Usuário(a):Lucas 1717/Testes

Regionais francesas/pesquisas

Altos da França

Instituto	Data	Entrevis-tados	Indecisos	LO	EELV	PACE	LREM	LR-UDI	DLF	RN
				Pecqueur	Delli	Alexandre	Pietraszewski	Bertrand	Évrard	Chenu
OpinionWay	14 - 15/06	1024	24%	2%	20%	<1%	11%	33%	2%	32%
Elabe	04 - 07/06	1107	14%	2%	17%	<1%	11%	35%	3%	32%
Ifop	02 - 07/06	1070	-	1%	20%	1%	10%	34%	2%	32%
OpinionWay	02 - 05/06	1010	21%	2%	17%	1%	12%	34%	3%	31%
BVA	26/05 - 31/05	794	24%	3%	22%	1%	13%	30%	3%	28%
Ipsos	27/05 - 29/05	1000	11%	2%	17%	1%	10%	36%	2%	32%
OpinionWay	20/05 - 24/05	1048	24%	1%	17%	2%	11%	33%	4%	32%
Harris Interactive	20/05 - 24/05	1218	-	2%	19%	1%	11%	35%	2%	30%
Ifop	17/05 - 20/05	933	-	1%	20%	-	10%	35%	2%	32%
Ipsos	29/04 - 03/05	1000	10%	2%	20%	<0,5%	10%	35%	1%	32%
BVA	22 - 29/04	805	18%	3%	17%	-	12%	33%	2%	31%

Auvérnia-Ródano-Alpes

Instituto	Data	Entrevis-tados	Indecisos	DIV	LO	PCF	EELV	PS	UDMF	LREM	LR	RN
				Gill	Gomez	Cukierman	Grébert	Belkacem	Omeir	Bonnell	Wauquiez	Kotarac
OpinionWay	11 - 13/06	1000	20%	<1%	1%	6%	11%	10%	<1%	15%	35%	22%
OpinionWay	04 - 07/06	1019	22%	<1%	1%	7%	13%	10%	<1%	14%	33%	22%
Ipsos	03 - 07/06	1001	8%	0,5%	2%	5%	11%	12%	0,5%	13%	35%	22%
Ifop	31/05 - 04/06	992	-	0%	1,5%	6%	11%	11%	0,5%	13%	35%	22%
OpinionWay	28/05 - 01/06	1000	21%	<1%	2%	6%	12%	9%	1%	14%	34%	22%

Borgonha-Franco-Condado

Instituto	Data	Entrevis-tados	Indecisos	LO	GRS-FI	EELV	PS	LREM	LR	RN
				Rocher	Faudot	Modde	Dufay	Turiot	Platret	Odoul
Ifop	Junho	994	-	1%	5%	10%	18%	15%	21%	30%
Ipsos	03 - 07/06	1000	14%	2%	4%	8%	21%	16%	21%	28%

Bretanha

Instituto	Data	Entrevis-tados	Indecisos	LO	FI	ECO	EELV	PS	UDMF	PB	LREM	LR	DLF	RN	EXD	DIV
				Hamon	Cadalen	Cueff	Desmares-Poirrier	Chesnais-Girard	Elahiar	Martin	Burlot	Le Callennec	Cabas	Pennelle	Chauvel	Daviet
Ipsos	03 - 07/06	1000	15%	2%	5%	4%	12%	19%	0,5%	0,5%	19%	14%	3%	20%	0,5%	0,5%
Odoxa	21 - 25/04	1020	19%	3%	6%	9%	11%	14%	-	5%	18%	17%	3%	14%	-	-

Centro-Vale do Líger

Instituto	Data	Entrevis-tados	Indecisos	LO	EELV	PS	ECO	MoDem-LREM	LR	RN
				Megdoud	Fournier	Bonneau	Clément	Fesneau	Forissier	Nikolic
Ipsos	03 - 07/06	1000	-	2%	9%	21%	3%	19%	18%	28%
Ipsos	12 - 15/05	1000	-	2%	11%	19%	3%	21%	16%	28%

Córsega

Instituto	Data	Entrevis-tados	Indecisos	CL	PCF	EELV	PNC	Core in Fronte	FaC	TdP	CCB	RN	EXD
				Talamoni	Stefani	Simonpietri	Angelini	Benedetti	Simeoni	Orsucci	Marcangeli	Filoni	Giacomi
Ipsos	02 - 05/06	800	-	7%	5%	8%	11%	7%	25%	9%	23%	4%	1%

Grande Leste

Instituto	Data	Entrevis-tados	Indecisos	LO	G.s-FI	EELV-PS	UL	UDMF	DVD-LREM	LR	LP	RN
				Fève	Filippetti	Romani	Meyer	Tyane	Klinkert	Rottner	Philippot	Jacobelli
Ipsos	03 - 07/06	1001	-	2%	5%	14%	4%	1%	14%	27%	8%	25%
OpinionWay	25 - 31/05	2010	-	1%	7%	14%	2%	1%	16%	28%	6%	25%
Harris Interactive	13 - 19/04	1004	-	-	10%	16%	-	-	18%	24%	4%	28%

Ilha de França

Instituto	Data	Entrevis-tados	LO	FI-PCF	PS	EELV	ECO	UDMF	Volt	LREM	SL-LR	RN	DIV
			Arthaud	Autain	Pulvar	Bayou	Pailhac	Berlingen	Conti	Saint-Martin	Pécresse	Bardella	Brot
OpinionWay	13 - 14/06	1092	1%	10%	10%	13%	<1%	<1%	<1%	15%	34%	17%	<1%
Ifop	07 - 11/06	982	2%	11%	11%	10%	1%	0%	1%	13%	34%	17%	0%
Ipsos	03 - 07/06	1001	2%	10%	10%	12%	1%	0,5%	1%	11%	34%	18%	0,5%
OpinionWay	03 - 06/06	1046	1%	11%	10%	12%	<1%	<1%	<1%	16%	33%	17%	<1%
BVA	31/05 - 06/06	1241	1,5%	8%	10%	12%	1%	<0,5%	<0,5%	15%	33%	19%	<0,5%
Elabe	28 - 31/05	1144	1,5%	9%	12%	10%	<1%	1%	1%	15%	35%	16%	<1%
OpinionWay	27 - 30/05	1155	<1%	10%	9%	12%	<1%	<1%	<1%	16%	34%	19%	<1%
Ipsos	24 - 26/05	939	2%	11%	10%	12%	1%	1%	1%	12%	33%	17%	<0,5%

Normandia

Instituto	Data	Entrevis-tados	LO	PCF-FI	PS-EELV	LREM	LREM dissidente	LC-LR	RN
			Le Manach	Jumel	Boulanger	Bonnaterre	Kerbach	Morin	Bay
Ifop	11 - 16/06	903	2,5%	7%	19%	12%	0,5%	30%	29%
OpinionWay	10 - 13/06	1024	2%	8%	16%	15%	1%	30%	28%
Ipsos	03 - 07/06	1000	2%	10%	16%	11%	1%	32%	28%
Elabe	31/05 - 05/06	1005	2%	10%	16%	13%	1%	31%	27%

Nova-Aquitânia

Instituto	Data	Entrevis-tados	Indecisos	LO	FI	EELV	PS	MoDem-LREM	LR	LMR	RN
				Perchet	Guetté	Thierry	Rousset	Darrieussecq	Florian	Puyjalon	Diaz
Ifop	02 - 07/06	1018	-	1%	4%	11%	25%	19%	15%	2%	23%
Ipsos	03 - 07/06	1000	15%	2%	4%	9%	25%	17%	12%	4%	27%
Ifop	26 - 31/05	1000	-	1%	5%	11%	24%	19%	14%	3%	23%

Occitânia

Instituto	Data	Entrevis-tados	LO	FI	EELV	PS	OPN	LREM	LR	RN	DIV
			Adrada	Martin	Maurice	Delga	Davezac	Terrail-Novès	Pradié	Garraud	Le Boursicaud
Ifop	07 - 11/06	998	1%	4,5%	10%	29%	1,5%	11%	12%	31%	<0,5%
Ipsos	03 - 07/06	1000	2%	4%	8%	30%	0,5%	11%	11%	33%	0,5%
Ifop	21 - 27/05	1003	0%	6%	10%	26%	0%	13%	14%	30%	1%

País do Líger

Instituto	Data	Entrevis-tados	Indecisos	DIV	LO	EELV	PS	LREM	LR	DLF	RN
				Rigaudeau	Le Beller	Orphelin	Garot	de Rugy	Morançais	Bayle	Juvin
Ipsos	03 - 07/06	1000	10%	0,5%	2%	19%	14%	19%	25%	4%	17%
OpinionWay	25 - 31/05	1055	-	1%	1%	17%	14%	17%	26%	3%	21%

Provença-Alpes-Costa Azul

Instituto	Data	Entrevis-tados	Indecisos	LO	EELV	ECO	POC	LR-LREM	DLF	RN	LS	DIV
				Bonnet	Félizia	Governatori	Guerrera	Muselier	Chuisano	Mariani	Laupies	Vicenzi
OpinionWay	15 - 17/06	1050	21%	1%	16%	3%	2%	33%	2%	43%	<1%	<1%
BVA	09 - 14/06	813	15%	1%	16%	3%	0,5%	33%	3,5%	42%	1%	<0,5%
Ifop	10 - 14/06	960	28%	1%	17%	3%	0,5%	34%	3%	41%	0,5%	0%
OpinionWay	07 - 10/06	1067	23%	1%	17%	3%	1%	32%	2%	43%	1%	<1%
Ipsos	03 - 07/06	1000	9%	2%	15%	3%	1%	34%	2%	41%	1%	1%
OpinionWay	31/05 - 03/06	1004	27%	1%	16%	4%	<1%	32%	4%	42%	1%	<1%
Ifop	26 - 31/05	1006	-	1,5%	15%	4%	0,5%	35%	4%	39%	1%	0%
Elabe	21 - 26/05	1133	13%	2%	12%	6%	<0,5%	33%	2%	43%	2%	<0,5%

presidentielle 2002

Resultado das Eleições Presidenciais na França em 2002 - 2º Turno

Partido		Candidato	Votos	Votos (%)	Votos (±)
	RPR	Jacques Chirac	25 537 956	82,21%	+29,57%
	FN	Jean-Marie Le Pen	5 525 032	17,79%	-
Totais			31 062 988
Participação			31 062 988	79,7%	0%
Fonte: [5]

local votação

Le Pen 12 - ECOLE JEAN-JACQUES ROUSSEAU 0 RUE JEAN-J. ROUSSEAU à HENIN-BEAUMONT (62110) en FRANCE

Melenchon 033 ECOLE MATERNELLE 20 bis RUE DE PARADIS à PARIS (75010)

Macron BUREAU 3 Hôtel de Ville - Salle Mariages à LE TOUQUET-PARIS-PLAGE (62520) en FRANCE

Hollande LATREILLE - A - 0 IMPASSE LATREILLE à TULLE (19000) en FRANCE

R França

Instituto	Data	Entrevis-tados
			Macron EM!	Le Pen FN	Fillon LR	Mélenchon FI	Hamon PS	Dupont-Aignan DLF	Poutou NPA	Lassalle SE	Asselineau UPR	Arthaud LO	Cheminade S&P
Votos	%	Votos	%	Votos	%	Votos	%	Votos	%	Votos	%	Votos	%	Votos	%	Votos	%	Votos	%	Votos	%

PSOL

Ano	Candidato (a) a Presidente	Candidato (a) a Vice-Presidente	Coligação
				Votos	%	Posição
2006	Heloísa Helena	César Benjamin	PSOL, PSTU e PCB	6.575.393	0000000000006.85 6,85 / 100	3º

Resultados França

Candidato	Partido	1º Turno		2º Turno
		Votos	%	Votos	%
Benoît Hamon	PS		0000000000000000 0 / 100
Emmanuel Macron	EM!		0000000000000000 0 / 100
François Fillon	LR		0000000000000000 0 / 100
Jacques Cheminade	S&P		0000000000000000 0 / 100
Jean-Luc Mélenchon	FDG		0000000000000000 0 / 100
Marine Le Pen	FN		0000000000000000 0 / 100
Nathalie Arthaud	LO		0000000000000000 0 / 100
Nicolas Dupont-Aignan	DLF		0000000000000000 0 / 100
François Asselineau	UPR		0000000000000000 0 / 100
Votos Válidos			0000000000000000 0 / 100		0000000000000000 0 / 100
Votos brancos ou nulos			0000000000000000 0 / 100		0000000000000000 0 / 100
Total de votos			0000000000000000 0 / 100		0000000000000000 0 / 100
Comparecimento			0000000000000000 0 / 100		0000000000000000 0 / 100
Abstenção			0000000000000000 0 / 100		0000000000000000 0 / 100
Fonte

PS

Data	Candidato	1º Turno			2º Turno
		Votos	%	Posição	Votos	%	Posição
1974	François Mitterrand	11 044 373	00000000000043.3 43,3 / 100	1º	12 971 604	00000000000049.2 49,2 / 100	2º
1981	François Mitterrand	7 505 960	00000000000025.9 25,9 / 100	2º	15 708 262	00000000000051.8 51,8 / 100	1º
1988	François Mitterrand	10 381 332	00000000000034.1 34,1 / 100	1º	16 704 279	00000000000054.0 54,0 / 100	1º
1995	Lionel Jospin	7 098 191	00000000000023.3 23,3 / 100	1º	14 180 644	00000000000047.4 47,4 / 100	2º
2002	Lionel Jospin	4 610 113	00000000000016.2 16,2 / 100	3º
2007	Ségolène Royal	9 500 112	00000000000025.9 25,9 / 100	2º	16 790 440	00000000000046.9 46,9 / 100	2º
2012	François Hollande	10 272 705	00000000000028.6 28,6 / 100	1º	18 000 668	00000000000051.6 51,6 / 100	1º
2017	Benoît Hamon

Le Pen

Jean-Marie Le Pen (pronúncia em francês: ​[ʒɑ̃ ma.ʁi lə.pɛn]; born 20 June 1928) is a French politician who led the National Front party from its foundation in 1972 until 2011.

His progression in the late 1980s is known as the "Lepénisation des esprits" or lepénisation of spirits due to its noticeable effect on mainstream political opinion. Le Pen focuses on issues related to immigration to France, the European Union, traditional culture and values, law and order and France's high rate of unemployment. He advocates immigration restrictions, the death penalty, raising incentives for homemakers, and euroscepticism. His controversial speeches and his integration into public life have made him a figure who polarizes opinion, considered as the "Devil of the Republic" among his opponents or as the last samurai in politics among his supporters.

His progress to the second round in the 21 April 2002 presidential election left its mark on French public life, and the "21st of April" is now a frequently used expression in France. His longevity in politics and his five attempts to become president of France have made him a major figure in French political life. Expelled from the party the previous month, on 5 September 2015 Le Pen founded an association, the Blue, White and Red Rally.

Biografia

Infância e educação

Jean-Marie Le Pen nasceu em 20 de junho de 1928 em Trinité-sur-Mer, uma pequena vila à beira-mar de Bretanha. Filho de um pescador, seu pai morreu após seu barco ser explodido por uma mina em 1942. Ele foi criado como um católico romano e estudou em uma escola secundária jesuíta de Vannes, e em seguida em um colégio de Lorient.

Em novembro de 1944, foi rejeitado (por causa de sua idade) pelo coronel Henri de La Vaissière (então representante da Juventude Comunista) ao tentar se juntar às Forças Francesas do Interior (FFI). Ele então entrou para a Faculdade de Direito de Paris, e começou a vender na rua o jornal monarquista Action Française.

Le Pen começou sua carreira política em uma união de estudantes em Toulouse. Tornou-se presidente da Associação Corporativa dos Estudantes de Direito, uma associação de estudantes de direito cuja atividade principal era se envolver em brigas de rua contra os "Cocos" (comunistas). Ele foi excluído desta organização em 1951.

Depois de seu tempo no serviço militar, estudou ciência política e direito na Universidade Pantheon-Assas. Sua tese de pós-graduação, apresentada em 1971 por ele e Jean-Loup Vincent, foi intitulada de O movimento anarquista na França desde 1945.

Serviço militar

Depois de receber o seu diploma em direito, alistou-se na Legião Estrangeira Francesa, uma unidade das Forças Armadas da França. Em 1953, entrou em contato com o presidente Vincent Auriol, que aprovou uma proposta de Le Pen que visava ajudar na recuperação da Holanda, no âmbito das inundações do Mar do Norte em 1953. Em 1954, chegou na Indochina após a Batalha de Dien Bien Phu, e, depois do fim da guerra, foi então enviado para Suez em 1956, mas chegou somente após o cessar-fogo. No mesmo ano, em Paris, foi eleito por um partido populista para a Assembleia Nacional, o que o fez ser o mais jovem membro da Assembleia naquele momento.

Em 1957, tornou-se o secretário-geral da Frente Nacional dos Combatentes, uma organização de veteranos. No ano seguinte, foi reeleito para a Assembleia Nacional como um membro do Centro Nacional de Independentes e Camponeses (CNIP), liderado por Antoine Pinay.

Le Pen claimed that he had lost his left eye when he was savagely beaten during the 1958 election campaign. Testimonies suggest however that he was only wounded in the right eye and did not lose it. He lost the sight in his left eye years later, due to an illness. (Popular belief that he wears a glass eye{{carece de fontes}} is unfounded.) During the 1950s, Le Pen took a close interest in the Algerian War (1954–62) and the French defence budget.

Elected deputy of the French Parliament under the Poujadist banner, Le Pen voluntarily reengaged himself for two to three months in the French Foreign Legion. He was then sent to Algeria (1957) as an intelligence officer. He has been accused of having engaged in torture. Le Pen has denied these accusations, although he admitted knowing of its use.

Início da vida política na extrema-direita

Le Pen dirigiu a campanha presidencial do candidato de extrema-direita Jean-Louis Tixier-Vignancour, que obteve 5,19% dos votos em 1965. Ele insistiu sobre a reabilitação dos colaboracionistas, declarando que:

"O general de Gaulle foi mais valente que o marechal Pétain na zona ocupada? Isso não é certo. Era muito mais fácil resistir em Londres do que resistir na França."

Em 1962, Le Pen perdeu seu assento na Assembleia. Ele criou a empresa Serp ("Société d'études et de relações publiques"), envolvida na indústria da música, e que produziu ambos os corais do "Confédération Générale du Travail", músicas da Frente Popular e marchas nazistas. A empresa foi condenada em 1968 por crime de guerra e cumplicidade, após a difusão de músicas do Terceiro Reich.

Frente Nacional

In 1972, Le Pen founded the Front National (FN) party, along with former OAS member Jacques Bompard, former Collaborationist Roland Gaucher and others nostalgics of Vichy France, neo-Nazi pagans, Traditionalist Catholics, and others. Le Pen presented himself for the first time in the 1974 presidential election, obtaining 0.74% of the vote. In 1976, his Parisian flat was dynamited (he lived at that time in his castle of Montretout in Saint-Cloud). The crime was never solved. Le Pen then failed to obtain the 500 signatures from "grand electors" (grands électeurs, mayors, etc.) necessary to present himself in the 1981 presidential election, won by the candidate of the Socialist Party (PS), François Mitterrand.

Criticizing immigration and taking advantage of the economic crisis striking France and the world since the 1973 oil crisis, Le Pen's party managed to increase its support in the 1980s, starting in the municipal elections of 1983. His popularity has been greatest in the south of France. The FN obtained 10% in the 1984 European elections. A total of 34 FN deputies entered the Assembly after the 1986 elections (the only legislative elections held under proportional representation), which were won by the right wing, bringing Jacques Chirac to Matignon in the first cohabitation government (that is, the combination of a right-wing Prime minister, Chirac, with a socialist President, Mitterrand).

In 1984, Le Pen won a seat in the European Parliament and has been constantly reelected since then. In 1988 he lost his reelection bid for the French National Assembly in the Bouches-du-Rhône's 8th constituency. He was defeated in the second round by Socialist Marius Masse. In 1991 Le Pen's invite to London by Conservative MP's was militantly protested by large numbers coordinated by the Campaign Against Fascism in Europe, CAFE, which led to a surge of anti-fascist groups and activity across Europe. In 1992 and 1998 he was elected to the regional council of Provence-Alpes-Côte-d'Azur.

Jean-Marie Le Pen, September 2005

Le Pen ran in the French presidential elections in 1974, 1988, 1995, 2002, and 2007. As noted above, he was not able to run for office in 1981, having failed to gather the necessary 500 signatures of elected officials. In the presidential elections of 2002, Le Pen obtained 16.86% of the votes in the first round of voting. This was enough to qualify him for the second round, as a result of the poor showing by the PS candidate and incumbent prime minister Lionel Jospin and the scattering of votes among 15 other candidates. This was a major political event, both nationally and internationally, as it was the first time someone with such far right views had qualified for the second round of the French presidential elections. There was a widespread stirring of national public opinion as virtually the entire French political spectrum from the centre-right to the left united in fierce opposition to Le Pen's ideas. More than one million people in France took part in street rallies; slogans such as "vote for the crook, not the fascist" were heard in opposition to Le Pen. Le Pen was then defeated by a large margin in the second round, when incumbent president Jacques Chirac obtained 82% of the votes, thus securing the biggest majority in the history of the Fifth Republic.

In the 2004 regional elections, Le Pen intended to run for office in the Provence-Alpes-Côte-d'Azur region but was prevented from doing so because he did not meet the conditions for being a voter in that region: he neither lived there nor was registered as a taxpayer there. However, he was planned to be the FN's top candidate in the region for the 2010 regional elections.

Le Pen again ran in the 2007 French presidential election and finished fourth. His 2007 campaign, at the age of 78 years and 9 months, makes him the oldest candidate for presidential office in French history.

After he left office in January 2011, his daughter Marine Le Pen was elected by the adherents of the party against Bruno Gollnisch. He became honorary chairman of the party and won his seat again at the European elections in 2014.

On 4 May 2015, he was suspended from the party. This came after he refused to attend his disciplinary hearing at the party for describing the gas chambers used in concentration camps during the Holocaust as a "detail" of history. But Jean-Marie Le Pen won two legal cases: the first one decided in June to cancel this dismissal of membership and the second one decided in July to stop voting operation. On 10 July 2015, the members of his party were to vote to accept or reject a whole series of measures aiming at changing the National Front's status including the Honorary Presidency of Jean-Marie Le Pen. But on 8 July 2015, another French court ruled to suspend the vote and urged the party to organize a Congress in presence of its members as Jean Marie Le Pen sued the National Front again. The party decided to appeal against both of these decisions. Although a French court decided to suspend the vote of its members, the FN decided, on 29 July 2015, to count the votes on the suppression of his Honorary Presidency, which showed that 94% of the members were in favor of this decision.

In August 2015, Le Pen was expelled from the National Front after a special party congress.

Vida pessoal, riqueza e segurança

Le Pen com sua esposa em uma reunião política em 2007

O seu casamento (29 de junho de 1960 - 18 de março de 1987) com Pierrette Lalanne resultou em três filhas; estas filhas deram-lhe nove netas. O rompimento do casamento foi um pouco dramático, com sua ex-mulher posar nua na edição francesa da Playboy para ridicularizá-lo. Marie-Caroline, outra de suas filhas, também rompeu com Le Pen, seguindo o marido para participar com Bruno Mégret, na fundação do MNR, uma cisão da FN. A mais jovem das filhas de Le Pen, Marine, é a atual líder da Frente Nacional. Em 31 de maio de 1991, Jean-Marie Le Pen se casou com Jeanne-Marie Paschos ("Jany"), de ascendência grega. Nascida em 1933, Paschos foi casada com o empresário belga Jean Garnier.

Em 1977, Le Pen herdou uma fortuna de Hubert Lambert, filho do industrial de cimento do mesmo nome. Hubert Lambert era um defensor política de Le Pen, bem como ser um monarquista. A vontade de Lambert era dar 30 milhões de francos (cerca de 5 milhões de euros) para Le Pen, bem como seu castelo em Montretout, Saint-Cloud (o mesmo castelo tinha sido propriedade de Madame de Pompadour, até 1748).

No início de 1980, a segurança pessoal de Le Pen foi assegurado por KO International Company, uma subsidiária da VHP Segurança, uma empresa de segurança privada, e uma suposta organização de fachada para o SAC, o Serviço de Ação Cívica, uma organização gaullista. A empresa supostamente empregou figuras com fundos oriundos do crime organizado e do movimento de extrema-direita.

Recordes Eleitorais

Assembleia Nacional Francesa: Membro da Assembleia Nacional da França por Paris: 1956-1962 / 1986-1988. Eleito em 1956, reeleito em 1958 e em 1986. Presidente do grupo da FN: 1986-1988.

Conselho Municipal: Conselheiro municipal para o 20º arrondissement de Paris: 1983-1989.

Europarlamento: Membro do Parlamento Europeu: 1984-2003 (condenado pelos tribunais em 2003) / desde 2004. Eleito em 1984, reeleito em 1989, 1994, 1999, 2004, 2009 e 2014.

Conselho Regional: Conselheiro regional de Île-de-France: 1986-1992. Conselheiro regional de Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur: 1992-2000 (condenado pelos tribunais em 2000) / Desde 2010-2015. Reeleito em 1998 e 2010.

Eleições presidenciais: Ele disputou 5 eleições: 1974, obtendo 190.921 votos (0,8%); 1988, obtendo 4.376.742 votos (14,4%); 1995, obtendo 4.570.838 votos (15%); 2002, obtendo 4.804.713 votos (16,9%), surpreendentemente sendo classificado para o 2º turno. Porém, sofreu uma derrota acachapante, obtendo 5.525.032 votos, ou 17,79%; 2007, obtendo 3.834.530 votos (10,4%).

Issues and policy positions

See also National Front for a summary of Le Pen's manifesto.

Controversial statements

Le Pen has been accused and convicted several times at home and abroad of xenophobia and anti-Semitism. A Paris court found in February 2005 that his verbal criticisms, such as remarks disparaging Muslims in a 2003 Le Monde interview, were "inciting racial hatred", and he was fined 10,000 euros and ordered to pay an additional 5,000 euros in damages to the Ligue des droits de l'homme (League for Human Rights). The conviction and fines were upheld by the Court of Cassation in 2006.

• In May 1987, he advocated the forced isolation from society of all people infected with HIV, by placing them in a special "sidatorium". "Sidaïque" is Le Pen's pejorative solecism for "person infected with AIDS" (the more usual French term is "séropositif" (seropositive)) The term "sidatorium" was coined by François Bachelot.
• On 21 June 1995, he attacked singer Patrick Bruel on his policy of no longer singing in the city of Toulon because the city had just elected a mayor from the National Front. Le Pen said, "the city of Toulon will then have to get along without the vocalisations of singer Benguigui". Benguigui, an Algerian name, is Bruel's birth name.
• In February 1997, Le Pen accused Chirac of being "on the payroll of Jewish organizations, and particularly of the B'nai B'rith"
• Le Pen once made the infamous pun "Durafour-crématoire" ("four crématoire" meaning "crematory oven") about then-minister Michel Durafour, who had said in public a few days before, "One must exterminate the National Front".
• On many occasions, before and after the World Cup championship, he claimed that the French World Cup squad contained too many non-white players, and was not an accurate reflection of French society. He went on to scold players for not singing La Marseillaise, saying they were not "French".
• In the 2007 election campaign, he referred to fellow-candidate Nicolas Sarkozy as "foreign" or "the foreigner."

Arguing that his party includes people of various ethnic or religious origins like Jean-Pierre Cohen, Farid Smahi or Huguette Fatna, he has attributed some anti-Semitism in France to the effects of Muslim immigration to Europe and suggested that some part of the Jewish community in France might eventually come to appreciate National Front ideology.{{carece de fontes}} Le Pen has made statements denying climate change and linking climate science and communism

Prosecution concerning Holocaust denial

Le Pen has made several provocative statements concerning the Holocaust which have been interpreted by the legal system as constituting Holocaust denial. He has been convicted of racism or inciting racial hatred at least six times. Thus, on 13 September 1987 he said, "I ask myself several questions. I'm not saying the gas chambers didn't exist. I haven't seen them myself. I haven't particularly studied the question. But I believe it's just a detail in the history of World War II." He was condemned under the Gayssot Act to pay 1.2 million francs (183,200 euros).

In 1997, the European Parliament, of which Le Pen was then a member, removed his parliamentary immunity so that Le Pen could be tried by a German court for comments he made at a December 1996 press conference before the German Republikaner party. Echoing his 1987 remarks in France, Le Pen stated: "If you take a 1,000-page book on World War II, the concentration camps take up only two pages and the gas chambers 10 to 15 lines. This is what one calls a detail." In June 1999, a Munich court found this statement to be "minimizing the Holocaust, which caused the deaths of six million Jews," and convicted and fined Le Pen for his remarks. Le Pen retorted ironically: "I understand now that it's the Second World War which is a detail of the history of the gas chambers."

Other legal problems and allegations

• Prosecution for assault : In April 2000, Le Pen was suspended from the European Parliament following prosecution for the physical assault of Socialist candidate Annette Peulvast-Bergeal during the 1997 general election. This ultimately led to him losing his seat in the European parliament in 2003. The Versailles appeals court banned him from seeking office for one year.
• Statements about Muslims in France : In 2005 and 2008, Le Pen was fined, in both case 10,000 euros for “incitement to discrimination, hatred and violence towards a group of people”, on account of statements made about Muslims in France. In 2010. the European Court of Human Rights declared Le Pen's application inadmissible.
• Personal associations : Le Pen has also been criticized for ties to "suspect" individuals, such as Roger Holeindre, a member of the political bureau of the Front National and a former member of the Organisation armée secrète (OAS), a movement against Algerian independence. However, Holeindre was also a Nazi resister during the Second World WarPredefinição:Unreliable source?. Another one is Roland Gaucher, a cofounder of the National Front in 1972, who was also a former RNP member.
• Allegations of war crimes in Algeria : Le Pen allegedly practiced torture during the Algerian War (1954–1962), when he was a lieutenant in the French Army. Although he denied it, he lost a trial when he attacked Le Monde newspaper on charges of defamation, following accusations by the newspaper that he had used torture. Le Monde has produced in May 2003 the dagger he allegedly used to commit war crimes as court evidence.

Although war crimes committed during the Algerian War are amnestied in France, this was publicised by the newspapers Le Canard Enchaîné, Libération, and Le Monde, and by Michel Rocard (ex-Prime Minister) on TV (TF1 1993). Le Pen sued the papers and Michel Rocard. This affair ended in 2000 when the Cour de cassation (French supreme jurisdiction) concluded that it was legitimate to publish these assertions. However, because of the amnesty and the statute of limitations, there can be no criminal proceedings against Le Pen for the crimes he is alleged to have committed in Algeria. In 1995, Le Pen unsuccessfully sued Jean Dufour, regional counselor of the Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur (French Communist Party) for the same reason.

Criticism of European Reform Treaty

Le Pen has been a vocal critic of the European Reform Treaty (formally known as the Treaty of Lisbon) which was signed by EU member states on 13 December 2007, and entered into force on 1 December 2009. In October 2007, Le Pen suggested that he would personally visit the Republic of Ireland to assist the "No" campaign but finally changed his mind, fearing that his presence would be used against the supporters of the NO vote. Ireland finally refused to ratify the treaty. Ireland is the only EU country which had a citizen referendum. All other EU states, including France, ratified the treaty by parliamentary vote, despite a previous citizen referendum where over 55% of French voters rejected the European Reform Treaty (although that vote was on a different draft of the Treaty in the form of the Constitutional Treaty).

After the Irish "No" vote, Le Pen addressed the French President Nicolas Sarkozy, accusing him of furthering the agenda of a "cabal of international finance and free market fanatics." Ireland has since accepted the treaty in a second Lisbon referendum.

Public image

Public perception

Le Pen is often nicknamed the "Menhir", due to his "granitic nature" as he is perceived as someone who does not give way to pressure or who cannot be easily knocked down. It also connects him to France's Celtic origins. Le Pen is often described as one of the most flamboyant and charismatic orators in Europe, whose speech blends folksy humour, crude attacks and rhetorical finesse.

However Le Pen remains a polarizing figure in France, and opinions regarding him tend to be quite strong. A 2002 IPSOS poll showed that while 22% of the electorate have a good or very good opinion of Le Pen, and 13% an unfavorable opinion, 61% have a very unfavorable opinion.

Le Pen and the National Front are described by much of the media and nearly all commentators as far right. Le Pen himself and the rest of his party disagree with this label; earlier in his political career, Le Pen described his position as "neither right, nor left, but French" (ni droite, ni gauche, français). He later described his position as right-wing and opposed to the "socialo-communists" and other right-wing parties, which he deems are not real right-wing parties. At other times, for example during the 2002 election campaign, he declared himself "socially left-wing, economically right-wing, nationally French" (socialement à gauche, économiquement à droite, nationalement français). He further contends that most of the French political and media class are corrupt and out of touch with the real needs of the common people, and conspire to exclude Le Pen and his party from mainstream politics. Le Pen criticizes the other political parties as the "establishment" and lumped all major parties (Communist, Socialist, Union for French Democracy (UDF) and Rally for the Republic (RPR)) into the "Gang of Four" (la bande des quatre – an allusion to the Gang of Four during China's Cultural Revolution).

The international media often cites Le Pen as a symbol of French xenophobia. He is also occasionally criticized in French and foreign pop songs.

Relations with other groups

Some of Le Pen's statements led other right-wing groups, such as the Austrian Freedom Party, and some National Front supporters, to distance themselves from him. Controversial Dutch anti-Islam lawmaker Geert Wilders, who has often been accused of being far-right, has also criticized Le Pen. Bruno Mégret left the National Front to found his own party (the National Republican Movement, MNR), claiming that Le Pen kept the Front away from the possibility of gaining power. Mégret wanted to emulate Gianfranco Fini's success in Italy by making it possible for right-wing parties to ally themselves with the Front, but claimed that Le Pen's attitude and outrageous speech prevented this. Le Pen's daughter Marine leads an internal movement of the Front that wants to "normalize" the National Front, "de-enclave" it, have a "culture of government" etc.; however, relations with Le Pen and other supporters of the hard line are complex. Over the years, Le Pen gained widespread popularity among neo-Nazis and white nationalists throughout Europe, North America and South America.

Perception by American commentators

As Le Pen, like many other European nationalists in recent years, has made statements highly critical of American foreign policy and culture{{carece de fontes}} for which he has received notice from American conservatives. Conservative commentator and author Ann Coulter called him an anti-American adulterer but said his anti-immigration, anti-Muslim message "finally hit a nerve with voters" after years of irrelevance. Paleoconservative commentator Pat Buchanan contends that even though Le Pen "made radical and foolish statements," the EU violated his right to freedom of speech. Buchanan wrote:

As it is often the criminal himself who is first to cry, "Thief!" so it is usually those who scream, "Fascist!" loudest who are the quickest to resort to anti-democratic tactics. Today, the greatest threat to the freedom and independence of the nations of Europe comes not from Le Pen and that 17% of French men and women who voted for him. It comes from an intolerant European Establishment that will accept no rollback of its powers or privileges, nor any reversal of policies it deems "progressive".

Cultural depictions

Jean-Marie Le Pen is the subject or the inspiration for some protest songs.

• JM by Rasta Bigoud;
• La bête by Zebda;
• La Bête est revenue by Pierre Perret;
• Un couscous pour Jean-Marie by Les Betteraves;
• Tout le monde il est beau by Zazie;
• Nique le système by Sinsemilia

Decorations

• Officer of the French Foreign Legion
• Cross for Military Valour
• Croix du combattant
• Colonial Medal
• Indochina Campaign commemorative medal
• North Africa Security and Order Operations Commemorative Medal
• Middle-East operations commemorative medal

See also

• Politics of France
• History of far-right movements in France

External links

Official

• Jean Marie Le Pen, biography from the European Parliament
• Official 2007 Campaign site

News articles and videos

• Jews for Le Pen from Haaretz
• Le Pen on Al Jazeera English's Riz Khan show no YouTube

Criticism

• JEAN-MARIE LE PEN: A Right-Wing Extremist and His Party from the Anti-Defamation League