Energia sustentável: diferenças entre revisões
m ajustes usando script, +correções semiautomáticas (v0.57/3.1.56/) |
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==Bibliografia== |
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* {{citar livro|título=Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change Fifth Assessment Report 2014|último1 =Bruckner|primeiro1 =T.|último2 =Bashmakov|primeiro2 =I. A.|último3 =Mulugetta|primeiro3 =Y.|último4 =Chum|primeiro4 =H.|último5 =de la Vega Navarro|primeiro5 =A.|último6 =Edmonds|capítulo=Chapter 7: Energy Systems|ref={{harvid|Bruckner|2014}}|display-authors=1|último17 =Riahi|último15 =Kim|primeiro16 =H. B.|último16 =Nimir|primeiro17 =K.|ano=2014|primeiro18 =N.|último18 =Strachan|primeiro19 =R.|último19 =Wiser|primeiro20 =X.|último20 =Zhang|último14 =Khennas|primeiro15 =S.|último10 =Hertwich|primeiro14 =S.|primeiro9 =A.|capítulourl=https://archive.ipcc.ch/pdf/assessment-report/ar5/wg3/ipcc_wg3_ar5_chapter7.pdf|primeiro6 =J.|primeiro7 =A.|último7 =Faaij|primeiro8 =B.|último8 =Fungtammasan|último9 =Garg|último13 =Kainuma|primeiro10 =E.|primeiro11 =D.|último11 =Honnery|primeiro12 =D.|último12 =Infield|primeiro13 =M.|páginas=511–597}} |
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* {{cite book |publisher=[[Edward Elgar Publishing]]|isbn=978-1-84980-115-7|editor1-last=Galarraga|editor1-first=Ibon|editor2-last=González-Eguino|editor2-first=Mikel|editor3-last=Markandya|editor3-first=Anil |oclc=712777335 |title=Handbook of Sustainable Energy|year=2011}} |
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* {{citar livro|título=Climate Change 2014: Mitigation of Climate Change : Working Group III contribution to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change|último =Edenhofer|primeiro =Ottmar|isbn=978-1-107-05821-7|oclc=892580682|ref=harv|publicado=Cambridge University Press|local=New York, NY|ano=2014}} |
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* {{Cite book|last1=Golus̆in|first1=Mirjana|title=Sustainable Energy Management|publisher=[[Academic Press]] |last2=Popov|first2=Stevan|last3=Dodić|first3=Sinis̆a|year=2013 |isbn=978-0-12-391427-9|oclc=826441532}} |
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⚫ | * |
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* {{cite report|author=[[International Energy Agency|IEA]]|year=2007 |url=https://iea.blob.core.windows.net/assets/f27528ad-012a-4d4b-992c-382c2d1d7478/renewable_factsheet.pdf |title=Renewables in global energy supply: An IEA fact sheet|pages=1–34|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20091012052513/http://www.iea.org/textbase/papers/2006/renewable_factsheet.pdf |archive-date=12 October 2009|url-status=live}} |
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** {{wikicite|ref=|reference=[https://www.ipcc.ch/sr15/ Report website]}}, chapters I–V |
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* {{Cite book|author-link=International Energy Agency|last=IEA|title=World Energy Outlook 2020|year=2020 |isbn=978-92-64-44923-7|url=https://www.iea.org/reports/world-energy-outlook-2020|url-status=live |archive-date=22 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210822044327/https://www.iea.org/reports/world-energy-outlook-2020}} |
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** {{wikicite|ref={{sfnRef|SR15 Summary for policymakers}}|reference=[https://www.ipcc.ch/site/assets/uploads/sites/2/2019/05/SR15_SPM_version_report_LR.pdf Summary for policymakers], 32 pp.}} |
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* {{Cite book|author1-link=International Energy Agency|last1=IEA|title=Net Zero by 2050: A Roadmap for the Global Energy Sector|year=2021|url=https://iea.blob.core.windows.net/assets/ad0d4830-bd7e-47b6-838c-40d115733c13/NetZeroby2050-ARoadmapfortheGlobalEnergySector.pdf|archive-date=23 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210523155010/https://iea.blob.core.windows.net/assets/ad0d4830-bd7e-47b6-838c-40d115733c13/NetZeroby2050-ARoadmapfortheGlobalEnergySector.pdf|url-status=live}} |
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** {{wikicite|ref=|reference=[https://www.ipcc.ch/sr15/resources/headline-statements/ Headline statements]}}, 2 pp. |
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* {{cite report|author=(([[International Energy Agency|IEA]], [[IRENA]], [[United Nations Statistics Division]], [[World Bank]], [[World Health Organization]]))|year=2021|publisher=[[World Bank]] |url=https://www.irena.org/-/media/Files/IRENA/Agency/Publication/2021/Jun/SDG7_Tracking_Progress_2021.pdf |title=Tracking SDG 7: The Energy Progress Report|archive-date=10 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210610160557/https://www.irena.org/-/media/Files/IRENA/Agency/Publication/2021/Jun/SDG7_Tracking_Progress_2021.pdf|url-status=live}} |
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** {{wikicite|ref=|reference=[https://www.ipcc.ch/site/assets/uploads/sites/2/2018/12/SR15_TS_High_Res.pdf Technical summary]}}, 22 pp. |
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* {{cite book|author=[[IPCC]]|year=2011|url=https://www.ipcc.ch/report/renewable-energy-sources-and-climate-change-mitigation/|title=IPCC Special Report on Renewable Energy Sources and Climate Change Mitigation |editor-first1=O. |editor-last1=Edenhofer|editor-first2=R.|editor-last2=Pichs-Madruga|editor-first3=Y. |editor-last3=Sokona|editor-first4=K.|editor-last4=Seyboth|editor-first5=P.|editor-last5=Matschoss|editor-first6=S.|editor-last6=Kadner|display-editors=4|publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]]|isbn=978-1-107-02340-6|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210827115439/https://www.ipcc.ch/report/renewable-energy-sources-and-climate-change-mitigation/|archive-date=27 August 2021|url-status=live}} |
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** {{wikicite|ref=|reference=[https://www.ipcc.ch/site/assets/uploads/sites/2/2018/12/SR15_FAQ_Low_Res.pdf FAQ]}}, 24 pp. |
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* {{cite book |author=[[IPCC]] |url=https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar5/wg3/ |year=2014 |title=Climate Change 2014: Mitigation of Climate Change: Working Group III contribution to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change |editor-first1=O. |editor-last1=Edenhofer |editor-first2=R. |editor-last2=Pichs-Madruga |editor-first3=Y. |editor-last3=Sokona |editor-first4=E. |editor-last4=Farahani |editor-first5=S. |editor-last5=Kadner |display-editors=4 |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |isbn=978-1-107-05821-7 |oclc=892580682 |archive-date=26 January 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170126121016/http://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar5/wg3/ |url-status=live}} |
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** {{wikicite|ref=|reference=[https://www.ipcc.ch/site/assets/uploads/sites/2/2019/02/SR15_AnnexI_Glossary.pdf Glossary]}}, 24 pp. |
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⚫ | *{{Cite book |author=[[IPCC]] |year=2018 |title=Global Warming of 1.5 °C. An IPCC Special Report on the impacts of global warming of 1.5 °C above pre-industrial levels and related global greenhouse gas emission pathways, in the context of strengthening the global response to the threat of climate change, sustainable development, and efforts to eradicate poverty |display-editors=4 |editor-first1=V. |editor-last1=Masson-Delmotte |editor-first2=P. |editor-last2=Zhai |editor-first3=H.-O. |editor-last3=Pörtner |editor-first4=D. |editor-last4=Roberts |editor-first5=J. |editor-last5=Skea |url=https://www.ipcc.ch/site/assets/uploads/sites/2/2019/06/SR15_Full_Report_High_Res.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201120190924/https://www.ipcc.ch/site/assets/uploads/sites/2/2019/06/SR15_Full_Report_High_Res.pdf |archive-date=20 November 2020 |url-status=live|isbn=<!-- not issued? -->}} |
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* {{citar livro|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wQhpDwAAQBAJ|título=Principles of Sustainable Energy Systems, Third Edition|último =Kutscher|primeiro =C.F.|último2 =Milford|primeiro2 =J.B.|último3 =Kreith|primeiro3 =F.|editora=|series=Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering Series|local=|página=|páginas=|isbn=978-0-429-93916-7|ref=harv|acessodata=10 de fevereiro de 2019|publicado=CRC Press|ano=2018}} |
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* {{cite book|author=[[IRENA]]|date=2019|title=Hydrogen: A renewable energy perspective|isbn=978-92-9260-151-5|url=https://www.irena.org/-/media/Files/IRENA/Agency/Publication/2019/Sep/IRENA_Hydrogen_2019.pdf |access-date=17 October 2021|archive-date=29 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210929023014/https://www.irena.org/-/media/Files/IRENA/Agency/Publication/2019/Sep/IRENA_Hydrogen_2019.pdf|url-status=live}} |
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* {{citar livro|título=Energy Transitions: Global and National Perspectives|último =Smil|primeiro =Vaclav|isbn=978-1-4408-5324-1|oclc=955778608|ref=harv|publicado=Praeger, an imprint of ABC-CLIO, LLC|local=Santa Barbara, California|ano=2017a}} |
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*{{cite book|author=[[IRENA]]|year=2021|title=World Energy Transitions Outlook: 1.5°C Pathway |url=https://www.irena.org/-/media/Files/IRENA/Agency/Publication/2021/March/IRENA_World_Energy_Transitions_Outlook_2021.pdf |isbn=978-92-9260-334-2|archive-date=11 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210611230855/https://www.irena.org/-/media/Files/IRENA/Agency/Publication/2021/March/IRENA_World_Energy_Transitions_Outlook_2021.pdf|url-status=live}} |
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* {{citar livro|título=Energy and Civilization : A History|último =Smil|primeiro =Vaclav|isbn=978-0-262-03577-4|oclc=959698256|ref=harv|publicado=The MIT Press|local=Cambridge, Massachusetts|páginas=|ano=2017b}} |
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*{{cite book|last1=IRENA|last2=IEA|last3=REN21|author1-link=IRENA|author2-link=International Energy Agency |author3-link=REN21|year=2018|title=Renewable Energy Policies in a Time of Transition |url=https://www.irena.org/-/media/Files/IRENA/Agency/Publication/2018/Apr/IRENA_IEA_REN21_Policies_2018.pdf|isbn=978-92-9260-061-7|archive-date=24 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210724231603/https://www.irena.org/-/media/Files/IRENA/Agency/Publication/2018/Apr/IRENA_IEA_REN21_Policies_2018.pdf|url-status=live}} |
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* {{citar livro|título=Sustainable Energy : Choosing Among Options|último =Tester|primeiro =Jefferson|isbn=978-0-262-01747-3|oclc=892554374|ref=harv|publicado=MIT Press|local=Cambridge, MA|ano=2012}} |
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*{{Cite book|last=Jaccard|first=Mark|url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/citizens-guide-to-climate-success/49D99FBCBD6FCACD5F3D58A7ED80882D|title=The Citizen's Guide to Climate Success: Overcoming Myths that Hinder Progress |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]]|year=2020|isbn=978-1-108-47937-0 |oclc=1110157223|author-link=Mark Jaccard|archive-date=12 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210912165814/https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/citizens-guide-to-climate-success/49D99FBCBD6FCACD5F3D58A7ED80882D|url-status=live}} |
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* {{Cite book|last1=Kutscher|first1=C.F.|last2=Milford|first2=J.B.|last3=Kreith|first3=F.|title=Principles of Sustainable Energy Systems|edition=Third|publisher=[[CRC Press]]|series=Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering Series |year=2019|isbn=978-0-429-93916-7|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wQhpDwAAQBAJ |url-status=live|archive-date=6 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200606195825/https://books.google.com/books?id=wQhpDwAAQBAJ}} |
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* {{Cite book|title=Future Energy: Improved, Sustainable and Clean Options for our Planet |edition=Third |publisher=[[Elsevier]] |year=2020|isbn=978-0-08-102886-5 |editor-last=Letcher|editor-first=Trevor M.}} |
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* {{Cite book|last=MacKay|first=David J. C.|author-link=David J. C. MacKay|title=Sustainable energy – without the hot air|date=2008|publisher=UIT Cambridge|isbn=978-0-9544529-3-3 |oclc=262888377 |url=https://www.withouthotair.com/ |archive-date=28 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210828004812/http://www.withouthotair.com/|url-status=live}} |
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* {{cite report|last1=Morris|first1=Ellen|first2=Rose|last2=Mensah-Kutin|first3=Jennye|last3=Greene |first4=Catherine|last4=Diam-valla|url=https://seforall.org/sites/default/files/Situation-Analysis-of-Energy-and-Gender-Issues.pdf |title=Situation Analysis of Energy and Gender Issues in ECOWAS Member States |date=2015|publisher=ECOWAS Centre for Renewable Energy and Energy Efficiency|archive-date=21 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210321142125/http://seforall.org/sites/default/files/Situation-Analysis-of-Energy-and-Gender-Issues.pdf|url-status=live}} |
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* {{Cite book|author=(([[National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine]]))|title=Negative Emissions Technologies and Reliable Sequestration: A Research Agenda|year=2019|isbn=978-0-309-48452-7 |doi=10.17226/25259 |pmid=31120708|s2cid=134196575|url=https://www.nap.edu/catalog/25259/negative-emissions-technologies-and-reliable-sequestration-a-research-agenda|archive-date=25 May 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200525204549/https://www.nap.edu/catalog/25259/negative-emissions-technologies-and-reliable-sequestration-a-research-agenda|url-status=live}} |
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* {{Cite book|author=[[REN21]]|title=Renewables 2020: Global Status Report|publisher=REN21 Secretariat |url=https://www.ren21.net/wp-content/uploads/2019/05/gsr_2020_full_report_en.pdf |year=2020|isbn=978-3-948393-00-7 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200923065621/https://www.ren21.net/wp-content/uploads/2019/05/gsr_2020_full_report_en.pdf|archive-date=23 September 2020|url-status=live}} |
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* {{cite book|author=[[REN21]]|url=https://www.ren21.net/wp-content/uploads/2019/05/GSR2021_Full_Report.pdf |title=Renewables 2021: Global Status Report|publisher=REN21 Secretariat|year=2021|isbn=978-3-948393-03-8 |archive-date=15 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210615172702/https://www.ren21.net/wp-content/uploads/2019/05/GSR2021_Full_Report.pdf|url-status=live}} |
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* {{Cite book | last=Smil | first=Vaclav |authorlink=Vaclav Smil| title=Energy Transitions: Global and National Perspectives | publisher=[[Praeger Publishing]] | year=2017a | isbn=978-1-4408-5324-1 | oclc=955778608 }} |
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* {{Cite book|last=Smil|first=Vaclav|authorlink=Vaclav Smil|title=Energy and Civilization: A History|publisher=[[MIT Press]]|pages=|year=2017b|isbn=978-0-262-03577-4|oclc=959698256}} |
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*{{cite book|last1=Smith|first1=Kirk R.|last2=Pillarisetti|first2=Ajay|title=Injury Prevention and Environmental Health|edition=3rd|publisher=[[International Bank for Reconstruction and Development]] / [[World Bank]]|year=2017 |editor-last1=Kobusingye|editor-first1=O.|chapter=Chapter 7 Household Air Pollution from Solid Cookfuels and Its Effects on Health|display-editors=etal|chapter-url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK525225/|doi=10.1596/978-1-4648-0522-6_ch7|pmid=30212117|url-status=live|isbn=978-1-4648-0523-3 |url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK525218/|access-date=23 October 2021|archive-date=22 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200822155833/https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK525218/}} |
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* {{cite book |last1=Soysal |first1=Oguz A. |last2=Soysal |first2=Hilkat S. |title=Energy for Sustainable Society: From Resources to Users |publisher=[[John Wiley & Sons Ltd]]|isbn=978-1-119-56130-9 |year=2020 |oclc=1153975635}} |
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* {{Cite book|last=Szarka|first=Joseph|title=Wind Power in Europe : Politics, Business and Society|date=2007|publisher=[[Palgrave Macmillan]]|isbn=978-0-230-28667-2 |oclc=681900901}} |
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* {{Cite book|last=Tester|first=Jefferson|title=Sustainable Energy: Choosing Among Options|publisher=[[MIT Press]]|pages=|year=2012|isbn=978-0-262-01747-3|oclc=892554374}} |
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*{{cite report|url=https://www.undp.org/publications/undps-energy-strategy|title=Delivering Sustainable Energy in a Changing Climate: Strategy Note on Sustainable Energy 2017–2021|date=2016|author=[[United Nations Development Programme]]|url-status=live|archive-date=6 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210606234930/https://www.undp.org/publications/undps-energy-strategy}} |
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*{{cite report|url=http://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/hdr2020.pdf|title=Human Development Report 2020 The Next Frontier: Human Development and the Anthropocene|last=[[United Nations Development Programme]] |year=2020|isbn=978-92-1-126442-5|url-status=live|archive-date=15 December 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201215063955/http://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/hdr2020.pdf}} |
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* {{Cite book|title=The Heat is On: Taking Stock of Global Climate Ambition|year=2019|author1=[[United Nations Development Programme]] |author2=[[United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change]] |name-list-style=amp |url=https://unfccc.int/sites/default/files/resource/NDC%20Outlook.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210612075208/https://unfccc.int/sites/default/files/resource/NDC%20Outlook.pdf|archive-date=12 June 2021|url-status=live}} |
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* {{Cite book|ref={{harvid|UNECE|2020}}|author=[[United Nations Economic Commission for Europe]] |url=https://www.unece.org/fileadmin/DAM/energy/se/pdfs/CSE/Publications/Final_Report_PathwaysToSE.pdf |title=Pathways to Sustainable Energy|publisher=[[United Nations]]|year=2020|isbn=978-92-1-117228-7|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210412194448/https://unece.org/fileadmin/DAM/energy/se/pdfs/CSE/Publications/Final_Report_PathwaysToSE.pdf|archive-date=12 April 2021|url-status=live}} |
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* {{Cite book |author=[[United Nations Environment Programme]] |year=2019 |title=Emissions Gap Report 2019 |url=https://wedocs.unep.org/bitstream/handle/20.500.11822/30797/EGR2019.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y |isbn=978-92-807-3766-0 |archive-date=7 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210507022320/https://wedocs.unep.org/bitstream/handle/20.500.11822/30797/EGR2019.pdf?isAllowed=y&sequence=1 |url-status=live }} |
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* {{Cite book |author=[[United Nations Environment Programme]] |year=2020 |title=Emissions Gap Report 2020 |url=https://www.unep.org/emissions-gap-report-2020 |isbn=978-92-807-3812-4 |archive-date=9 December 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201209220237/https://www.unep.org/emissions-gap-report-2020 |url-status=live }} |
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*{{Cite report|author=[[United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change]]|date=2018|title=2018 Biennial Assessment and Overview of Climate Finance Flows Technical Report |url=https://unfccc.int/sites/default/files/resource/2018%20BA%20Technical%20Report%20Final%20Feb%202019.pdf|url-status=live|archive-date=14 November 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191114002417/https://unfccc.int/sites/default/files/resource/2018%20BA%20Technical%20Report%20Final%20Feb%202019.pdf}} |
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* {{Cite book|last=[[World Health Organization]] |url=https://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/204717/9789241565233_eng.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y |title=Burning Opportunity: Clean Household Energy for Health, Sustainable Development, and Wellbeing of Women and Children|year=2016|isbn=978-92-4-156523-3|url-status=live|archive-date=13 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210613080258/https://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/204717/9789241565233_eng.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y}} |
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* {{cite book|url=https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/cop24-special-report-health-climate-change |title=COP24 Special Report: Health and Climate Change|date=2018|author=[[World Health Organization]] |isbn=978-92-4-151497-2 |archive-date=12 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210612025708/https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/cop24-special-report-health-climate-change/|url-status=live}} |
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{{refend}} |
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{{Portal3|Ambiente|Ecologia}} |
{{Portal3|Ambiente|Ecologia}} |
Revisão das 15h43min de 26 de setembro de 2022
Energia sustentável | |
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Percentual de eletricidade produzida no mundo, em 2014, por meio de fontes renováveis (ver: Lista de países por produção de eletricidade renovável). Isso inclui biomassa, energia hidrelétrica, solar, eólica, geotérmica e maremotriz. A eletricidade produzida por fontes nucleares não está incluída. | |
Características | |
Classificação | disciplina (energia) |
Categoria | Sustainable energy |
Parte de | sustentabilidade, energy development |
Estudado por | ecologia, ciências do ambiente |
Localização | |
[ Editar Wikidata ] [ Mídias no Commons ] [ Editar infocaixa ] |
A energia é sustentável se "atender às necessidades do presente sem comprometer a capacidade das gerações futuras de atenderem às suas próprias necessidades".[1] A maioria das definições de energia sustentável inclui considerações de aspectos ambientais, como as emissões de gases de efeito estufa, e aspectos socioeconômicos, como a pobreza energética. Fontes de energia renovável, como energia eólica, hidrelétrica, solar e geotérmica são geralmente muito mais sustentáveis do que as fontes de combustíveis fósseis. No entanto, alguns projetos de energia renovável, como o desmatamento de florestas para a produção de biocombustíveis, podem causar graves danos ambientais. O papel das fontes de energia não renováveis na energia sustentável tem sido controverso. A energia nuclear é uma fonte de baixo carbono cujas taxas de mortalidade históricas são comparáveis às eólica e solar, mas sua sustentabilidade tem sido debatida devido a preocupações com resíduos radioativos, proliferação nuclear e acidentes. A mudança do carvão para o gás natural traz benefícios ambientais, incluindo um menor impacto climático, mas pode levar a um atraso na mudança para opções mais sustentáveis. A captura e armazenamento de carbono podem ser incorporados em usinas de energia para remover suas emissões de dióxido de carbono (CO2), mas são caros e raramente são implementados.
Os combustíveis fósseis fornecem 85% do consumo mundial de energia e o sistema energético é responsável por 76% das emissões globais de gases de efeito estufa. Cerca de 790 milhões de pessoas nos países em desenvolvimento não têm acesso à eletricidade e 2,6 bilhões dependem de combustíveis poluentes como madeira ou carvão para cozinhar. Reduzir as emissões de gases de efeito estufa para níveis consistentes com o Acordo de Paris de 2015 exigirá uma transformação em todo o sistema da forma como a energia é produzida, distribuída, armazenada e consumida. A queima de combustíveis fósseis e biomassa é um dos principais contribuintes para a poluição do ar, que causa cerca de sete milhões de mortes a cada ano. Portanto, a transição para um sistema de energia de baixo carbono teria fortes co-benefícios para a saúde humana. Existem caminhos para fornecer acesso universal à eletricidade e à cozinha limpa de maneira compatível com as metas climáticas, trazendo grandes benefícios econômicos e de saúde para os países em desenvolvimento.
Nos caminhos propostos de mitigação das mudanças climáticas que são compatíveis com a limitação do aquecimento global a 2 °C (3,6 °F), o mundo rapidamente elimina as usinas a carvão, produz mais eletricidade a partir de fontes limpas, como eólica e solar, e passa a usar electricidade em vez de combustíveis em setores como os transportes e o aquecimento dos edifícios. Para algumas tecnologias e processos de uso intensivo de energia que são difíceis de eletrificar, muitos caminhos descrevem um papel crescente para o combustível de hidrogênio produzido a partir de fontes de energia de baixa emissão. Para acomodar parcelas maiores de energia renovável variável, as redes elétricas exigem flexibilidade por meio de infraestrutura como armazenamento de energia. Para fazer reduções profundas nas emissões, infraestrutura e tecnologias que usam energia, como edifícios e sistemas de transporte, precisariam ser alteradas para usar formas limpas de energia e também para economizar energia. Algumas tecnologias críticas para eliminar as emissões de gases de efeito estufa relacionadas à energia ainda não estão maduras.
A energia eólica e solar gerou 8,5% da eletricidade mundial em 2019. Essa participação cresceu rapidamente, enquanto os custos caíram e a projeção é que continuem caindo. O Painel Intergovernamental sobre Mudanças Climáticas (PIMC) estima que 2,5% do produto interno bruto (PIB) mundial precisaria ser investido no sistema de energia a cada ano entre 2016 e 2035 para limitar o aquecimento global a 1,5 °C (2,7 °F). Políticas governamentais bem elaboradas que promovam a transformação do sistema de energia podem reduzir as emissões de gases de efeito estufa e melhorar a qualidade do ar. Em muitos casos, também aumentam a segurança energética. As abordagens políticas incluem precificação de carbono, padrões de portfólio renovável, eliminação gradual de subsídios a combustíveis fósseis, e o desenvolvimento de infraestrutura para apoiar a eletrificação e o transporte sustentável. O financiamento de pesquisa, desenvolvimento e demonstração de novas tecnologias de energia limpa também é um papel importante do governo.
Imagens
Energias sustentáveis: | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
Darling National Demonstration Wind Farm, Cidade do Cabo, África do Sul. |
Usina solar de Uarzazate (Marrocos). |
SeaGen (Irlanda do Norte). |
Central geotérmica em Obama Onsen (Japão). |
Bioetanol produzido através da fermentação da palha. |
Ver também
Referências
- ↑ Kutscher, Milford & Kreith 2019, pp. 5–6.
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