Usuária:Dianakc/Testes

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Imperial fora são uma série de fóruns (praças públicas), constituídos por cinco áreas quadradas ladeadas por templos e colunas e foram construídos ao longo de um séculos e meio, entre 46 a.C. e 113 d.C por Júlio César, Augusto, Vespasiano, Nerva e Trajano.[1]

Os fóruns imperiais, embora não fazendo parte do Fórum Romano, estão localizados relativamente próximos uns dos outros. Júlio César foi o primeiro a construir nesta seção de Roma e reorganizou o Fórum e o Comitium, outro espaço semelhante a um fórum designado para a política. Estes fóruns foram os centros de política, religião e economia no antigo Império Romano.[2][3]

Referências

  1. ↑ Fodor's (2012), Fodor's Essential Italy: Rome, Florence, Venice & the Top Spots in Between, Fodor's Travel Publications, p. 41, ISBN 978-0-89141-925-9
  2. ↑ Björn C. Ewald; Carlos F. Noreña; Yale University. Department of Classics (2010), The Emperor and Rome: Space, Representation, and Ritual, Cambridge University Press, p. 15, ISBN 978-0-521-51953-3
  3. ↑ Richard A. Tomlinson (2002), From Mycenae to Constantinople: The Evolution of the Ancient City, Routledge, p. 155, ISBN 978-1-134-92894-1

<ref>Gomes, Wagner. [http://www.icmbio.gov.br/cemave/downloads/finish/7-sna/11-lista-de-tamanhos-de-anilhas.html ''Lista das espécies de aves brasileiras com tamanhos de anilha recomendados'']. 7/2/2013, [[CEMAVE]]</ref><ref>[http://pesquisa.in.gov.br/imprensa/jsp/visualiza/index.jsp?jornal=1&pagina=121&data=24/12/2013 ''Lista das espécies de aves brasileiras com tamanhos de anilha recomendados - Ordem sistemática e taxonômica segundo lista primária do CBRO''], [[DOU]], Nº 249, 24 de dezembro de 2013, ISSN 1677-7042, p.121</ref>



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Liberdade de expressão e de pensamento[editar | editar código-fonte]

As doutrinas das Testemunhas de Jeová são estabelecidas pelo Conselho de Administração, sem consulta com outros membros.[1] A religião não tolera dissidências sobre doutrinas e práticas;[2][3][4] os membros que discordarem abertamente com os ensinamentos da religião são excluídos.[5] As publicações da Sociedade Torre de Vigia esencoraja fortemente seus seguidores a questionarem suas doutrinas e conselhos justificando que a Sociedade é confiável como a "organização de Deus".[4][6][7][8] It also warns members to "avoid independent thinking", claiming such thinking "was introduced by Satan the Devil"[9][10] and would "cause division".[11] Those who openly disagree with official teachings are condemned as "apostates" and "mentally diseased".[12][13][14]

Former members Heather and Gary Botting compare the cultural paradigms of the religion to George Orwell's Nineteen Eighty-four,[15] and Alan Rogerson describes the religion's leadership as totalitarian.[16] Other critics charge that by disparaging individual decision-making, the Watch Tower Society cultivates a system of unquestioning obedience[17][18] in which Witnesses abrogate all responsibility and rights over their personal lives.[19][20] Critics also accuse the Watch Tower Society of exercising "intellectual dominance" over Witnesses,[21] controlling information[5][22][23] and creating "mental isolation",[24] which former Governing Body member Raymond Franz argued were all elements of mind control.[24]

Watch Tower Society publications state that consensus of faith aids unity,[25] and deny that unity restricts individuality or imagination.[25] Historian James Irvin Lichti has rejected the description of the religion as "totalitarian".[26]

Sociologist Rodney Stark states that while Jehovah's Witness leaders are "not always very democratic" and members are expected to conform to "rather strict standards," enforcement tends to be informal, sustained by close bonds of friendship and that Jehovah's Witnesses see themselves as "part of the power structure rather than subject to it."[27] Sociologist Andrew Holden states that most members who join millenarian movements such as Jehovah's Witnesses have made an informed choice.[28] However, he also states that defectors "are seldom allowed a dignified exit",[12] and describes the administration as autocratic.[29]

Referências

  1. ↑ Andrew Holden (2012). Jehovah's Witnesses: Portrait of a Contemporary Religious Movement. Routledge. p. 22. ISBN 978-1-134-50151-9.
  2. ↑ "Following Faithful Shepherds with Life in View", The Watchtower, 1 de outubro de 1967, p. 591, "Apressa-te para identificar a organização teocrática visível de Deus que representa seu rei, Jesus Cristo. É essencial para a vida. Fazendo isso, sejs completo em aceitar todos os seus aspectos... em submeter-se a organização teocrática visível de Jeová, temos de estar de acordo plena e completamente com todos os recursos de seu procedimentos e requisitos apostólicos."
  3. ↑ "Loyal to Christ and His Faithful Slave", The Watchtower, 1 de abril de 2007, p. 24, "When we loyally submit to the direction of the faithful slave and its Governing Body, we are submitting to Christ, the slave's Master."
  4. ↑ a b Beckford 1975
  5. ↑ a b Osamu Muramoto (August 1998). Bioethics of the refusal of blood by Jehovah's Witnesses: Part 1. Should bioethical deliberation consider dissidents' views?. Journal of Medical Ethics 24 (4): 223–230. doi:10.1136/jme.24.4.223. PMC 1377670. PMID 9752623.
  6. ↑ "Exposing the Devil's Subtle Designs" e "Armed for the Fight Against Wicked Spirits", The Watchtower, 15 de janeiro de 1983
  7. ↑ "Serving Jehovah Shoulder to Shoulder", The Watchtower, August 15, 1981, page 28.
  8. ↑ "Jehovah's Theocratic Organization Today",The Watchtower, 1 de fereiro de 1952, p.79–81.
  9. ↑ «Avoid Independent Thinking». The Watchtower. 27 páginas. 15 January 1983. From the very outset of his rebellion Satan called into question God's way of doing things. He promoted independent thinking. ... How is such independent thinking manifested? A common way is by questioning the counsel that is provided by God's visible organization.  Verifique data em: |data= (ajuda)
  10. ↑ «Avoid Independent Thinking». The Watchtower. 20 páginas. February 15, 1979. In a world where people are tossed about by confusing winds of religious doctrine, Jehovah's people need to be stable, full-grown Christians. (Eph. 4:13, 14) Their position must be steadfast, not shifting quickly because of independent thinking or emotional pressures.  Verifique data em: |data= (ajuda)
  11. ↑ The Watchtower: 277–278. May 1, 1964. It is through the columns of The Watchtower that Jehovah provides direction and constant Scriptural counsel to his people, and it requires careful study and attention to details in order to apply this information, to get a full understanding of the principles involved, and to assure ourselves of right thinking on these matters. It is in this way that we "are thoroughly able to grasp mentally with all the holy ones" the fullness of our commission and of the preaching responsibility that Jehovah has placed on all Christians as footstep followers of his Son. Any other course would produce independent thinking and cause division.  Verifique data em: |data= (ajuda); Em falta ou vazio |título= (ajuda)
  12. ↑ a b Holden & 2002 Portrait
  13. ↑ See also Raymond Franz, In Search of Christian Freedom, pg. 358.
  14. ↑ "Will You Heed Jehovah’s Clear Warnings?", The Watchtower, July 15, 2011, page 15, "apostates are 'mentally diseased,' and they seek to infect others with their disloyal teachings. (1 Tim. 6:3, 4)."
  15. ↑ The Orwellian World of Jehovah's Witnesses, Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1984, passim.
  16. ↑ Alan Rogerson, Millions Now Living Will Never Die, Constable, 1969, page 50.
  17. ↑ Erro de citação: Etiqueta <ref> inválida; não foi fornecido texto para as refs de nome Bevindependent
  18. ↑ Beckford 1975, The habit of questioning or qualifying Watch Tower doctrine is not only under-developed among the Witnesses: it is strenuously combated at all organizational levels
  19. ↑ Botting, Heather; Gary Botting (1984). The Orwellian World of Jehovah's Witnesses. [S.l.]: University of Toronto Press. p. 90. ISBN 0-8020-6545-7. Most Witnesses, although capable of intelligent, reasonable thought, have as part of the payment for paradise delegated authority to the organization for directing their lives ... and finally abrogate all responsibility and rights over their personal lives—in effect, allowing the society to do their thinking for them. 
  20. ↑ Alan Rogerson, Millions Now Living Will Never Die, Constable, 1969, page 178, "The newly converted Witness must conform immediately to the doctrines of the Watchtower Society, thus whatever individuality of mind he possessed before conversion is liable to be eradicated if he stays in the movement.".
  21. ↑ James A. Beverley, Crisis of Allegiance, Welch Publishing Company, Burlington, Ontario, 1986, ISBN 0-920413-37-4, pages 25–26, 101.
  22. ↑ Holden & 2002 Portrait
  23. ↑ Alan Rogerson, Millions Now Living Will Never Die, Constable, 1969, page 2, "In addition to the prevalent ignorance outside the Witness movement, there is much ignorance within it. It will soon become obvious to the reader that the Witnesses are an indoctrinated people whose beliefs and thoughts are shaped by the Watchtower Society."
  24. ↑ a b R. Franz, "In Search of Christian Freedom", chapter 12
  25. ↑ a b The Watchtower (8/15). August 1988  Verifique data em: |data= (ajuda)
  26. ↑ The Routledge History of the Holocaust, Routledge, 2010, "Labeling the Jehovah's Witnesses as totalitarian trivializes the term totalitarian and defames the Jehovah's Witnesses."
  27. ↑ Erro de citação: Etiqueta <ref> inválida; não foi fornecido texto para as refs de nome Stark
  28. ↑ Holden & 2002 Portrait
  29. ↑ Erro de citação: Etiqueta <ref> inválida; não foi fornecido texto para as refs de nome Holden 2002 22
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