ref name=Ahuja2002>{{cite journal|last1=Ahuja|first1=MR|last2=Neale|first2=DB|title=Origins of Polyploidy in Coast Redwood (Sequoia sempervirens) and Relationship of Coast Redwood to other Genera of Taxodiaceae|journal=Silvae Genetica|volume=51|issue=2–3|pages=93–100|year=2002}}</ref>
{{referências}}
Both the [[mitochondria]]l and [[chloroplast]] genomes of the redwood are [[Paternal mtDNA transmission|paternally inherited]].<ref name=Neale1989>{{cite journal|last1=Neale|first1=DB|last2=Marshall|first2=KA|last3=Sederoff|first3=RR|title=Chloroplast and Mitochondrial DNA are Paternally Inherited in Sequoia sempervirens|journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences|volume=86|issue=23|pages=9347–9|year=1989|pmid=16594091|pmc=298492|url=http://www.pnas.org/cgi/reprint/86/23/9347|doi=10.1073/pnas.86.23.9347|bibcode=1989PNAS...86.9347N}}</ref>


== Ver também ==
{{correlatos|commons=Sequoia sempervirens|wikispecies=Sequoia sempervirens}}


==Taxonomy==
* [[Sequoiadendron]] (gigante)
Scottish botanist [[David Don]] described the redwood as the evergreen taxodium (''Taxodium sempervirens'') in his colleague [[Aylmer Bourke Lambert]]'s 1824 work ''A description of the genus Pinus''.<ref name="don 1824">{{cite book|last=Don|first=David|title=A description of the genus Pinus :illustrated with figures, directions relative to the cultivation, and remarks on the uses of the several species|editor=Lambert, Aylmer Bourke |publisher=J. White|location=London, United Kingdom|date=1824|volume=2|pages=24|url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/30944674}}</ref> Austrian botanist [[Stephan Endlicher]] erected the genus ''[[Sequoia (genus)|Sequoia]]'' in his 1847 work ''Synopsis coniferarum'', giving the redwood its current binomial name of ''Sequoia sempervirens''.<ref>{{cite book|last=Endlicher|first=Stephan|title=Synopsis Coniferarum|volume=1847|publisher=Scheitlin & Zollikofer|location=St. Gallen|date=1847|url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/15191847}}</ref> Endlicher probably derived the name Sequoia from the [[Cherokee]] name of [[George Gist]], usually spelled Sequoyah, who developed the still-used [[Cherokee syllabary]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Muleady-Mecham |first1=Nancy E. |title=Endlicher and Sequoia: Determination of the Etymological Origin of the Taxon |journal=Bulletin, Southern California Academy of Sciences |date=August 2017 |volume=116 |issue=2 |pages=137–146 |doi=10.3160/soca-116-02-137-146.1 |s2cid=89925020 }}</ref> The redwood is one of three living species, each in its own genus, in the subfamily [[Sequoioideae]]. Molecular studies have shown that the three are each other's closest relatives, generally with the redwood and giant sequoia (''[[Sequoiadendron giganteum]]'') as each other's closest relatives. However, Yang and colleagues in 2010 queried the polyploid state of the redwood and speculate that it may have arisen as an ancient [[hybrid (biology)|hybrid]] between ancestors of the giant sequoia and dawn redwood (''[[Metasequoia]]''). Using two different single copy [[nuclear gene]]s, [[Leafy|LFY]] and NLY, to generate [[phylogenetic tree]]s, they found that ''Sequoia'' was clustered with ''Metasequoia'' in the tree generated using the LFY gene, but with ''Sequoiadendron ''in the tree generated with the NLY gene. Further analysis strongly supported the hypothesis that ''Sequoia'' was the result of a [[hybridization event]] involving ''Metasequoia'' and ''Sequoiadendron''. Thus, Yang and colleagues hypothesize that the inconsistent relationships among ''Metasequoia'', ''Sequoia,'' and ''Sequoiadendron'' could be a sign of [[reticulate evolution]] (in which two species hybridize and give rise to a third) among the three genera. However, the long evolutionary history of the three genera (the earliest fossil remains being from the [[Jurassic]]) make resolving the specifics of when and how ''Sequoia'' originated once and for all a difficult matter—especially since it in part depends on an incomplete [[fossil]] record.<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal|title = Three Genome-based Phylogeny of Cupressaceae s.l: Further Evidence for the Evolution of Gymnosperms and Southern Hemisphere Biogeography|year = 2012|last1 = Yang|first1 = Z.Y.|last2 = Ran|first2 = J.H.|last3 = Wang|first3 = X.Q.|journal = Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution|volume = 64|issue = 3|doi=10.1016/j.ympev.2012.05.004|pages=452–470|pmid=22609823}}</ref>
* [[Metasequoia]]


==Distribution and habitat==
{{Portal3|Estados Unidos}}
Coast redwoods occupy a narrow strip of land approximately {{convert|750|km|mi|abbr=on|sp=us}} in length and {{convert|8|–|75|km|mi|0|abbr=on|sp=us}} in width along the Pacific coast of North America; the most southerly grove is in [[Monterey County, California|Monterey County]], California, and the most northerly groves are in extreme southwestern [[Oregon]]. The prevailing elevation range is {{convert|30|–|750|m|ft|-1|abbr=on|sp=us}} above sea level, occasionally down to 0 and up to about {{convert|3000|ft|m|-2|sp=us|order=flip}}.<ref>Farjon, A. (2005). ''Monograph of Cupressaceae and Sciadopitys''. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. {{ISBN|1-84246-068-4}}.</ref> They usually grow in the mountains where precipitation from the incoming moisture off the ocean is greater. The tallest and oldest trees are found in deep valleys and gullies, where year-round streams can flow, and fog drip is regular. The [[terrain]] also made it harder for loggers to get to the trees and to get them out after [[felling]]. The trees above the fog layer, above about {{convert|700|m|ft|-1|abbr=on|sp=us}}, are shorter and smaller due to the drier, windier, and colder conditions. In addition, [[Douglas fir]], [[pine]], and [[tanoak]] often crowd out redwoods at these elevations. Few redwoods grow close to the ocean, due to intense salt spray, sand, and wind. [[Coalescence (physics)|Coalescence]] of coastal fog accounts for a considerable part of the trees' water needs.<ref name=Bionet1998>{{cite web|url=http://www.bio.net/bionet/mm/ag-forst/1998-December/012213.html|title=Redwood fog drip |publisher=Bio.net |date=1998-12-02 |access-date=2012-08-07}}</ref>


The northern boundary of its range is marked by groves on the [[Chetco River]] on the western fringe of the [[Klamath Mountains]], near the California-Oregon border.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.redwoodhikes.com/Oregon/Loeb.html|title=The Redwood Nature Trail, Siskiyou National Forest|website=www.redwoodhikes.com|access-date=2019-11-26}}</ref> The northernmost grove is located within [[Alfred A. Loeb State Park]] and [[Siskiyou National Forest]] at the approximate coordinates 42°07'36"N 124°12'17"W. The southern boundary of its range is the [[Los Padres National Forest]]'s [[Silver Peak Wilderness]] in the [[Santa Lucia Mountains]] of the [[Big Sur]] area of [[Monterey County, California]]. The southernmost grove is in the [[Southern Redwood Botanical Area]], just north of the national forest's Salmon Creek trailhead and near the [[San Luis Obispo County]] line.<ref>{{cite web |title=Coast Redwood : Los Padres ForestWatch |url=https://www.lpfw.org/archive/about/critters/coastredwood.htm |website=www.lpfw.org |access-date=17 April 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170529200853/http://www.lpfw.org/archive/about/critters/coastredwood.htm |archive-date=29 May 2017 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Photography on the Run: Calflora/Google Maps image of coast redwood (Sequoia sempervirens) distribution in California. The southernmost naturally-occurring coast redwoods are in Monterey County, in the Southern Redwood Botanical Area of Los Padres National Forest. |url=https://photographyontherun.com/prun.aspx?id=1040 |website=photographyontherun.com |access-date=17 April 2020}}</ref>
{{Bases de dados taxonómicos}}

The largest (and tallest) populations are in [[Redwood National and State Parks]] ([[Del Norte County, California|Del Norte]] and [[Humboldt County, California|Humboldt]] Counties) and [[Humboldt Redwoods State Park]] ([[Humboldt County, California]]), with the majority located in the much larger Humboldt County.

The prehistoric [[fossil]] range of the genus is considerably greater, with a subcosmopolitan distribution including Europe and Asia until about 5 million years ago. During the last [[ice age]], perhaps as recently as 10,000 years ago, redwood trees grew as far south as the Los Angeles area (coast redwood bark found in subway excavations and at [[La Brea Tar Pits|La Brea tar pits]]).

==Ecology==
[[File:030803a redwoodfog.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Fog]] is of major importance in coast redwood ecology. [[Redwood National and State Parks|Redwood National Park]].]]
This native area provides a unique environment with heavy seasonal rains up to {{convert|100|in|mm|sp=us|order=flip}} annually. Cool coastal air and [[fog drip]] keep this forest consistently damp year round. Several factors, including the heavy rainfall, create a soil with fewer nutrients than the trees need, causing them to depend heavily on the entire biotic community of the forest, and making efficient recycling of dead trees especially important. This forest community includes [[coast Douglas fir]], [[Pacific madrone]], [[tanoak]], [[western hemlock]], and other trees, along with a wide variety of [[fern]]s, [[moss]]es, [[fungus|mushrooms]], and [[redwood sorrel]]. Redwood forests provide habitat for a variety of amphibians, birds, mammals, and reptiles. [[Old-growth]] redwood stands provide habitat for the federally threatened [[spotted owl]] and the California-endangered [[marbled murrelet]].

Coast redwoods are resistant to insect attack, fungal infection, and rot. These properties are conferred by concentrations of [[terpenoid]]s and [[tannic acid]] in redwood leaves, roots, bark, and wood.<ref name=":03" /> Despite these chemical defenses, redwoods are still subject to insect infestations; none, however, are capable of killing a healthy tree.<ref name=":03" /> Redwoods also face herbivory from mammals: [[American black bear|black bears]] are reported to consume the inner bark of small redwoods, and [[black-tailed deer]] are known to eat redwood sprouts.<ref name=":03" />

The oldest known coast redwood is about 2,200 years old;<ref name=Gymnosperm/> many others in the wild exceed 600 years. The numerous claims of older redwoods are incorrect.<ref name=Gymnosperm/> Because of their seemingly timeless lifespans, coast redwoods were deemed the "everlasting redwood" at the turn of the century; in [[Latin]], ''sempervirens'' means "ever green" or "everlasting". Redwoods must endure various environmental disturbances to attain such great ages. In response to forest fires, the trees have developed various adaptations. The thick, fibrous bark of coast redwoods is extremely fire-resistant; it grows to at least a foot thick and protects mature trees from fire damage.<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":3">Shirely, James Clifford. 1940. ''[https://www.nps.gov/parkhistory/online_books/shirley/index.htm The Redwoods of Coast and Sierra].'' University of California Press.</ref> In addition, the redwoods contain little flammable pitch or resin.<ref name=":3" /> If damaged by fire, a redwood readily sprouts new branches or even an entirely new crown,<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":03" /> and if the parent tree is killed, new buds sprout from its base.<ref name=":03" /> Fires, moreover, appear to actually benefit redwoods by causing substantial mortality in competing species while having only minor effects on redwood. Burned areas are favorable to the successful germination of redwood seeds.<ref name=":2">{{Cite book|title=Pocket flora of the redwood forest|last=1922-|first=Becking, Rudolf Willem|date=1982-01-01|publisher=Island Press|isbn=978-0933280021|oclc=904189212|url=https://archive.org/details/pocketfloraofred00beck_0}}</ref> A study published in 2010, the first to compare post-wildfire survival and regeneration of redwood and associated species, concluded fires of all severity increase the relative abundance of redwood and higher-severity fires provide the greatest benefit.<ref name="Ramage2010">{{cite journal|author1=Ramage, B.S. |author2=OʼHara, K.L. |author3=Caldwell, B.T. |year= 2010 |title= The role of fire in the competitive dynamics of coast redwood forests|journal=Ecosphere |volume=1 |issue=6| at= article 20 |doi=10.1890/ES10-00134.1|doi-access=free }}</ref>

Redwoods often grow in flood-prone areas. Sediment deposits can form impermeable barriers that suffocate tree roots, and unstable soil in flooded areas often causes trees to lean to one side, increasing the risk of the wind toppling them. Immediately after a flood, redwoods grow their existing roots upwards into recently deposited sediment layers.<ref name=":4">{{Cite journal|last1=Stone|first1=Edward C.|last2=Vasey|first2=Richard B.|date=January 12, 1968|title=Preservation of Coast Redwoods on Alluvial Flats|jstor=1723263|journal=Science|volume=159|issue=3811|pages=157–161|doi=10.1126/science.159.3811.157|pmid=17792349|bibcode=1968Sci...159..157S}}</ref> A second root system then develops from adventitious buds on the newly buried trunk and the old root system dies.<ref name=":4" /> To counter lean, redwoods increase wood production on the vulnerable side, creating a supporting buttress.<ref name=":4" /> These adaptations create forests of almost exclusively redwood trees in flood-prone regions.<ref name=":03" /><ref name=":4" />

The height of ''S.&nbsp;sempervirens'' is closely tied to fog availability; taller trees become less frequent as fog becomes less frequent.<ref>{{Cite journal|title = Relationship of convection fog to characteristics of the vegetation of Redwood National Park|last = Harris|first = S. A.|date = 1989|journal = MSC Thesis}}</ref> As ''S.&nbsp;sempervirens''' height increases, transporting water via [[water potential]] to the leaves becomes increasingly difficult due to gravity.<ref name=Koch2004 /><ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|title = Hydrostatic constraints on morphological exploitation of light in tall Sequoia sempervirens trees|last1 = Ishii|first1 = H. T.|date = July 2008|journal = Oecologia|volume = 156|issue = 4|pages = 751–63|doi = 10.1007/s00442-008-1032-z|pmid = 18392856|last2 = Jennings|first2 = Gregory M.|last3 = Sillett|first3 = Stephen C.|last4 = Koch|first4 = George W.|bibcode = 2008Oecol.156..751I|s2cid = 20868469}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|title = Safety and efficiency conflicts in hydraulic architecture: scaling from tissues to trees. Plant|last1 = Sperry|first1 = J. S.|date = May 2008|journal = Plant, Cell & Environment|doi = 10.1111/j.1365-3040.2007.01765.x|pmid = 18088335|last2 = Meinzer|last3 = McCulloh|volume = 31|issue = 5|pages = 632–45|doi-access = free}}</ref> Despite the high rainfall that the region receives (up to 100&nbsp;cm), the leaves in the upper canopy are perpetually stressed for water.<ref>{{Cite journal|url = http://www2.humboldt.edu/redwoods/sillett/publications/mullinEtAl2009_online%20version.pdf|archive-url = https://wayback.archive-it.org/all/20120109183242/http://www.humboldt.edu/redwoods/sillett/publications/mullinEtAl2009_online%20version.pdf|url-status = dead|archive-date = January 9, 2012|title = Physiological consequences of height-related morphological variation in Sequoia sempervirens foliage|last1 = Mullen|first1 = L. P.|date = May 29, 2009|journal = Tree Physiology|volume = 29|issue = 8|pages = 999–1010|doi = 10.1093/treephys/tpp037|pmid = 19483187|last2 = Sillett|first2 = S. C.|last3 = Koch|first3 = G. W.|last4 = Antonie|first4 = K. P.|last5 = Antoine|first5 = M. E.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|title = Pushing the limits to tree height: Could foliar water storage compensate for hydraulic constraints in sequoia sempervirens?|last1 = Ishii|first1 = H. T.|date = May 26, 2014|journal = Functional Ecology|volume = 28|issue = 5|pages = 1087–1093|doi = 10.1111/1365-2435.12284|last2 = Azuma|first2 = Wakana|last3 = Kuroda|first3 = Keiko|last4 = Sillett|first4 = Stephen C.|doi-access = free}}</ref> This [[Moisture stress|water stress]] is exacerbated by long droughts in the summer.<ref name=":5">{{Cite journal|last1=Burgess|first1=S. S. O.|last2=Dawson|first2=T. E.|date=2004|title=The contribution of fog to the water relations of Sequoia sempervirens (D. Don): foliar uptake and prevention of dehydration|journal=Plant, Cell and Environment|volume=27|issue=8|pages=1023–1034|doi=10.1111/j.1365-3040.2004.01207.x|doi-access=free}}</ref> Water stress is believed to cause the morphological changes in the leaves, stimulating reduced leaf length and increased leaf succulence.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite journal|title = The hydrostatic gradient, not light availability drives height-related variation in Sequoia sempervirens (Cupressaceae) leaf anatomy|last1 = Oldham|first1 = A. R.|date = July 2010|journal = American Journal of Botany|volume = 97|issue = 7|pages = 1087–97|doi = 10.3732/ajb.0900214|pmid = 21616861|last2 = Sillett|first2 = S. C.|last3 = Tomescu|first3 = A. M. F.|last4 = Koch|first4 = G. W.|doi-access = free}}</ref> To supplement their water needs, redwoods utilize frequent summer fog events. Fog water is absorbed through multiple pathways. Leaves directly take in fog from the surrounding air through the [[Epidermis (botany)|epidermal tissue]], bypassing the [[xylem]].<ref>{{Cite journal|url = http://forestbiology.ucdavis.edu/docs/Dawson_et_al_1998_read_for_class.pdf|title = Fog in the California redwood forest: Ecosystem inputs and used by plants|last = Dawson|first = T. E.|date = 1 September 1998|journal = Oecologia|doi = 10.1007/s004420050683 |pmid =28307672|volume=117|issue = 4|pages=476–485|bibcode =1998Oecol.117..476D|s2cid = 26820268}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|title = Fog interception by Sequoia sempervirens (D. Don) crowns decouples physiology from soil water deficit|last1 = Simonin|first1 = K. A.|date = July 2009|journal = Plant, Cell and Environment|volume = 32|issue = 7|pages = 882–892|doi = 10.1111/j.1365-3040.2009.01967.x|pmid = 19302173|last2 = Santiago|first2 = Louis S.|last3 = Dawson|first3 = Todd E.|doi-access = free}}</ref> Coast redwoods also absorb water directly through their bark.<ref name=":6">{{Cite journal|last1=Earles|first1=J. M.|last2=Sperling|first2=O.|last3=Silva|first3=L. C. R.|last4=McElrone|first4=A. J.|last5=Brodersen|first5=C. R.|last6=North|first6=M. P.|last7=Zwieniecki|first7=M. A.|date=2015|title=Bark water uptake promotes localized hydraulic recovery in coastal redwood crown|journal=Plant, Cell & Environment|volume=39|issue=2|pages=320–328|doi=10.1111/pce.12612|pmid=26178179|doi-access=free}}</ref> The uptake of water through leaves and bark repairs and reduces the severity of xylem embolisms,<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Tognetti|first1=R. A.|last2=Longobucco|first2=Anna|last3=Rashi|first3=Antonio|last4=Jones|first4=Mike B.|date=2001|title=Stem hydraulic properties and xylem vulnerability to embolism in three co-occurring Mediterranean shrubs at a natural CO2 spring|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/263018949|journal=Australian Journal of Plant Physiology|volume=28|issue=4|pages=257|doi=10.1071/PP00125}}</ref><ref name=":6" /> which occur when [[Cavitation#Vascular plants|cavitations]] form in the xylem preventing the transport of water and nutrients.<ref name=":6" /> Fog may also collect on redwood leaves, drip to the forest floor, and be absorbed by the tree's roots. This [[fog drip]] may form 30% of the total water used by a tree in a year.<ref name=":5" />

===Reproduction===
[[File:Sequoia Sempervirens Ring.JPG|thumb|A ring of redwoods as seen from below]]

Coast redwood reproduces both sexually by seed and asexually by sprouting of buds, layering, or [[lignotuber]]s. Seed production begins at 10–15 years of age. Cones develop in the winter and mature by fall. In the early stages, the cones look like [[flower]]s, and are commonly called "flowers" by professional foresters, although this is not strictly correct. Coast redwoods produce many cones, with redwoods in new forests producing thousands per year.<ref name=":2" /> The cones themselves hold 90–150 seeds, but viability of seed is low, typically well below 15% with one estimate of average rates being 3 to 10 percent.<ref name=ucberkeley1>{{cite web|title=Botanical Garden Logistics|work=UC Berkeley – Biology 1B – Plants & Their Environments (p. 13)|publisher=Department of Integrative Biology, University of California-Berkeley|location=Berkeley, California|url=http://ib.berkeley.edu/courses/bio1b/labschedfall07/labexercises/PlantsEnvironments3_4_3.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130513135321/http://ib.berkeley.edu/courses/bio1b/labschedfall07/labexercises/PlantsEnvironments3_4_3.pdf|archive-date=2013-05-13|access-date=2014-01-02}}</ref><ref name=":2" /> The low viability may discourage seed predators, which do not want to waste time sorting [[chaff]] (empty seeds) from edible seeds. Successful germination often requires a fire or flood, reducing competition for seedlings. The winged seeds are small and light, weighing 3.3–5.0&nbsp;mg (200–300 seeds/g; 5,600–8,500/ounce). The wings are not effective for wide dispersal, and seeds are dispersed by wind an average of only {{convert|60|–|120|m|ft|abbr=on|sp=us}} from the parent tree. Seedlings are susceptible to fungal infection and predation by [[banana slug]]s, [[brush rabbit]]s, and [[nematode]]s.<ref name=":03" /> Most seedlings do not survive their first three years.<ref name=":2" /> However, those that become established grow rapidly, with young trees known to reach {{convert|20|m|ft|abbr=on|sp=us}} tall in 20 years.

Coast redwoods can also reproduce asexually by layering or sprouting from the root crown, stump, or even fallen branches; if a tree falls over, it generates a row of new trees along the trunk, so many trees naturally grow in a straight line. Sprouts originate from dormant or adventitious buds at or under the surface of the bark. The dormant sprouts are stimulated when the main adult stem gets damaged or starts to die. Many sprouts spontaneously erupt and develop around the circumference of the tree trunk. Within a short period after sprouting, each sprout develops its own root system, with the dominant sprouts forming a ring of trees around the parent root crown or stump. This ring of trees is called a "fairy ring". Sprouts can achieve heights of {{convert|2.3|m|ft|abbr=on|sp=us}} in a single growing season.

Redwoods may also reproduce using [[burl]]s. A burl is a woody [[lignotuber]] that commonly appears on a redwood tree below the soil line, though usually within {{convert|3|m|ft|0|sp=us}} in depth from the soil surface. Coast redwoods develop burls as seedlings from the axils of their [[cotyledon]], a trait that is extremely rare in conifers.<ref name=":2" /> When provoked by damage, dormant buds in the burls sprout new shoots and roots. Burls are also capable of sprouting into new trees when detached from the parent tree, though exactly how this happens is yet to be studied. Shoot clones commonly sprout from burls and are often turned into decorative hedges when found in suburbia.

==Cultivation and uses==
[[File:Coast_Redwood_2015-06_103.jpg|thumb|right|upright|An example of a [[bonsai]] redwood, from the Pacific Bonsai Museum]]
Coast redwood is one of the most valuable [[timber]] species in the lumbering industry. In California, {{convert|899000|acre|km2|sp=us|order=flip}} of redwood forest are logged, virtually all of it second growth.<ref name=IUCNredlist1>{{cite iucn|title=IUCN Red List of Threatened Species|url=https://www.iucnredlist.org/details/34051/all|access-date=2011-08-14}}</ref> Though many entities have existed in the cutting and management of redwoods, perhaps none has had a more storied role than the [[Pacific Lumber Company]] (1863–2008) of Humboldt County, California, where it owned and managed over {{convert|200000|acre|km2|sp=us|order=flip}} of forests, primarily redwood. Coast redwood lumber is highly valued for its beauty, light weight, and resistance to decay. Its lack of resin makes it absorb water<ref>{{cite book |last=Peattie |first=Donald Culross |author-link=Donald C. Peattie |title=A Natural History of Western Trees |year=1953 |publisher=[[Bonanza Books]] |location=New York |page=22}}</ref> and resist fire.

P.H. Shaughnessy, Chief Engineer of the [[San Francisco]] Fire Department wrote:
<blockquote>In the recent [[1906 San Francisco earthquake|great fire]] of San Francisco, that began April 18th, 1906, we succeeded in finally stopping it in nearly all directions where the unburned buildings were almost entirely of frame construction, and if the exterior finish of these buildings had not been of redwood lumber, I am satisfied that the area of the burned district would have been greatly extended.</blockquote>

Because of its impressive resistance to decay, redwood was extensively used for [[railroad ties]] and [[trestle]]s throughout California. Many of the old ties have been recycled for use in gardens as borders, steps, house beams, etc. Redwood burls are used in the production of table tops, veneers, and turned goods.
[[File:Skyline-to-the-Sea Trail 3.jpg|thumb|left|The [[Skyline-to-the-Sea Trail]] passing through a fallen California redwood tree]]

The [[Yurok]] people, who occupied the region before European settlement, regularly burned off ground cover in redwood forests to bolster [[Notholithocarpus|tanoak]] populations from which they harvested acorns, to maintain forest openings, and to boost populations of useful plant species such as those for medicine or basketmaking.<ref name=":03">{{Cite book|title=The Redwood Forest: History, Ecology, and Conservation of the Coast Redwoods|last=Noss|first=Reed|publisher=Island Press|year=2000|isbn=978-1559637268|oclc=925183647}}</ref>

Extensive logging of redwoods began in the early nineteenth century. The trees were felled by ax and saw onto beds of tree limbs and shrubs to cushion their fall.<ref name=":03" /> Stripped of their bark, the logs were transported to mills or waterways by oxen or horse.<ref name=":03" /> Loggers then burned the accumulated tree limbs, shrubs, and bark. The repeated fires favored [[secondary forest]]s of primarily redwoods as redwood seedlings sprout readily in burned areas.<ref name=":03" /><ref name=":13">Lowell, Phillip G. (1990). ''[http://www.fire.ca.gov/resource_mgt/downloads/forestry/RedwoodHarvesting1990.pdf A Review of Redwood Harvesting: Another Look — 1990].'' California Department of Forestry and Fire Protection.</ref> The introduction of steam engines let crews drag logs through long skid trails to nearby railroads,<ref name=":03" /> furthering the reach of loggers beyond the land nearby rivers previously used to transport trees.<ref name=":13" /> This method of harvesting, however, disturbed large amounts of soil, producing secondary-growth forests of species other than redwood such as [[Douglas fir|Douglas-fir]], [[Abies grandis|grand fir]], and [[Tsuga heterophylla|western hemlock]].<ref name=":03" /> After World War II, trucks and tractors gradually replaced steam engines, giving rise to two harvesting approaches: [[clearcutting]] and selection harvesting. Clearcutting involved felling all the trees in a particular area. It was encouraged by tax laws that exempted all standing timber from taxation if 70% of trees in the area were harvested.<ref name=":03" /> Selection logging, by contrast, called for the removal 25% to 50% of mature trees in the hopes that the remaining trees would allow for future growth and reseeding.<ref name=":13" /> This method, however, encouraged growth of other tree species, converting redwood forests into mixed forests of redwood, grand fir, [[Picea sitchensis|Sitka spruce]], and western hemlock.<ref name=":13" /><ref name=":03" /> Moreover, the trees left standing were often felled by [[windthrow]]; that is, they were often blown over by the wind.

The coast redwood is [[naturalisation (biology)|naturalized]] in New Zealand, notably at [[Redwoods Forest, Whakarewarewa|Whakarewarewa]] Forest, [[Rotorua]].<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.redwoods.co.nz/ | title=Kia Ora - Welcome to The Redwoods Whakarewarewa Forest | publisher=Rotorua District Council|access-date=November 10, 2011}}</ref> Redwood has been grown in New Zealand plantations for over 100 years, and those planted in New Zealand have higher growth rates than those in California, mainly due to even rainfall distribution through the year.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.nzredwood.co.nz/history.php | title=Redwood History | publisher=The New Zealand Redwood Company | access-date=November 11, 2017}}</ref>
Other areas of successful cultivation outside of the native range include Great Britain, Italy, Portugal,<ref name=rbgesearch1>{{cite web|title=Distribution within Europe|url=http://193.62.154.38/cgi-bin/nph-readbtree.pl/feout?FAMILY_XREF=&GENUS_XREF=Sequoia&SPECIES_XREF=sempervirens&TAXON_NAME_XREF=&RANK=|access-date=2011-08-14}}</ref> [[Haida Gwaii]], middle elevations of Hawaii, [[Hogsback, Eastern Cape|Hogsback]] in South Africa, the Knysna Afromontane forests in the Western Cape, Grootvadersbosch Forest Reserve near Swellendam, South Africa and the Tokai Arboretum on the slopes of Table Mountain above Cape Town,a small area in central Mexico ([[Jilotepec de Abasolo|Jilotepec]]), and the southeastern United States from eastern Texas to Maryland. It also does well in the Pacific Northwest (Oregon, Washington, and British Columbia), far north of its northernmost native range in southwestern Oregon. Coast redwood trees were used in a display at Rockefeller Center and then given to Longhouse Reserve in East Hampton, Long Island, New York, and these have now been living there for over twenty years and have survived at {{convert|2|°F|°C|abbr=on}}.<ref name=Longhouse>{{cite web|title=Longhouse|url=http://Longhouse.org|access-date=2011-08-14}}</ref>

This fast-growing tree can be grown as an ornamental specimen in those large parks and gardens that can accommodate its massive size. It has gained the [[Royal Horticultural Society]]'s [[Award of Garden Merit]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://apps.rhs.org.uk/plantselector/plant?plantid=6155 |title=RHS Plant Selector Sequoia sempervirens AGM / RHS Gardening |publisher=Apps.rhs.org.uk |access-date=2012-08-07}}</ref><ref>{{cite web
| url = https://www.rhs.org.uk/plants/pdfs/agm-lists/agm-ornamentals.pdf | title = AGM Plants - Ornamental | date = July 2017
| page = 96 | publisher = Royal Horticultural Society | access-date = 10 November 2018}}</ref>

==Statistics==
[[File:Sequoia-sap.jpg|thumb|Dried [[resin]] of a redwood tree]]
[[File:albino redwood.jpg|thumb|upright|The foliage of an "[[Albino redwood|albino]]" ''Sequoia sempervirens'' exhibiting lack of [[chlorophyll]]]]

Fairly solid evidence indicates that coast redwoods were the world's largest trees before logging, with numerous historical specimens reportedly over {{convert|400|ft|m|0|abbr=on|sp=us|order=flip}}.<ref name=vanpelt>{{cite book|last=Van Pelt|first=Robert|year=2001|title=Forest Giants of the Pacific Coast|publisher=Global Forest Society and University of Washington Press|isbn=978-0-295-98140-6}}</ref>{{rp|16,42}} The theoretical maximum potential height of coast redwoods is thought to be limited to between {{convert|400|and|425|ft|m|1|abbr=on|sp=us|order=flip}}, as [[evapotranspiration]] is insufficient to transport water to leaves beyond this range.<ref name=Koch2004>{{cite journal| last1 = Koch | first1 = G.W. | last2 = Sillett | first2 = S.C. | last3 = Jennings | first3 = G.M. | last4 = Davis | first4 = S.D. | year = 2004 | title = The limits to tree height | journal = Nature | volume = 428 | issue = 6985| pages = 851–854 | doi=10.1038/nature02417 | pmid=15103376| bibcode = 2004Natur.428..851K | s2cid = 11846291 }}</ref> Further studies have indicated this cap is eased by fog, which is prevalent in these trees' natural environment.<ref>{{cite web|title=Climate explains why West Coast trees are much taller than those in the East|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/national/health-science/climate-explains-why-west-coast-trees-are-much-taller-than-those-in-the-east/2012/04/30/gIQA4Mf9rT_story.html|access-date=2015-03-10}}</ref>

A tree reportedly 375 feet (114.3 m) in length was felled in Sonoma County by the Murphy Brothers saw mill in the 1870s,<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=u_E5AQAAMAAJ&pg=PA1403|title=Scientific American: Supplement|date=1877-01-01|publisher=Munn and Company|language=en}}</ref> another claimed to be {{convert|380|ft|m|1|abbr=on|sp=us|order=flip}} and {{convert|26|ft|m|1|abbr=on|sp=us|order=flip}} in diameter was cut down near Eureka in 1914,<ref name=Carder>{{cite book|last=Carder|first=A|title=Forest giants of the world: past and present|publisher=Fitzhenry and Whiteside|location=Ontario|year=1995|isbn=978-1-55041-090-7}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |title=Pacific Coast News |journal=Lumber World Review |date=25 October 1914 |volume=27 |issue=8 |page=41 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ueswAQAAMAAJ&pg=RA6-PA41 |access-date=24 May 2020}}</ref> and the [[Lindsey Creek tree]] was documented to have a height of {{convert|390|ft|m|abbr=on|sp=us|order=flip}} when it was uprooted and felled by a storm in 1905. A tree reportedly {{convert|424|ft|m|1|abbr=on|sp=us|order=flip}} tall was felled in November 1886 by the Elk River Mill and Lumber Co. in Humboldt County, yielding 79,736 marketable board feet from 21 cuts.<ref name=Carranco1982>Redwood Lumber Industry, Lynwood Carranco. Golden West Books, 1982 - Page 21.</ref><ref name=FWDG1886>{{Cite news|url=http://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn86064205/1886-12-09/ed-1/seq-2/;words=feet+Elk+river+424|title=Fort Worth Daily Gazette, Fort Worth, Texas. December 9th, 1886 - Page 2 |pages=2 |publisher=Chroniclingamerica.loc.gov |date= 1886-12-09|access-date=2012-08-07}}</ref><ref name=Driscoll2006>{{cite web|url=http://www.times-standard.com/local/ci_4305681 |title=Does size matter? John Driscoll/The Times-Standard, Eureka, California. September 8th, 2006 |publisher=Times-standard.com |access-date=2012-08-07}}</ref> In 1893, a Redwood cut at Eel River, near Scotia, reportedly measured {{convert|427|ft|m|1|abbr=on|sp=us|order=flip}} in length, and {{convert|77|ft|m|1|abbr=on|sp=us|order=flip}} in girth.<ref>{{cite journal |title=A Mendocino Big Tree |journal=Mining and Scientific Press |date=15 April 1893 |volume=66 |issue=15 |page=230 |url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/Mining_and_Scientific_Press/m5E5AQAAMAAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=%22427+feet%22+eel+river+redwood&pg=PA230&printsec=frontcover |access-date=23 May 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |title=A Giant Redwood for the World's Fair |journal=Pacific Rural Press |date=22 April 1893 |volume=45 |issue=16 |page=354 |url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/Pacific_Rural_Press/hDmLZQcryDUC?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=%22417+feet%22+redwood+eel+river&pg=PA354&printsec=frontcover |access-date=24 May 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |title=Notes. |journal=Garden and Forest |date=14 June 1893 |volume=6 |page=260 |url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/Garden_and_Forest/uhI4AQAAMAAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=%22417+feet%22+redwood+eel&pg=PA260&printsec=frontcover |access-date=24 May 2020}}</ref> However, limited evidence corroborates these historical measurements.

Today, trees over {{convert|200|ft|m|-1|sp=us|order=flip}} are common, and many are over {{convert|300|ft|m|-1|abbr=on|sp=us|order=flip}}. The current tallest tree is the [[Hyperion (tree)|Hyperion tree]], measuring {{convert|379.3|ft|m|2|abbr=on|sp=us|order=flip}}.<ref name=Gymnosperm/> The tree was discovered in [[Redwood National and State Parks|Redwood National Park]] during the summer of 2006 by Chris Atkins and [[Michael Taylor (Tall Tree Discoverer)|Michael Taylor]], and is thought to be the world's tallest living organism. The previous record holder was the [[Stratosphere Giant]] in [[Humboldt Redwoods State Park]] at {{convert|370.2|ft|m|2|abbr=on|sp=us|order=flip}} (as measured in 2004). Until it fell in March 1991, the "Dyerville Giant" was the record holder. It, too, stood in Humboldt Redwoods State Park and was {{convert|372|ft|m|1|abbr=on|sp=us|order=flip}} high and estimated to be 1,600&nbsp;years old. This fallen giant has been preserved in the park.

As of 2016, no living specimen of other tree species exceeds {{convert|100|m|ft|1|abbr=on|sp=us}}.
{{anchor|Grogan's Fault}}
The largest known living coast redwood is Grogan's Fault, discovered in 2014 by Chris Atkins and Mario Vaden in [[Redwood National Park]],<ref name=Gymnosperm/> with a main trunk volume of at least {{convert|38299|ft3|m3|sp=us|order=flip}}<ref name=Gymnosperm>{{Gymnosperm Database |family=Cupressaceae |genus=Sequoia |title=Sequoia sempervirens |access-date=2017-12-30}}</ref> Other high-volume coast redwoods include [[Iluvatar (tree)|Iluvatar]], with a main trunk volume of {{convert|36470|cuft|m3|sp=us|order=flip}},<ref name="vanpelt"/>{{rp|160}} and the [[Lost Monarch]], with a main trunk volume of {{convert|34914|ft3|m3|abbr=on|sp=us|order=flip}}.<ref name="Flint2002">{{cite book|author=Wendell D. Flint|title=To Find the Biggest Tree|date=1 January 2002|publisher=Sequoia Natural History Association|isbn=978-1-878441-09-6}}</ref>

About 230 [[albino redwood]]s (mutant individuals that cannot manufacture [[chlorophyll]]) are known to exist,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sfgate.com/default/article/Cotati-residents-scientists-scramble-to-save-5329227.php|title=Cotati residents, scientists scramble to save albino redwood|work=SFGate|date=2014-03-19}}</ref> reaching heights of up to {{convert|20|m|ft|0|abbr=on|sp=us}}.<ref name=Stienstra2007>{{cite news|last=Stienstra|first=T|title=It's no snow job: handful of redwoods are rare albinos|work=San Francisco Chronicle|date=2007-10-11|url=http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=/c/a/2007/10/11/SPK4SI0PM.DTL|access-date=2011-08-14}}</ref> These trees survive as [[Parasitic plant|parasite]]s, obtaining food by [[grafting]] their root systems with those of normal trees. While similar mutations occur sporadically in other conifers, no cases are known of such individuals surviving to maturity in any other conifer species.{{citation needed|date=March 2016}} Recent research news reports that albino redwoods can store higher concentrations of toxic metals, going so far as comparing them to organs or "waste dumps".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://sempervirens.org/discover-redwoods/ghost-redwoods-solving-the-albino-redwoods-mystery/|title=Ghost Redwoods: Solving the Albino Redwoods Mystery}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.npr.org/2016/09/15/494043629/mystery-of-white-trees-among-californias-redwoods-may-be-solved|title=Mystery Of White Trees Among California's Redwoods May Be Solved}}</ref>

===List of tallest trees===
Heights of the tallest coast redwoods are measured yearly by experts.<ref name=Gymnosperm/> Even with recent discoveries of tall coast redwoods above {{convert|100|m|ft|sp=us}}, it is likely that no taller trees will be discovered.<ref name=Gymnosperm/>
{|class="wikitable sortable"
|+Ten tallest ''Sequoia sempervirens''<ref name=Gymnosperm/>
|-
! rowspan=2|Rank
! rowspan=2|Name
! colspan=2|Height
! colspan=2|Diameter
! rowspan=2|Location
|-
! Meters
! Feet
! Meters
! Feet
|-
| 1
| [[Hyperion (tree)|Hyperion]]
| {{convert|115.85|m|ft|disp=table|sp=us}}
| {{convert|4.84|m|ft|disp=table}}
| [[Redwood National Park]]
|-
| 2
| Helios
| {{convert|114.58|m|ft|disp=table|sp=us}}
| {{convert|4.96|m|ft|disp=table}}
| [[Redwood National Park]]
|-
| 3
| Icarus
| {{convert|113.14|m|ft|disp=table|sp=us}}
| {{convert|3.78|m|ft|disp=table}}
| [[Redwood National Park]]
|-
|4
| [[Stratosphere Giant]]
| {{convert|113.05|m|ft|disp=table|sp=us}}
| {{convert|5.18|m|ft|disp=table}}
| [[Humboldt Redwoods State Park]]
|-
|5
| National Geographic
| {{convert|112.71|m|ft|disp=table|sp=us}}
| {{convert|4.39|m|ft|disp=table}}
| [[Redwood National Park]]
|-
| 6
| Orion
| {{convert|112.63|m|ft|disp=table|sp=us}}
| {{convert|4.33|m|ft|disp=table}}
| [[Redwood National Park]]
|-
| 7
| Federation Giant
| {{convert|112.62|m|ft|disp=table|sp=us}}
| {{convert|4.54|m|ft|disp=table}}
| [[Humboldt Redwoods State Park]]
|-
| 8
| Paradox
| {{convert|112.51|m|ft|disp=table|sp=us}}
| {{convert|3.90|m|ft|disp=table}}
| [[Humboldt Redwoods State Park]]
|-
| 9
| Mendocino
| {{convert|112.32|m|ft|disp=table|sp=us}}
| {{convert|4.19|m|ft|disp=table}}
| [[Montgomery Woods State Natural Reserve]]
|-
| 10
| Millennium
| {{convert|111.92|m|ft|disp=table|sp=us}}
| {{convert|2.71|m|ft|disp=table}}
| [[Humboldt Redwoods State Park]]
|}

Diameter is measured at {{convert|1.4|m|ft|sp=us}} above average ground level ([[Diameter at breast height|at breast height]]). Details of the precise locations for most tallest trees were not announced to the general public for fear of causing damage to the trees and the surrounding habitat.<ref name=Gymnosperm/> The tallest coast redwood easily accessible to the public is the National Geographic Tree, immediately trailside in the Tall Trees Grove of Redwood National Park.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://pmondoy.blogspot.com/2014/09/epic-journey-to-redwoods-national-park.html|title=text report and photograph of premier redwood canopy scientist Dr. Stephen C. Sillett from Humboldt State University while measuring the National Geographic Tree ("Nugget") immediately adjacent to the Tall Trees Trail}}</ref>
[[File:Del Norte Titan 230.jpg|thumb|right|upright|The [[Del Norte Titan]]]]

===List of largest trees===
The following list shows the largest ''S. sempervirens'' by volume known as of 2001.<ref name=vanpelt/>{{rp|186-7}}
{|class="wikitable sortable"
|+Five largest ''Sequoia sempervirens''<ref name=vanpelt/>{{rp|186-7}}
|-
! rowspan=2|Rank
! rowspan=2|Name
! colspan=2|Height
! colspan=2|Diameter
! colspan=2|Trunk volume
! rowspan=2|Location
|-
! Meters
! Feet
! Meters
! Feet
! Cubic meters
! Cubic feet
|-
! 1
| [[Del Norte Titan]]
| {{convert|93.6|m|ft|disp=table|sp=us}}
| {{convert|7.23|m|ft|disp=table|sp=us}}
| {{convert|1045|m3|ft3|disp=table|sp=us}}
| [[Jedediah Smith Redwoods State Park]]
|-
! 2
| [[Iluvatar (tree)|Iluvatar]]
| {{convert|91.4|m|ft|disp=table|sp=us}}
| {{convert|6.14|m|ft|disp=table|sp=us}}
| {{convert|1033|m3|ft3|disp=table|sp=us}}
| [[Prairie Creek Redwoods State Park]]
|-
! 3
| [[Lost Monarch]]
| {{convert|97.8|m|ft|disp=table|sp=us}}
| {{convert|7.68|m|ft|disp=table|sp=us}}
| {{convert|989|m3|ft3|disp=table|sp=us}}
| [[Jedediah Smith Redwoods State Park]]
|-
! 4
| Howland Hill Giant
| {{convert|100.3|m|ft|disp=table|sp=us}}
| {{convert|6.02|m|ft|disp=table|sp=us}}
| {{convert|951|m3|ft3|disp=table|sp=us}}
| [[Jedediah Smith Redwoods State Park]]
|-
! 5
| Sir Isaac Newton
| {{convert|94.8|m|ft|disp=table|sp=us}}
| {{convert|7.01|m|ft|disp=table|sp=us}}
| {{convert|940|m3|ft3|disp=table|sp=us}}
| [[Prairie Creek Redwoods State Park]]
|}
Calculating the volume of a standing tree is the practical equivalent of calculating the [[Volume#Cone|volume of an irregular cone]],<ref name=NPS1997>{{cite web|author=National Park Service|title=The General Sherman Tree|work=Sequoia National Park|publisher=National Park Service, United States Department of the Interior|location=Washington, DC|year=1997|url=http://www.nps.gov/seki/naturescience/sherman.htm|access-date=2011-08-19|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150315000259/https://www.nps.gov/seki/learn/nature/sherman.htm|archive-date=2015-03-15|url-status=unfit}}</ref> and is subject to error for various reasons. This is partly due to technical difficulties in measurement, and variations in the shape of trees and their trunks. Measurements of trunk [[circumference]] are taken at only a few predetermined heights up the trunk, and assume that the trunk is circular in [[Cross section (geometry)|cross-section]], and that taper between measurement points is even. Also, only the volume of the trunk (including the restored volume of basal fire scars) is taken into account, and not the volume of wood in the branches or roots.<ref name=NPS1997/> The volume measurements also do not take cavities into account. Most coast redwoods with volumes greater than {{convert|850|m3|ft3|sp=us}} represent ancient fusions of two or more separate trees, which makes determining whether a coast redwood has a single stem or multiple stems difficult.<ref name="conifers.org">{{Cite web|url=https://www.conifers.org/cu/Sequoia.php|title=Sequoia sempervirens (coast redwood) description|website=www.conifers.org|access-date=2019-11-26}}</ref>

Details of the precise locations for most tallest trees were not announced to the general public for fear of causing damage to the trees and the surrounding habitat.<ref name=Gymnosperm/> The largest coast redwood easily accessible to the public is [[Iluvatar (tree)|Iluvatar]], which stands prominently about 5 meters (16&nbsp;ft) to the southeast of the Foothill Trail of Prairie Creek Redwoods State Park.

===Other notable examples===
* The [[Blossom Rock (San Francisco Bay)#"Navigation Trees"|Blossom Rock Navigation Trees]] were two especially tall sequoias located in the [[Berkeley Hills]] used as a [[navigational aid]] by sailors to avoid the treacherous Blossom Rock near [[Yerba Buena Island]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ohp.parks.ca.gov/?page_id=21388|publisher=California State Parks Office of Historic Preservation|title=Alameda}}</ref>
* The [[Crannell Creek Giant]] was documented to have a trunk volume of at least {{convert|61573|ft3|m3|0|sp=us|order=flip}} - about 32% larger than Grogan's Fault and 17% larger than the current [[General Sherman (tree)|largest tree]]. It was felled around 1945.<ref name=Gymnosperm/><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.mdvaden.com/redwood_crannell_creek_giant.shtml|title=Crannell Creek Giant Coast Redwood. Lindsey Creek Giant Redwood. Largest Sequoia sempervirens Ever Recorded.|website=www.mdvaden.com|access-date=2019-11-03}}</ref>
* The [[Lindsey Creek tree]] was documented to have a height of {{convert|390|ft|m|abbr=on|sp=us|order=flip}} and a trunk volume of at least {{convert|90000|ft3|m3|sp=us|order=flip}} when it was uprooted and felled by a storm in 1905. If these measurements are to be believed, the Lindsey Creek tree was about {{convert|10|ft|m|abbr=on|sp=us|order=flip}} taller than the current [[Hyperion (tree)|tallest tree]], 213% larger than Grogan's Fault, and 171% larger than the current [[General Sherman (tree)|largest tree]].<ref name=Gymnosperm/><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20110704042216/http://www.zilkha.com/2010/10/15/the-most-massive-tree/ ''The Most Massive Tree'', Zilkha Biomass Energy]</ref>
* [[Old Survivor]], also known as the Grandfather, is the last remaining old-growth coastal redwood of the redwood forest that populated the [[Berkeley Hills]]. The tree was seeded sometime between 1549 and 1554.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.sfgate.com/bayarea/article/EAST-BAY-The-Grandfather-of-Oakland-s-redwoods-2491122.php#photo-2653344|newspaper=San Francisco Chronicle|first=Jim|last=Herron Zamora|date=August 14, 2006|title=The 'Grandfather' of Oakland's redwoods}}</ref>
* One of the largest redwood stumps ever found ({{convert|31|ft|m|abbr=on|sp=us|order=flip}} in diameter) is in the Berkeley Hills in the [[Roberts Regional Recreation Area]] section of [[Redwood Regional Park]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.sfchronicle.com/science/article/Hidden-redwood-is-remnant-of-forest-giants-4493517.php|newspaper=San Francisco Chronicle|first=Peter|last=Fimrite|date=May 8, 2013|title=Hidden Redwood is Remnant of Forest Giants}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://baynature.org/articles/in-the-shadow-of-giants/|publisher=BayNature|first=Gordy|last=Slack|date=July 1, 2004|title=In the Shadow of Giants}}</ref>

----------------------->
==Referências==
{{Reflist|30em}}
==Bibliografia==
* Noss, R. F., ed. (2000). ''The Redwood Forest: history, ecology and conservation of the Coast Redwood''. Island Press, Washington, D.C. {{ISBN|1-55963-726-9}}.
== Ver também ==
{{div col|colwidth=22em}}
* ''[[Sequoiadendron]]'' (gigante)
* ''[[Sequoiadendron giganteum]]'' - sequoia-gigante
* ''[[Metasequoia]]''
* [[Sequoioideae]]
* [[Floresta primária]]
* [[Florestas costeiras do norte da Califórnia]] (ecorregião WWF)
* [[Floresta temperada húmida do Pacífico]] (ecorregião WWF)
* [[Redwood National and State Parks]]
* [[Humboldt Redwoods State Park]]
* [[Los Padres National Forest]]
* ''[[Bury Me in Redwood Country]]''
* [[Save the Redwoods League]]
* [[Redwood (cor)]]
* [[Lista das árvores mais altas]]
* [[Stephen C. Sillett]]
{{div col end}}
=={{Links}}==
{{commons|Sequoia sempervirens}}
{{wikispecies|Sequoia sempervirens}}
* [http://www.humboldt.edu/redwoods/ Institute for Redwood Ecology] (inclui galeria fotográfica, vistas da [[Canópia (floresta)|canópia]], [[epífitas]]s e animais [[arborícola]]s
* {{Gymnosperm Database |family=Cupressaceae |genus=Sequoia |link=1}}
* [http://www.nps.gov/redw/index.htm US National Park Service] Redwood
* [http://www.nps.gov/muwo/index.htm Muir Woods National Monument]
* [http://www.savetheredwoods.org Save the Redwoods League] Non-profit organization: education, protection and restoration
* [http://www.sempervirens.org Sempervirens Fund] Non-profit organization
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20060824083158/http://www.ictinternational.com.au/TallTreesGallery.htm ICT Int. Gallery] sensors installation by Dr. [[Stephen Sillett]] & team
* [http://www.mdvaden.com/grove_of_titans.shtml Coast Redwoods - Largest & Tallest] Photos for largest and tallest Coast Redwoods and other information.
* [http://www.redwoodsdocumentary.com Bury Me in Redwood Country] Documentary film about coast redwoods
* {{cite web|title=Science on the SPOT: Albino redwoods, ghosts of the forest |work=YouTube video from Quest |publisher=[[KQED (TV)|KQED]] |date=2010-08-26 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=os5mZQLpe98|access-date=2011-08-14}}
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UCk6r_9ktr4&t=10s Redwood Timelapse California Redwoods], ''YouTube''. This is a short film about the Coastal Redwoods of California.
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wW9w6eCQQkU One Man’s Mission to Revive the Last Redwood Forests | Short Film Showcase], On ''YouTube'' by National Geographic. Published on 28 May 2016;
* {{cite web|title=Redwood Forests - Lumber Felling & Milling 1940's |work=YouTube video from Historia - Bel99TV |date=2013-02-02 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qb_YNZn_kaQ |access-date=2014-11-17}}
* [http://www.humboldtredwoods.org/redwoods Humboldt Redwoods State Park (CA)] Humboldt Redwoods Interpretive Association
* [http://www.wesjones.com/climbing1.htm Preston, Richard. "Climbing the Redwoods"] - 2/14-21/2005 [[The New Yorker|New Yorker]] article about redwoods and climbing.
* [http://www.monumentaltrees.com/en/trees/coastredwood/ More about ''Sequoia sempervirens'':]
* [https://books.google.com/books?id=PNcDAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA28&dq=popular+mechanics+1943+C-87&hl=en&ei=skyQTLrbCo-onQefgtm0DA&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CCsQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q&f=true ''Popular Mechanics'', November 1943, ''Saga of the Redwoods'']

{{Taxonbar|from=Q150129}}
{{Cupressaceae}}
{{Cupressaceae}}
{{Portal3|Estados Unidos}}


[[Categoria:Cupressaceae]]
[[Categoria:Cupressaceae]]
Linha 43: Linha 309:
[[Categoria:Árvores dos Estados Unidos]]
[[Categoria:Árvores dos Estados Unidos]]
[[Categoria:Árvores ornamentais]]
[[Categoria:Árvores ornamentais]]
[[Categoria:Flora da Califórnia]]
{{Título em itálico}}

Revisão das 23h46min de 13 de abril de 2021

Como ler uma infocaixa de taxonomiaSequoia sempervirens
sequoia-costeira, sequoia-vermelha
''Sequoia sempervirens.
''Sequoia sempervirens.
Estado de conservação
Espécie em perigo
Em perigo (IUCN 3.1) [1]
Classificação científica
Reino: Plantae
Divisão: Pinophyta
Classe: Pinopsida
Ordem: Pinales
Família: Cupressaceae
Género: Sequoia
Espécie: S. sempervirens
Nome binomial
Sequoia sempervirens
(D. Don) Endl.
Distribuição geográfica
Distribuição natural da subfamília Sequoioideae verde - Sequoia sempervirens vermelho - Sequoiadendron giganteum
Distribuição natural da subfamília Sequoioideae
verde - Sequoia sempervirens
Estróbilos e sementes de Sequoia sempervirens - MHNT.
Sequoia sempervirens próximo da estrada US 199.
Secção do tronco de S. sempervirens.

Sequoia sempervirens é a única espécie extante do género Sequoia da família Cupressaceae (anteriormente incluído em Taxodiaceae), conhecida pelos nomes comuns de sequóia-costeira e sequóia-vermelha.[2][3][4] É um megafanerófito perenifólio trioico, de longa duração, capaz de viver de 1200 a 2200 anos ou mais.[5] A espécie inclui os seres vivos mais altos e mais massivos da Terra, atingindo até 115 m de altura[6] (sem as raízes) e até 9 m de diâmetro à altura do peito (dap), estando também estão entre os macrorganismos mais antigos do planeta. Antes do início da extração comercial e do abate generalizado das florestas californianas que se iniciou na década de 1850, esta enorme árvore ocorria naturalmente numa área estimada de 810 000 ao longo de grande parte da costa da Califórnia (exceto no sul, onde as chuvas não são suficientes) e no sudoeste da costa do Oregon.[7][8][9]

Descrição

O nome sequoia também é usado como um termo comum para a subfamília Sequoioideae na qual este género é classificado junto com Sequoiadendron (sequoia-gigante) e Metasequoia.

A espécie destaca-se pelo seu grande porte e longevidade. Pode viver por milénios e, neste período, ultrapassar os 100 metros de altura e algumas dezenas de metros de circunferência na base. Alguns exemplares possuem troncos de cor avermelhada, tão robustos que permitiram escavar um túnel para a passagem de automóveis através da sua base. Outra característica da espécie, além do porte, é o tamanho relativamente curto de seus ramos laterais, concentrados na região apical da árvore, e as folhas estreitas distribuídas disticamente no ápice dos ramos.

Tem sido plantada em Portugal e na região Sul do Brasil, principalmente para fins ornamentais.

Referências

  1. ↑ Farjon, A; Schmid, R (2013). «Sequoia sempervirens». Lista Vermelha de Espécies Ameaçadas. 2013: e.T34051A2841558. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2013-1.RLTS.T34051A2841558.enAcessível livremente 
  2. ↑ Sunset Western Garden Book, 1995:606–607.
  3. ↑ BSBI List 2007 (xls). Botanical Society of Britain and Ireland. Archived from the original (xls) on 2015-06-26. Retrieved 2014-10-17.
  4. ↑ A espécie próxima Sequoiadendron giganteum é conhecida como "sequoia-gigante".
  5. ↑ «Sequoia gigantea is of an ancient and distinguished family». Nps.gov. 2 de fevereiro de 2007. Consultado em 7 de agosto de 2012 
  6. ↑ Terra/Biologia
  7. ↑ «Redwood National & State Parks Redwood burl poaching background and update» (PDF). www.nps.gov. Consultado em 8 Junho 2020 
  8. ↑ Kreissman, Bern; Lekisch, Barbara (1991). California, an Environmental Atlas & Guide. [S.l.]: Bear Klaw Press. p. 104. ISBN 978-0962748998. Consultado em 8 Junho 2020 
  9. ↑ Hearings, Reports and Prints of the House Committee on Interior and Insular Affairs. [S.l.]: United States. Congress. House. Committee on Interior and Insular Affairs. 31 janeiro 1978. p. 266. Consultado em 8 Junho 2020 

Bibliografia

  • Noss, R. F., ed. (2000). The Redwood Forest: history, ecology and conservation of the Coast Redwood. Island Press, Washington, D.C. ISBN 1-55963-726-9.

Ver também

Ligações externas

Commons
Commons
O Commons possui imagens e outros ficheiros sobre Sequoia sempervirens
Wikispecies
Wikispecies
O Wikispecies tem informações sobre: Sequoia sempervirens
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