Ephedra: diferenças entre revisões

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{{about|the genus Ephedra, and the family Ephedraceae|the use of the plant as a medicine|Ephedra (medicine)}}
{{Info/Taxonomia
{{Info/Taxonomia
| nome = ''Ephedra''
| nome = ''Ephedra''
| cor = lightgreen
| imagem = Pollença - Ma-2210 - Cap de Formentor - Ephedra fragilis 05 ies.jpg
| imagem = Pollença - Ma-2210 - Cap de Formentor - Ephedra fragilis 05 ies.jpg
| imagem_legenda = ''Ephedra fragilis''
| imagem_legenda = ''[[Ephedra fragilis]]''.
| período_fóssil={{fossil_range|Aptiano|recente}}
| reino = [[Plantae]]
| reino = [[Plantae]]
| divisão = [[Gnetophyta]]
| divisão = [[Gnetophyta]]
Linha 11: Linha 12:
| família = [[Ephedraceae]]
| família = [[Ephedraceae]]
| género = '''''Ephedra'''''
| género = '''''Ephedra'''''
| género_autoridade = [[Carl Linnaeus|L.]]<ref name=Kramer>{{cite book|title=The Families and Genera of Vascular Plants, Vol. 1: Pteridophytes and Gymnosperms|year=1990|publisher=Springer-Verlag|location=Berlin|isbn=3540517944|pages=379–381| vauthors = Kramer KU, Green PS, Götz E | veditors = Kramer KU, Green PS }}</ref>
| género_autoridade = [[Carolus Linnaeus|L.]]
| espécie_tipo = ''[[Ephedra distachya]]''
| espécie_tipo_autoridade = [[Carl Linnaeus|L.]]
| subdivisão_nome = [[Espécie]]s
| subdivisão_nome = [[Espécie]]s
| subdivisão = <center>''Ver texto''</center>
| subdivisão = <center>C. 60 espécies<br>''Ver texto''</center>
| mapa = Ephedra distribution.PNG
| mapa = Ephedra distribution.PNG
| mapa_legenda= GDistribuição natural global do género ''Ephedra''.
| sinónimos=
| sinónimos=
* [[Ephedrales]]
* [[Ephedrales]]
* ''[[Alloephedra]]'' <small>Tao JR et Yang Y., 2003.</small>
* ''[[Chaetocladus]]'' <small>Nelson 1866 nom. illeg.</small>
* ''[[Liaoxia]]'' <small>Cao et S.Q. Wu, 1996</small>
| sinónimos_ref = <ref name=liz10/>
}}
}}
[[File:Green ephedra Ephedra viridis close.jpg|thumb|280px|''[[Ephedra viridis]]''.]]
{{Wikispecies|Ephedrales}}
[[Imagem:Illustration Ephedra distachya0.jpg|thumb|280px|''[[Ephedra distachya]].'']]
[[File:Ephedra fragilis2 ies 2.jpg|thumb|''[[Ephedra fragilis]]'' pollen cones]]
[[File:Ephedra distachya (cones) 2011 2.jpg|thumb|''[[Ephedra distachya]]'': ripe female cones with seeds]]
[[File:Ephedra-ciliata-seed.jpg|thumb|Sementes de ''[[Ephedra ciliata]]''.]]
<!--------------------



'''''Ephedra''''' is a [[genus]] of [[gymnosperm]] [[shrub]]s. The various species of ''Ephedra'' are widespread in many arid regions of the world, ranging across southwestern North America, southern Europe, northern Africa, southwest and central Asia, northern China and western South America.<ref name=liz10>[http://apps.kew.org/wcsp/namedetail.do?name_id=332845 Kew World Checklist of Selected Plant Families]</ref> It is the only extant genus in its family, [[Ephedraceae]], and order, Ephedrales, and one of the three living members of the division [[Gnetophyta]] alongside ''[[Gnetum]]'' and ''[[Welwitschia]].''

In [[temperate climates]], most ''Ephedra'' species grow on shores or in sandy soils with direct sun exposure. Common names in English include joint-pine, jointfir, Mormon-tea or Brigham tea. The Chinese name for ''Ephedra'' species is ''mahuang'' ({{zh|s=麻黄|t=麻黃|p=máhuáng|w=ma-huang|l=hemp yellow}}). ''Ephedra'' is the origin of the name of the stimulant [[ephedrine]], which the plants contain in significant concentration.

==Description==
The family [[Ephedraceae]], of which ''Ephedra'' is the only extant genus, are [[gymnosperms]], and generally shrubs, sometimes clambering vines, and rarely, small trees. Members of the genus frequently spread by the use of [[rhizome]]s.<ref name=judd/>

The stems are green and photosynthetic.<ref name=apg/> The leaves are opposite or whorled. The scalelike leaves fuse into a sheath at the base and this often sheds soon after development.
There are no resin canals.<ref name=judd/>

The plants are mostly [[Dioecy|dioecious]], with the pollen [[strobilus|strobili]] in whorls of 1–10, each consisting of a series of decussate<ref name=vic/> bracts. The pollen is furrowed. The female strobili also occur in whorls, with bracts which fuse around a single ovule. Fleshy bracts are white (such as in ''[[Ephedra frustillata]]'') or red. There are generally 1–2 yellow to dark brown seeds per strobilus.<ref name=judd/>


==Taxonomy==
The genus ''Ephedra'' was first described in 1753 by [[Carl Linnaeus]],<ref name=gymno/><ref name=linn/><ref name=linn2/> and the [[type species]] is ''[[Ephedra distachya]]''.<ref name=linn/> The family, Ephedraceae, was first described in 1829 by [[Dumort.|Dumortier]].<ref name=gymno>[https://www.conifers.org/ep/Ephedraceae.php The Gymnosperm database: ''Ephedra''.] Retrieved 5 julho 2019.</ref><ref name=dumort/>

=== Evolutionary history ===
The oldest known members of the genus are from the [[Early Cretaceous]] around 125 million years ago, with records being known from the [[Aptian]]-[[Albian]] of Argentina,<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Puebla GG, Iglesias A, Gómez MA, Prámparo MB | title = Fossil record of Ephedra in the Lower Cretaceous (Aptian), Argentina | journal = Journal of Plant Research | volume = 130 | issue = 6 | pages = 975–988 | date = novembro 2017 | pmid = 28528483 | doi = 10.1007/s10265-017-0953-1 | hdl = 11336/59894 | s2cid = 23766815 | url = http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s10265-017-0953-1 | hdl-access = free }}</ref> China,<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Yang Y, Wang Q | title = The earliest fleshy cone of Ephedra from the early cretaceous Yixian Formation of northeast China | journal = PLOS ONE | volume = 8 | issue = 1 | pages = e53652 | date = 14 janeiro 2013 | pmid = 23341964 | pmc = 3544918 | doi = 10.1371/journal.pone.0053652 | bibcode = 2013PLoSO...853652Y | doi-access = free }}</ref> Portugal and the United States.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Rydin C, Pedersen KR, Crane PR, Friis EM | title = Former diversity of Ephedra (Gnetales): evidence from Early Cretaceous seeds from Portugal and North America | journal = Annals of Botany | volume = 98 | issue = 1 | pages = 123–40 | date = julho 2006 | pmid = 16675607 | pmc = 2803531 | doi = 10.1093/aob/mcl078 | url = }}</ref> The fossil record of ''Ephedra'' outside of pollen disappears after the Early Cretaceous.<ref name="Bolinder-2016">{{Cite journal|last1=Bolinder|first1=Kristina|last2=Norbäck Ivarsson|first2=Lena|last3=Humphreys|first3=Aelys M.|last4=Ickert-Bond|first4=Stefanie M.|last5=Han|first5=Fang|last6=Hoorn|first6=Carina|last7=Rydin|first7=Catarina|date=2 janeiro 2016|title=Pollen morphology of Ephedra (Gnetales) and its evolutionary implications|url=http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/00173134.2015.1066424|journal=Grana|language=en|volume=55|issue=1|pages=24–51|doi=10.1080/00173134.2015.1066424|s2cid=83696018|issn=0017-3134}}</ref> [[Molecular clock]] estimates have suggested that last common ancestor of living ''Ephedra'' species lived much more recently, during the [[Rupelian|Early Oligocene]] around 30 million years ago.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Ickert‐Bond|first1=Stefanie M.|last2=Rydin|first2=Catarina|last3=Renner|first3=Susanne S.|date=2009|title=A fossil-calibrated relaxed clock for Ephedra indicates an Oligocene age for the divergence of Asian and New World clades and Miocene dispersal into South America|journal=Journal of Systematics and Evolution|language=en|volume=47|issue=5|pages=444–456|doi=10.1111/j.1759-6831.2009.00053.x|issn=1759-6831|doi-access=free}}</ref> However, pollen modified from the ancestral condition of the genus with branched pseudosulci (grooves), which [[Parallel evolution|evolved in parallel]] in the living North American and Asian lineages is known from the [[Late Cretaceous]], suggesting that the last common ancestor is at least this old.<ref name="Bolinder-2016" />

=== Species ===
{{cladogram|title=Phylogeny of ''Ephedra''<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Stull |first1=Gregory W. |last2=Qu |first2=Xiao-Jian |last3=Parins-Fukuchi |first3=Caroline |last4=Yang |first4=Ying-Ying |last5=Yang |first5=Jun-Bo |last6=Yang |first6=Zhi-Yun |last7=Hu |first7=Yi |last8=Ma |first8=Hong |last9=Soltis |first9=Pamela S. |last10=Soltis |first10=Douglas E. |last11=Li |first11=De-Zhu |last12=Smith |first12=Stephen A. |last13=Yi |first13=Ting-Shuang |display-authors=et al. |year=2021 |title=Gene duplications and phylogenomic conflict underlie major pulses of phenotypic evolution in gymnosperms |journal=Nature Plants |url=https://www.nature.com/articles/s41477-021-00964-4 |volume=7 |issue= 8|pages=1015–1025 |doi=10.1038/s41477-021-00964-4|biorxiv=10.1101/2021.03.13.435279 |pmid= 34282286|pmc= |bibcode= |s2cid=232282918 |doi-access=}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Stull |first1=Gregory W. |display-authors=et al. |year=2021 |title=main.dated.supermatrix.tree.T9.tre |publisher=Figshare |doi=10.6084/m9.figshare.14547354.v1 |url=https://figshare.com/articles/dataset/Gene_duplications_and_genomic_conflict_underlie_major_pulses_of_phenotypic_evolution_in_gymnosperms/14547354 |doi-access=}}</ref>|
{{clade|style=font-size:90%;line-height:100%;width:400px
|1={{clade
|1=''[[Ephedra ochreata|E. ochreata]]''
|2={{clade
|label1=section
|sublabel1=''Asarca''
|1={{clade
|1={{clade
|1=''[[Ephedra pedunculata|E. pedunculata]]''
|2=''[[Ephedra rupestris|E. rupestris]]''
}}
|2={{clade
|1=''[[Ephedra nevadensis|E. nevadensis]]''
|2={{clade
|1=''[[Ephedra californica|E. californica]]''
|2={{clade
|1={{clade
|1=''[[Ephedra antisyphilitica|E. antisyphilitica]]'' (Clapweed)
|2=''[[Ephedra frustillata|E. frustillata]]''
}}
|2={{clade
|1=''[[Ephedra torreyana|E. torreyana]]''
|2={{clade
|1=''[[Ephedra aspera|E. aspera]]''
|2=''[[Ephedra trifurca|E. trifurca]]''
}}
}}
}}
}}
}}
}}
|label2=section
|sublabel2=''Ephedra''
|2={{clade
|1=''[[Ephedra breana|E. breana]]''
|2={{clade
|1=''[[Ephedra boelckei|E. boelckei]]''
|2={{clade
|1=''[[Ephedra milleri|E. milleri]]''
|2={{clade
|1=''[[Ephedra chilensis|E. chilensis]]''
|2={{clade
|1={{clade
|1=''[[Ephedra triandra|E. triandra]]''
|2=''[[Ephedra tweedieana|E. tweedieana]]''
}}
|2={{clade
|1=''[[Ephedra andina|E. andina]]''
|2={{clade
|1={{clade
|1=''[[Ephedra sinica|E. sinica]]''
|2={{clade
|1=''[[Ephedra regeliana|E. regeliana]]''
|2={{clade
|1=''[[Ephedra rituensis|E. rituensis]]''
|2={{clade
|1=''[[Ephedra monosperma|E. monosperma]]''
|2={{clade
|1=''[[Ephedra lomatolepis|E. lomatolepis]]''
|2=''[[Ephedra sarcocarpa|E. sarcocarpa]]''
}}
}}
}}
}}
}}
|2={{clade
|1=''[[Ephedra major|E. major]]''
|2={{clade
|1=''[[Ephedra strobilacea|E. strobilacea]]''
|2={{clade
|1=''[[Ephedra somalensis|E. somalensis]]''
|2={{clade
|1={{clade
|label1=subsection
|sublabel1=''Pachycladae''
|1=''[[Ephedra pachyclada|E. pachyclada]]''
}}
|2={{clade
|1={{clade
|label1=subsection
|sublabel1=''Scandentes''
|1={{clade
|1={{clade
|1=''[[Ephedra foeminea|E. foeminea]]''
|2={{clade
|1=''[[Ephedra campylopoda|E. campylopoda]]''
|2=''[[Ephedra fragilis|E. fragilis]]''
}}
}}
|2={{clade
|1=''[[Ephedra foliata|E. foliata]]''
|2={{clade
|1=''[[Ephedra ciliata|E. ciliata]]''
|2={{clade
|1=''[[Ephedra alata|E. alata]]''
|2={{clade
|1=''[[Ephedra aphylla|E. aphylla]]''
|2=''[[Ephedra altissima|E. altissima]]''
}}
}}
}}
}}
}}
}}
|2={{clade
|1={{clade
|label1=subsection
|sublabel1=''Minutae''
|1={{clade
|1=''[[Ephedra minuta|E. minuta]]''
|2={{clade
|1=''[[Ephedra gerardiana|E. gerardiana]]''
|2=''[[Ephedra viridis|E. viridis]]''
}}
}}
}}
|2={{clade
|label1=subsection
|sublabel1=''Americanae''
|1={{clade
|1=''[[Ephedra likiangensis|E. likiangensis]]''
|2={{clade
|1=''[[Ephedra americana|E. americana]]''
|2={{clade
|1=''[[Ephedra equisetina|E. equisetina]]''
|2=''[[Ephedra rhytidosperma|E. rhytidosperma]]''
}}
}}
}}
|label2=subsection
|sublabel2=''Ephedra''
|2={{clade
|1={{clade
|1=''[[Ephedra intermedia|E. intermedia]]''
|2=''[[Ephedra przewalskii|E. przewalskii]]''
}}
|2={{clade
|1=''[[Ephedra distachya|E. distachya]]''
|2=''[[Ephedra procera|E. procera]]''
}}
}}
}}
}}
}}
}}
}}
}}
}}
}}
}}
}}
}}
}}
}}
}}
}}
}}
}}
}}

{{As of|2021|June}}, [[Plants of the World Online]] accepted the following species:<ref name="POWO_328160-2">{{cite web |title=''Ephedra'' Tourn. ex L. |work=Plants of the World Online |publisher=Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew|url=https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:328160-2 |access-date=23 Junho 2021 }}</ref>
*''[[Ephedra alata]]'' <small>[[Joseph Decaisne|Decne.]]</small> – [[North Africa]], [[Arabian Peninsula]]
*''[[Ephedra altissima]]'' <small>[[René Louiche Desfontaines|Desf.]] non-Bové (1834), non-Delile (1813), non-Buch (1828)</small> (High-climbing jointfir) – North Africa, [[Canary Islands]]
*''[[Ephedra americana]]'' <small>[[Alexander von Humboldt|Humb.]] & [[Aimé Bonpland|Bonpl.]] ''ex'' [[Carl Ludwig von Willdenow|Willd.]]</small> – [[Bolivia]], [[Ecuador]], [[Peru]], [[Argentina]], [[Chile]]
*''[[Ephedra antisyphilitica]]'' <small>Berland ''ex'' [[Carl Anton von Meyer|C.A.Mey.]]</small> – Clapweed, Erect Ephedra – [[Texas]], [[Oklahoma]], [[New Mexico]], [[Nuevo León]], [[Coahuila]], [[Chihuahua (state)|Chihuahua]]
*''[[Ephedra aphylla]]'' <small>[[Peter Forsskål|Forssk.]]</small> – eastern Mediterranean from [[Libya]] and [[Cyprus]] to the [[Persian Gulf]]
*[[Ephedra × arenicola|''Ephedra'' × ''arenicola'']] <small>[[Hugh Carson Cutler|H.C.Cutler]]</small> – [[Arizona]], [[Utah]] (hybrid, ''E. cutleri'' × ''E. torreyana'')
*''[[Ephedra aspera]]'' <small>[[George Engelmann|Engelm.]] ''ex'' [[Sereno Watson|S.Watson]]</small> – Boundary Ephedra, Pitamoreal – Texas, New Mexico, Arizona, Utah, [[Nevada]], [[California]], Chihuahua, [[Durango]], [[Zacatecas]], [[Sinaloa]], [[Sonora]], [[Baja California]]
*''[[Ephedra aurantiaca]]'' <small>[[Armen Takhtajan|Takht.]] & [[M.G. Pachomova|Pachom.]]</small> – [[Caucasus]], [[Kazakhstan]], [[Turkmenistan]]
*''[[Ephedra aurea]]'' <small>Brullo et al.</small>
*''[[Ephedra boelckei]]'' <small>[[Fidel Antonio Roig|F.A.Roig]]</small> – Argentina
*''[[Ephedra botschantzevii]]'' <small>[[M.G. Pachomova|Pachom.]]</small> – Kazakhstan, [[Tuva]] region of Siberia
*''[[Ephedra breana]]'' <small>[[Rodolfo Amando Philippi|Phil.]]</small> (frutilla de campo) – Peru, Bolivia, Chile, Argentina
*''[[Ephedra brevifoliata]]'' <small>Ghahr.</small> – [[Iran]]
*''[[Ephedra californica]]'' <small>[[Sereno Watson|S.Watson]]</small> – California Ephedra, California Jointfir – California, western Arizona, Baja California
*''[[Ephedra chengiae]]'' <small>Yang & Ferguson</small>
*''[[Ephedra chilensis]]'' <small>[[Carl Borivoj Presl|C.Presl]]</small> – Pingo-pingo - Chile, Argentina
*''[[Ephedra compacta]]'' <small>[[Joseph Nelson Rose|Rose]]</small> – widespread in much of Mexico
*''[[Ephedra coryi]]'' <small>E.L.Reed</small> (Cory's Ephedra) – Texas, New Mexico
*''[[Ephedra cutleri]]'' <small>[[Robert Hibbs Peebles|Peebles]]</small> – Navajo Ephedra, Cutler's Ephedra, Cutler Mormon-tea, Cutler's Jointfir – Colorado, Utah, Arizona, New Mexico, Wyoming
*''[[Ephedra dahurica]]'' <small>[[Nicolai Stepanovitch Turczaninow|Turcz.]]</small> – [[Siberia]], [[Mongolia]]
*''[[Ephedra dawuensis]]'' <small>Y.Yang</small> – [[Sichuan]]
*''[[Ephedra distachya]]'' <small>[[Carl Linnaeus|L.]]</small> – Joint-pine, Jointfir – southern Europe and central Asia from [[Portugal]] to Kazakhstan
*''[[Ephedra × eleutherolepis]]'' <small>[[Vladimir Alekseevich Nikitin|V.A.Nikitin]]</small> – [[Tajikistan]] (hybrid ''E.&nbsp;intermedia'' × ''E.&nbsp;strobilacea'')
*''[[Ephedra equisetina]]'' <small>[[Alexander Andrejewitsch von Bunge|Bunge]]</small> – Ma huang – Caucasus, Central Asia, Siberia, Mongolia, [[Gansu]], [[Hebei]], [[Inner Mongolia]], [[Ningxia]], [[Qinghai]], [[Shanxi]], [[Xinjiang]]
*''[[Ephedra fasciculata]]'' <small>[[Aven Nelson|A.Nelson]]</small> – Arizona Ephedra, Arizona Jointfir, Desert Mormon-tea – Arizona, California, Nevada, Utah
*''[[Ephedra fedtschenkoae]]'' <small>[[Ove Paulsen|Paulsen]]</small> – Central Asia, Siberia, Mongolia, Xinjiang
*''[[Ephedra foeminea]]'' <small>[[Peter Forsskål|Forssk.]]</small> – North Africa, Somalia, Balkans, [[Italy]], Middle East; naturalized in [[Santa Barbara County]] of California
*''[[Ephedra foliata]]'' <small>[[Pierre Edmond Boissier|Boiss.]] ''ex'' [[Carl Anton von Meyer|C.A.Mey.]]</small> (Shrubby horsetail) – North Africa, Somalia, Middle East, [[India]]
*''[[Ephedra fragilis]]'' <small>[[René Louiche Desfontaines|Desf.]]</small> (joint pine) – Mediterranean, Canary Islands, [[Madeira]]
*''[[Ephedra frustillata]]'' <small>[[John Miers (botanist)|Miers]]</small> – Patagonian Ephedra – Chile, Argentina
*''[[Ephedra funerea]]'' <small>[[Frederick Vernon Coville|Coville]] & [[C.V.Morton]]</small> – Death Valley Ephedra, Death Valley Jointfir – California, Arizona, Nevada
*''[[Ephedra gerardiana]]'' <small>[[Nathaniel Wallich|Wall.]] ''ex'' Klotzsch & Garcke</small> – Gerard's Jointfir, Shan Ling Ma Huang – Himalayas, [[Tibet]], [[Yunnan]], Siberia, Central Asia
*''[[Ephedra gracilis]]'' <small>Phil. ex Stapf</small>
*''[[Ephedra holoptera]]'' <small>[[Ludwig Riedel|Riedl]]</small> – Iran
*''[[Ephedra intermedia]]'' <small>[[Alexander Gustav von Schrenk|Schrenk]] & [[Carl Anton von Meyer|C.A.Mey.]]</small> (Zhong Ma Huang) – China, Siberia, Central Asia, Himalayas, Iran, Pakistan
*''[[Ephedra kardangensis]]'' <small>P.Sharma & P.L.Uniyal</small> – western Himalayas
*''[[Ephedra khurikensis]]'' <small>P.Sharma & P.L.Uniyal</small> – western Himalayas
*''[[Ephedra laristanica]]'' <small>Assadi</small> – Iran
*''[[Ephedra likiangensis]]'' <small>Florin</small> – [[Guizhou]], Sichuan, Tibet, Yunnan
*''[[Ephedra lomatolepis]]'' <small>[[Alexander Gustav von Schrenk|Schrenk]]</small> – Kazakhstan, Tuva region of Siberia
*''[[Ephedra major]]'' <small>[[Nicolaus Thomas Host|Host]]</small> – Mediterranean, Middle East, Central Asia; from Canary Islands to Kashmir
*''[[Ephedra milleri]]'' <small>Freitag & Maier-St.</small> – [[Oman]], [[Yemen]]
*''[[Ephedra minuta]]'' <small>Florin</small> – Qinghai, Sichuan
*''[[Ephedra monosperma]]'' <small>J.G.Gmel. ''ex'' [[Carl Anton von Meyer|C.A.Mey.]]</small> (dan zi ma huang) – Siberia, Mongolia, much of China including Tibet and Xinjiang
*''[[Ephedra multiflora]]'' <small>Phil. ''ex'' [[Otto Stapf (botanist)|Stapf]]</small> – Chile, Argentina
*''[[Ephedra nevadensis]]'' <small>[[Sereno Watson|S.Watson]]</small> – Nevada Ephedra, Nevada Jointfir, Nevada Mormon-tea – Baja California, California, Arizona, Nevada, Utah, [[Oregon]]
*''[[Ephedra ochreata]]'' <small>Miers</small> – Argentina
*''[[Ephedra oxyphylla]]'' <small>[[Harald Udo von Riedl|Riedl]]</small> – [[Afghanistan]]
*''[[Ephedra pachyclada]]'' <small>[[Pierre Edmond Boissier|Boiss.]]</small> – Middle East from Sinai and Yemen to Pakistan
*''[[Ephedra pangiensis]]'' <small>Rita Singh & P.Sharma</small>
*''[[Ephedra pedunculata]]'' <small>[[George Engelmann|Engelm.]] ''ex'' [[Sereno Watson|S.Watson]]</small> – Vine Ephedra, Vine Jointfir – Texas, Chihuahua, Coahuila, Durango, San Luis Potosí, Nuevo León, Zacatecas
*''[[Ephedra pentandra]]'' <small>[[M.G. Pachomova|Pachom.]]</small> – Iran
*''[[Ephedra procera]]'' <small>Fisch. & C.A.Mey.</small> − Iran, Caucasus
*''[[Ephedra przewalskii]]'' <small>[[Otto Stapf (botanist)|Stapf]]</small> – Central Asia, Mongolia, Pakistan, Gansu, Inner Mongolia, Ningxia, Qinghai, Tibet
*''[[Ephedra pseudodistachya]]'' <small>[[M.G. Pachomova|Pachom.]]</small> – Siberia, Mongolia
*''[[Ephedra regeliana]]'' <small>Florin</small> – Xi Zi Ma Huang – Central Asia, Siberia, Pakistan, Xinjiang
*''[[Ephedra rhytidosperma]]'' <small>[[M.G. Pachomova|Pachom.]]</small>, syn. ''E.&nbsp;lepidosperma'' <small>C.Y.Cheng</small> – Gansu, Inner Mongolia, Ningxia, Mongolia
*''[[Ephedra rituensis]]'' <small>Y.Yang, D.Z.Fu & G.H.Zhu</small> – Qinghai, Xinjiang, Tibet
*''[[Ephedra rupestris]]'' <small>[[George Bentham|Benth.]]</small> – Ecuador, Peru, Bolivia, Argentina
*''[[Ephedra sarcocarpa]]'' <small>[[James Edward Tierney Aitchison|Aitch.]] & [[William Botting Hemsley|Hemsl.]]</small> – Pakistan, Afghanistan
*''[[Ephedra saxatilis]]'' <small>(Stapf) Royle ex Florin</small>
*''[[Ephedra sinica]]'' <small>[[Otto Stapf (botanist)|Stapf]]</small> – Cao Ma Huang, Chinese ephedra – Mongolia, Siberia, Primorye, Manchuria
*''[[Ephedra somalensis]]'' <small>Freitag & Maier-St.</small> – Somalia, Eritrea
*''[[Ephedra stipitata]]'' <small>Biswas & Rita Singh</small>
*''[[Ephedra strobilacea]]'' <small>[[Alexander Andrejewitsch von Bunge|Bunge]]</small> – Iran, Central Asia
*''[[Ephedra strongylensis]]'' <small>Brullo et al.</small>
*''[[Ephedra sumlingensis]]'' <small>P.Sharma & P.L.Uniyal</small> – western Himalayas
*''[[Ephedra tilhoana]]'' <small>[[René Maire|Maire]]</small> – [[Chad]]
*''[[Ephedra torreyana]]'' <small>[[Sereno Watson|S.Watson]]</small> – Torrey's Ephedra, Torrey's Jointfir, Torrey's Mormon-tea, Cañutillo – Nevada, Utah, Colorado, Arizona, New Mexico, Texas, Chihuahua
*''[[Ephedra transitoria]]'' <small>[[Harald Udo von Riedl|Riedl]]</small> – Iraq, Syria, [[Palestine (region)|Palestine]], Saudi Arabia
*''[[Ephedra triandra]]'' <small>[[Louis René Tulasne|Tul.]]</small> − Bolivia, Argentina
*''[[Ephedra trifurca]]'' <small>[[John Torrey|Torrey]] ''ex'' [[Sereno Watson|S.Watson]]</small> – Longleaf Ephedra, Longleaf Jointfir, Longleaf Mormon-tea, Popotilla, Teposote – California, Arizona, New Mexico, Texas, Chihuahua, Sonora, Baja California
*''[[Ephedra trifurcata]]'' <small>Zöllner</small>
*''[[Ephedra tweedieana]]'' <small>[[Carl Anton von Meyer|C.A.Mey.]]</small> – Brazil, Argentina, Uruguay
*''[[Ephedra viridis]]'' <small>[[Frederick Vernon Coville|Coville]]</small> – Green Ephedra, Green Mormon-tea – California, Nevada, Utah, Arizona, New Mexico, Colorado, Wyoming, South Dakota, Oregon
*''[[Ephedra vvedenskyi]]'' <small>[[M.G. Pachomova|Pachom.]]</small> – Iran, Caucasus, Turkmenistan
*''[[Ephedra yangthangensis]]'' <small>Prabha Sharma & Rita Singh</small> – Yangthang to Ka, Leo, Nako, Chango, Chulling, Sumdo, Hoorling and Lira of Kinnaur district of Himachal Pradesh<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Sharma P, Singh R | title = Ephedra yangthangensis (Ephedraceae), a new species from Himachal Pradesh, India. Bangladesh | journal = Journal of Plant Taxonomy | date = December 2016 | volume = 23 | issue = 2 | pages = 195–8 | doi = 10.3329/bjpt.v23i2.30850 | doi-access = free }}</ref>

==Distribution==
The genus is found worldwide, in desert regions, but not in Australia.<ref name=judd/>

==Ecology==
[[File:Ephedra major shrubs near the gorge.jpg|thumb|Shrubs of ''Ephedra major'' in [[Karvachar]]]]
Ephedraceae are adapted to extremely arid regions, growing often in high sunny habitats, and occur as high as 4000 m above sea level in both the [[Andes]] and the [[Himalayas]].<ref name=judd/> They make up a significant part of the North American [[Great Basin Desert|Great Basin]] sage brush ecosystem.

==Drug and supplement uses==
{{main|Ephedra (medicine)}}
[[File:Maou.jpg|thumb|upright|Plant as used in Chinese herbology ([[crude medicine]])]]
The ''Ephedra'' [[alkaloid]]s, [[ephedrine]] and [[pseudoephedrine]] {{ndash}} constituents of ''E.&nbsp;sinica'' and other members of the genus {{ndash}} have [[Sympathomimetic amine|sympathomimetic]] and [[decongestant]] qualities,<ref name="drugs">{{cite web |title=Ephedrine |url=https://www.drugs.com/cons/ephedrine-intravenous.html |publisher=Drugs.com |access-date=23 Junho 2021 |date=9 janeiro 2021}}</ref> and have been used as [[dietary supplement]]s, mainly for [[weight loss]].<ref name="nccih">{{cite web |title=Ephedra |url=https://www.nccih.nih.gov/health/ephedra |publisher=National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health, US National Institutes of Health |access-date=23 Junho 2021 |date=1 julho 2020}}</ref> The drug, ''ephedrine'', is used to prevent [[hypotension|low blood pressure]] during [[spinal anesthesia]].<ref name=drugs/>

In the United States, ephedra supplements were banned from the market in the early 21st century due to serious safety risks.<ref name=nccih/> Plants of the genus ''Ephedra'', including ''[[Ephedra sinica|E.&nbsp;sinica]]'' and others, were used in [[traditional medicine]] for treating headache and [[respiratory infection]]s, but there is no scientific evidence they are effective or safe for these purposes.<ref name=nccih/>

Ephedra has also had a role as a precursor in the clandestine manufacture of [[methamphetamine]].<ref name="precursor">{{cite web |title=Ephedra's Role As a Precursor in the Clandestine Manufacture of Methamphetamine|publisher=Journal of Forensic Sciences 40(4), 551-560 (1995) |url=https://chemistry.mdma.ch/hiveboard/rhodium/ephedra.html|access-date=30 Dec 2021}}</ref>

==Adverse effects==
Alkaloids obtained from the species of ''Ephedra'' used in herbal medicines, which are used to synthetically prepare [[pseudoephedrine]] and ephedrine, can cause cardiovascular events.<ref name=drugs/> These events have been associated with arrhythmias, palpitations, tachycardia and myocardial infarction.<ref name=drugs/> [[Caffeine]] consumption in combination with ephedrine has been reported to increase the risk of these cardiovascular events.<ref name=drugs/><ref name=nccih/>

==Economic botany and alkaloid content==
The earliest uses of ''Ephedra'' species (mahuang) for specific illnesses date back to 5000 BC. [[Ephedrine]] and its [[isomers]] were isolated in 1881 from ''[[Ephedra distachya]]'' and characterized by the Japanese [[organic chemist]] [[Nagai Nagayoshi]]. His work to access ''Ephedra's'' active ingredients to isolate a pure [[pharmaceutical]] substance led to the systematic production of [[semi-synthetic]] [[Derivative (chemistry)|derivative]]s thereof is relevant still today. Three species, ''[[Ephedra sinica]]'', ''Ephedra vulgaris'', and to a lesser extent ''[[Ephedra equisetina]]'', are commercially grown in [[Mainland China]] as a source for natural ephedrines and isomers for use in [[pharmacy|pharmaceuticals]]. ''E. sinica'' and ''E. distachya'' usually carry six [[optically active]] [[phenylethylamines]], mostly [[ephedrine]] and [[pseudoephedrine]] with minor amounts of [[norephedrine]], [[Cathine|norpseudoephedrine]] as well as the three [[methylated]] analogs. Reliable information on the total alkaloid content of the crude drug is difficult to obtain. Based on [[HPLC]] analyses in industrial settings, the concentrations of total alkaloids in dried ''Herba Ephedra'' ranged between 1 and 4%, and in some cases up to 6%.<ref>{{cite book | veditors = Brossi A | date = 1989 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=aQ16om_WW60C&pg=PA106 | title = The Alkaloids: Chemistry and Pharmacology | volume = 35 | isbn = 0-12-469535-3 }}</ref>

For a review of the [[alkaloid]] distribution in different species of the [[genus]] ''Ephedra'' see Jian-fang Cui (1991).<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Kim HK, Choi YH, Erkelens C, Lefeber AW, Verpoorte R | title = Metabolic fingerprinting of Ephedra species using 1H-NMR spectroscopy and principal component analysis | journal = Chemical & Pharmaceutical Bulletin | volume = 53 | issue = 1 | pages = 105–9 | date = janeiro 2005 | pmid = 15635242 | doi = 10.1002/pca.2800020305 }}</ref> Other American and European species of ''Ephedra'', e.g. ''[[Ephedra nevadensis]]'' (Nevada Mormon tea) have not been systematically assayed; based on unpublished field investigations, they contain very low levels (less than 0.1%) or none at all.<ref>Hegnauer R. (1962) "Chemotaxonomie der Pflanzen. I". Birkhauser Verlag, Basel; Switzerland, pp. 460–462 as cited in {{cite journal | vauthors = Roman MC | title = Determination of ephedrine alkaloids in botanicals and dietary supplements by HPLC-UV: collaborative study | journal = Journal of AOAC International | volume = 87 | issue = 1 | pages = 1–14 | year = 2004 | pmid = 15084081 | pmc = 2584348 | doi = 10.1093/jaoac/87.1.1 }}</ref>


------------------------->
'''''Ephedra''''' é um género de arbustos pertencentes às [[Gnetófita]]s, único na classe [[Ephedraceae]] da ordem [[Gnetales]]. Seu uso medicinal está documentado desde há cinco mil anos na [[China]], onde esta erva é conhecida pelo nome ''ma huang''. Os colonizadores adeptos a religião [[mórmon]] nos Estados Unidos conheceram seu uso ao estabelecerem contato com povos indígenas dos ''ute'' (ver [[Utah]]). Estas plantas ocorrem em climas áridos, numa vasta área que inclui a [[Europa]], Norte de [[África]], [[Ásia]] central e sudoeste, América do Norte e do Sul. São conhecidas variadas aplicações medicinais, principalmente devido ao facto de concentrar grandes quantidades de [[efedrina]].
'''''Ephedra''''' é um género de arbustos pertencentes às [[Gnetófita]]s, único na classe [[Ephedraceae]] da ordem [[Gnetales]]. Seu uso medicinal está documentado desde há cinco mil anos na [[China]], onde esta erva é conhecida pelo nome ''ma huang''. Os colonizadores adeptos a religião [[mórmon]] nos Estados Unidos conheceram seu uso ao estabelecerem contato com povos indígenas dos ''ute'' (ver [[Utah]]). Estas plantas ocorrem em climas áridos, numa vasta área que inclui a [[Europa]], Norte de [[África]], [[Ásia]] central e sudoeste, América do Norte e do Sul. São conhecidas variadas aplicações medicinais, principalmente devido ao facto de concentrar grandes quantidades de [[efedrina]].


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== Espécies==
== Espécies==
[[Imagem:Illustration Ephedra distachya0.jpg|thumb|''Ephedra distachya.'']]
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==Classificação lineana do gênero==

== Referências ==
{{Reflist|32em|refs=

<ref name=judd>{{cite book | first1 = Walter S. | last1 = Judd | first2 = Christopher S. | last2 = Campbell | first3 = Elizabeth A. | last3 = Kellog | first4 = Peter F. | last4 = Stevens | first5 = Michael J. | last5 = Donoghue | name-list-style = vanc | date = 2007 | title = Plant Systematics, a phylogenetic approach | edition = 3rd. | publisher = Sinauer associates, Inc. }}</ref>

<ref name=vic>{{cite web | vauthors = Messina A | date = 2014 | url = https://vicflora.rbg.vic.gov.au/flora/taxon/15129edd-fd5c-420c-88ee-a98c9cab2b19 | title = VicFlora: Ephedraceae. | publisher = Royal Botanic Gardens Foundation | location = Victoria, Australia | access-date = 5 julho 2019 }}</ref>

<ref name=apg>{{cite web | url = http://www.mobot.org/MOBOT/research/APweb/ | work = Angiosperm Phylogeny Website | title = Family "Ephedraceae" | access-date = 5 julho 2019 }}</ref>

<ref name=dumort>{{cite book | vauthors = Dumortier BC | date = 1829 | url = https://bibdigital.rjb.csic.es/idviewer/14540/9 | title = Analyse des familles des plantes, avec l'indication des principaux genres qui s'y rattachent | location = Tournay | publisher = J. Casterman aîné | page = 11 }}</ref>

<ref name=linn>{{cite book | vauthors = Linnaeus C | date = 1753 | url = http://botanicus.org/page/359061 | title = Species Plantarum | volume = 2 | pages = 1040 }}</ref>

<ref name=linn2>{{cite book | vauthors = Linnaeus C | date = 1754 | url = https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/651470 | title = Genera plantarum | volume = 5 | page = 462 }}</ref>

}}
==Classificação lineana do género==
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== Ver também ==

* [[Soma (bebida) | Soma]]
* [[Haoma]]
==Ligações externas==
==Ligações externas==
{{Commonscat}}
{{Commonscat}}
{{Wikispecies}}
{{Wikispecies|Ephedrales}}
{{Commons category|Ephedra}}
*[http://www.pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Ephedra+viridis ''Ephedra viridis'' (Plants for a Future Database)]
*[http://shen-nong.com/eng/herbal/index.html Usage in Chinese Medicine ]
*[https://nccih.nih.gov/health/ephedra Ephedra fact sheet], [[NIH]] National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health
*[http://www.mayoclinic.org/drugs-supplements/ephedra--ma-huang/background/hrb-20059270 Ephedrea (Evidence and dosing)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170922192100/http://www.mayoclinic.org/drugs-supplements/ephedra--ma-huang/background/hrb-20059270 |date=22 September 2017 }}, [[Mayo Clinic]]
*[http://www.mskcc.org/cancer-care/herb/ephedra Ephedra – Clinical summary and mechanism of action], [[MSKCC]] Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center
*[http://greif.uni-greifswald.de/floragreif/?fam=Ephedraceae&gen=&spec=&flora_search=taxon Ephedraceae of Mongolia in FloraGREIF]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20050319220316/http://www.itis.usda.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=183496 Lista de espécies de ''Ephedra''].
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20050319220316/http://www.itis.usda.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=183496 Lista de espécies de ''Ephedra''].
*[http://www.plantasmedicinaisefitoterapia.com/efedra-efedrina-efeitos-colaterais.html Contraindicação ''Ephedra'']
*[http://www.plantasmedicinaisefitoterapia.com/efedra-efedrina-efeitos-colaterais.html Contraindicação ''Ephedra'']
*[https://www.conifers.org/ep/Ephedraceae.php '''Ephedra''' The Gymnosperm Database]
*[https://www.conifers.org/ep/Ephedraceae.php '''Ephedra''' The Gymnosperm Database]


{{Taxonbar|from=Q838000}}
{{Bases de dados taxonómicos}}
{{Acrogymnospermae}}
{{Acrogymnospermae}}


[[Categoria:Ephedrales]]
[[Categoria:Ephedrales]]
[[Categoria:Gimnospermas]]
[[Categoria:Ephedraceae| ]]
[[Categoria:Plantas medicinais]]

Revisão das 23h16min de 29 de agosto de 2023

Esta artigo é sobre the genus Ephedra, and the family Ephedraceae. Para the use of the plant as a medicine, ver Ephedra (medicine).
Como ler uma infocaixa de taxonomiaEphedra
Ocorrência: Aptiano–recente
Classificação científica
Reino: Plantae
Divisão: Gnetophyta
Classe: Gnetopsida
Ordem: Gnetales
Família: Ephedraceae
Género: Ephedra
L.[1]
Espécie-tipo
Ephedra distachya
L.
Distribuição geográfica
GDistribuição natural global do género Ephedra.
GDistribuição natural global do género Ephedra.
Espécies
C. 60 espécies
Ver texto
Sinónimos[2]
Ephedra viridis.
Ephedra distachya.
Ephedra fragilis pollen cones
Ephedra distachya: ripe female cones with seeds
Sementes de Ephedra ciliata.

Ephedra é um género de arbustos pertencentes às Gnetófitas, único na classe Ephedraceae da ordem Gnetales. Seu uso medicinal está documentado desde há cinco mil anos na China, onde esta erva é conhecida pelo nome ma huang. Os colonizadores adeptos a religião mórmon nos Estados Unidos conheceram seu uso ao estabelecerem contato com povos indígenas dos ute (ver Utah). Estas plantas ocorrem em climas áridos, numa vasta área que inclui a Europa, Norte de África, Ásia central e sudoeste, América do Norte e do Sul. São conhecidas variadas aplicações medicinais, principalmente devido ao facto de concentrar grandes quantidades de efedrina.

As suas propriedades são usadas na preparação de produtos dietéticos de redução de apetite, e podem causar efeitos secundários graves. Presentemente, o uso de extractos de Ephedra está proibido nos Estados Unidos.

Contraindicações e efeitos colaterais

A espécie é produtora de efedrina e pseudoefedrina, sendo contraindicada para pessoas com debilidades, pressão alta, doenças cardíacas, tireoide hiperativa, diabetes, hepatite, problemas digestivos, glaucoma e insônia. Isto porque os extratos concentrados podem causar arritmias, insônia, ansiedade e vertigem. Suas propriedades também estão associados a nervosismo, insônia, hipertensão ou erupções cutâneas em alguns casos raros. Seu uso é vetado para crianças e mulheres grávidas.

Espécies


Referências

  1. ↑ Kramer KU, Green PS, Götz E (1990). Kramer KU, Green PS, eds. The Families and Genera of Vascular Plants, Vol. 1: Pteridophytes and Gymnosperms. Berlin: Springer-Verlag. pp. 379–381. ISBN 3540517944 
  2. ↑ Erro de citação: Etiqueta <ref> inválida; não foi fornecido texto para as refs de nome liz10

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Classificação lineana do género

Sistema Classificação Referência
Linné Classe Dioecia, ordem Monadelphia Species plantarum (1753)

Ver também

Ligações externas

O Commons possui uma categoria com imagens e outros ficheiros sobre Ephedra
Wikispecies
Wikispecies
O Wikispecies tem informações sobre: Ephedra
O Commons possui uma categoria com imagens e outros ficheiros sobre Ephedra
Obtida de "https://pt.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ephedra&oldid=66507087"