Usuário:Leonardomio/Tcheca
República Checa / Tcheca Česká republika, Česko | |
| Lema: Pravda vítězí (Checo: "A verdade prevalece") | |
| Hino nacional: Kde domov můj | |
| Gentílico: checo | |
 Localização da República Tcheca (em verde-escuro) No continente europeu (em cinzento) Na União Europeia (em verde-claro) | |
| Capital | Praga |
| Cidade mais populosa | Praga |
| Língua oficial | checo |
| Governo | República parlamentarista |
| • Presidente | Václav Klaus |
| • Primeiro-ministro | Petr Nečas |
| Formação | |
| • Indepedência da Áustria-Hungria | 28 de Outubro de 1918 |
| • Desunificação da Tchecoslováquia | 1 de Janeiro de 1993 |
| Entrada na UE | 1 de Maio de 2004 |
| Área | |
| • Total | 78.866 km² (117.º) |
| • Água (%) | 2 |
| População | |
| • Estimativa para 2007 | 10.381.130 hab. (78.º) |
| • Censo 2001 | 10.230.060 hab. |
| • Densidade | 130 hab./km² (77.º) |
| PIB (base PPC) | Estimativa de 2006 |
| • Total | US$ US 236.536 bilhões (41.º) |
| • Per capita | US$ US 16.372 (39.º) |
| IDH (2010) | 0,841 (28.º) – muito alto[1] |
| Gini (1996) | 25,4 |
| Moeda | Coroa (koruna) (CZK)
|
| Fuso horário | CET (UTC+1) |
| • Verão (DST) | CEST (UTC+2) |
| Cód. ISO | CZE |
| Cód. Internet | .cz |
| Cód. telef. | +420
|
A República Checa ( /ˈtʃɛk/ CHEK-';[2] em tcheco/checo: Česká republika, Predefinição:IPA-cs) é um país da Europa Central. Ele faz fronteiras com a Polônia à nordeste, Eslováquia à leste, Áustria no sul, e Alemanha no oeste e no noroeste.
É uma democracia representativa parlamentar, membro da União Europeia, OTAN, OCDE, OSCE, do Conselho da Europa e do Grupo de Visegrád. O estado checo, antigamente conhecido por Boêmia, foi formado no final do século IX como um pequeno ducado ao redor de Praga, naquele tempo sob domínio do poderoso Império da Grande Morávia (que atingiu sua maior extensão territorial durante o reino de Svatopluk I da Casa de Mojmir. Depois da queda do império em 907, o centro do poder foi transferido da Morávia para a Boêmia, sob o Premislidas. Durante o governo dos duques/reis Premislidas e dos seus sucessores, os Luxemburgos, o país atingiu sua máxima extensão territorial (séculos XIII/XIV). A vida no país foi significantemente atingido pelas guerras hussitas, onde enfrentou embargos econômicos e investidas de toda a Europa. Após a batalha de Mohács em 1526, a Coroa da Boêmia foi gradualmente integrada na monarquia dos Habsburgo, como um dos seus três principais ramos junto com o Arquiducado da Áustria e do Reino da Hungria. A Revolta Boêmia (1618-20) levou a uma posterior centralização da monarquia incluindo uma recatolização forçada e a germanização. Durante as reformas radicais impostas no século XVIII, a coroa boêmia foi de facto abolida (1749). No século XIX, as terras checas se tornaram o centro industrial da monarquia e o núcleo da futura República da Checoslováquia formada em 1918, depois do colapso do Império Austro-Húngaro após a primeira guerra mundial
Depois do Tratado de Munique, a anexação polonesa de Zaolzie e ocupação alemã da Checoslováquia e a consequente desilusão da resposta do ocidente e a gratidão à União Soviética pela liberação da maior parte da Checoeslováquia da ocupação alemã, o Partido Comunista da Checoslováquia ganhou a maioria nas eleições de 1946. Em 1948,um golpe de estado foi deflagrado e a Checoslováquia se tornou um estado comunista. Em 1968, a crescente insatisfação culminou em tentativas de reforma do regime comunista. Esses eventos, conhecidos como Primavera de Praga de 1968, acabou com uma invasão dos exércitos dos países signatários do Pacto de Varsóvia (com exceção da Romênia); as tropas permaneceram no país até a Revolução de Veludo em 1989, quando o regime comunista ruiu. Em 1º de janeiro de 1993, a Checoslováquia foi dissolvida pacificamente em dois estados, a República Checa e a Eslováquia.
A República Checa se tornou o primeiro ex-estado do Comecon a atingir o status de país desenvolvido de acordo com o Banco Mundial.[3] Ainda, o país tem o maior IDH na Europa Central e Oriental.,[4] classificada como uma nação muito desenvolvida. Também está classificada como o terceiro país mais pacífico na Europa [5] e a mais democrática e com a menor taxa de mortalidade infantil na região.[6][7]
Etimologia[editar | editar código-fonte]
Ver artigo principal: Nome da República ChecaO nome tradicional "Boêmia" deriva do latim "Boihohaemum", que significa "casa dos Boii". O atual nome deriva do autóctone checo Čechy que utiliza a pronunciação antiga Czechy, idêntico à pronunciação polonesa.[8]
O país sempre foi tradicionalmente dividido em duas regiões, a Boêmia (Čechy) no oeste, Morávia (Morava) no sudeste, e a Silésia Checa (Slezsko; a menor, na parte sudeste da Silésia histórica, que na sua maioria se localiza na atual Polônia ) no nordeste. Foi conhecida oficialmente como "Reino da Boêmaia" desde o século XIV, mas um diverso número de outros nomes foi usado para designar o país, incluindo terras da coroa boêmia, terras checas/boêmias, Coroa boêmia, Terras da Coroa de São Venceslau etc. Quando o país reconquistou sua independência depois da dissolução do Império Austro-Húngaro em 1918, o novo nome Checoslováquia foi criado para refletir a união das nações checa e eslovaca no novo país.
História[editar | editar código-fonte]
Ver artigo principal: História da República ChecaPré-história[editar | editar código-fonte]
Arqueologistas acharam evidências de assentamentos humanos pré-históricos na área, datando da era neolítica. Durante a antiguidade clássica, a partir do III século a.C., as migrações celtas, os Boii e depois no século I d.C., as tribos germânicas de Marcomanni e Quadi se estabeleceram por ali. Durante as grandes migrações no século V, muitas tribos germânicas passaram pela Europa Central, rumo ao oeste e ao sul.
Os eslavos do mar negro e da região dos Cárpatos se estabeleceram na área (estimulado pelos severos ataques dos povos da Sibéria: Hunos, Ávaros, Búlgaros e os Magiares). A partir do florescimento dos germânicos, eles moveram-se para o sul em direção a Boêmia, Morávia e o norte da atual Áustria. Durante o século VII, o comerciante franco Samo, apoiou os eslavos contra os governantes ávaros, e se tornou o governante do primeiro estado eslavo conhecido na Europa Central. O principado da Morávia surgiu no século VIII.
Boêmia[editar | editar código-fonte]
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O estado checo ou boêmio surgiu no final do século IX, quando foi unificado pela dinastia Premislida. O Reino da Boêmia foi, como único reino do Sacro Império Romano Germânico, uma grande potência regional durante a Idade Média. Fez parte do Império entre 1002 e 1804, com exceção dos anos de 1440-1526.
Em 1212, o rei Ottokar I, usando o título de "rei" desde 1198, obteve a Bula Dourada da Sicília (um edito formal) do imperador, confirmando o título real de Otakar e seus descendentes. Imigrações em larga escala de germânicos ocorreram no século XIII. Os germânicos povoaram cidades e criaram distritos ao redor da periferia boêmia e, em alguns casos, formaram colônias germânicas no interior das terras checas. Em 1235, o poderoso exército mongol iniciou a invasão da Europa. Depois da Batalha de Legnica, os mongóis avançaram sobre a Morávia, mas foram derrotados pelo exército real checo na batalha de Olomouc e continuaram a invasão na Hungria.[9]
King Přemysl Otakar II earned the nickname "Iron and Golden King" because of his military power and wealth. He acquired Austria, Styria, Carinthia and Carniola, thus spreading the Bohemian territory to the Adriatic Sea. He met his death at the Battle on the Marchfeld in 1278 in a war with his rival, King Rudolph I of Germany.[10] Ottokar's son Wenceslaus II acquired the Polish crown in 1300 for himself and the Hungarian crown for his son. He built a great empire stretching from the Danube river to the Baltic Sea. In 1306, the last king of Přemyslid line was murdered in mysterious circumstances in Olomouc while he was resting. After a series of dynastic wars, the House of Luxembourg gained the Bohemian throne.[11]
The 14th century, particularly the reign of Czech King Charles IV, who became also King of Italy, King of the Romans and Holy Roman Emperor, is considered the Golden Age of Czech history. Of particular significance was the founding of Charles University in Prague in 1348, Charles Bridge, Charles Square and were completed much of the Prague Castle and cathedral of Saint Vitus. The Black Death, which had raged in Europe from 1347 to 1352, decimated the Kingdom of Bohemia in 1380,[13] killing about 10% of the population.[14]
In the 15th century, the religious and social reformer Jan Hus formed a movement later named after him. Although Hus was named a heretic and burnt in Constanz in 1415, his followers seceded from the Catholic Church and in the Hussite Wars (1419–1434) defeated five crusades organized against them by the Holy Roman Emperor Sigismund. Petr Chelčický continued with Czech Hussite Reformation movement. During the next two centuries, 90% of the inhabitants became adherents of the Hussite Christian movement.
After 1526 Bohemia came increasingly under Habsburg control as the Habsburgs became first the elected and then the hereditary rulers of Bohemia. The Defenestration of Prague and subsequent revolt against the Habsburgs in 1618 marked the start of the Thirty Years' War, which quickly spread throughout Central Europe. In 1620, the rebellion in Bohemia was crushed at the Battle of White Mountain, and the ties between Bohemia and Habsburgs' hereditary lands in Austria were strengthened. The war had a devastating effect on the local population; the people were given the choice either to convert to Catholicism or leave the country.
The following period, from 1620 to the late 18th century, has been often called the "Dark Age". The population of the Czech lands declined by a third through war, disease, famine and the expulsion of the Protestant Czechs.[15] The Habsburgs banned all religions other than Catholicism.[16] Ottoman Turks and Tatars invaded Moravia in 1663.[17] In 1679–1680 the Czech lands faced a devastating plague and an uprising of serfs.[18]
The reigns of Maria Theresa of Austria and her son Joseph II, Holy Roman Emperor and co-regent from 1765, were characterized by enlightened absolutism. In 1742, most of Silesia, then the possession of the Bohemian crown, was seized by King Frederick II of Prussia in the War of the Austrian Succession. The Great Famine, which lasted from 1770 until 1771, killed about one tenth of the Czech population, or 250,000 inhabitants, and radicalized countrysides leading to peasant uprisings.[19]
After the fall of the Holy Roman Empire, Bohemia became part of the Austrian Empire and later of Austria–Hungary. Serfdom was not completely abolished until 1848. After the Revolutions of 1848, Emperor Franz Josef I of Austria instituted an absolute monarch in an effort to balance competing ethnic interests in the empire.
Czechoslovakia[editar | editar código-fonte]
Ver artigo principal: History of CzechoslovakiaAn estimated 1.4 million Czech soldiers fought in World War I, of them some 150,000 died. More than 90,000 Czech volunteers formed the Czechoslovak Legions in France, Italy and Russia, where they fought against the Central Powers and later against Bolshevik troops.[20] Following the collapse of the Austro-Hungarian Empire after World War I, the independent republic of Czechoslovakia was created in 1918. This new country incorporated the Bohemian Crown (Bohemia, Moravia and Silesia) and parts of the Kingdom of Hungary (Slovakia and the Carpathian Ruthenia) with significant German, Hungarian, Polish and Ruthenian speaking minorities.[21]
Although Czechoslovakia was a unitary state, it provided what were at the time rather extensive rights to its minorities and remained the only democracy in this part of Europe in the interwar period. The effects of the Great Depression including high unemployment and massive propaganda from Nazi Germany, however, resulted in discontent and strong support among ethnic Germans for a break from Czechoslovakia. Adolf Hitler took advantage of this opportunity and, using Konrad Henlein's separatist Sudeten German Party, gained the largely German speaking Sudetenland (and its substantial Maginot Line like border fortifications) through the 1938 Munich Agreement (signed by Nazi Germany, France, Britain and Italy), despite the mobilization of 1.2 million-strong Czechoslovak army and the Franco-Czech military alliance. Poland annexed the Zaolzie area around Český Těšín. Hungary gained parts of Slovakia and the Subcarpathian Rus as a result of the First Vienna Award in November 1938.
The remainders of Slovakia and the Subcarpathian Rus gained greater autonomy, with the state renamed to "Czecho-Slovakia". After Nazi Germany threatened to annex part of Slovakia, allowing the remaining regions to be partitioned by Hungary and Poland, Slovakia chose to maintain its national and territorial integrity, seceding from Czecho-Slovakia in March 1939, and allying itself, as demanded by Germany, with Hitler's coalition.[22]
The remaining Czech territory was occupied by Germany, which transformed it into the so-called Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia. The protectorate was proclaimed part of the Third Reich, and the president and prime minister were subordinate to the Nazi Reichsprotektor ("imperial protector"). Subcarpathian Rus declared independence as the Republic of Carpatho-Ukraine on 15 March 1939 but was invaded by Hungary the same day and formally annexed the next day. Approximately 345,000 Czechoslovak citizens, including 277,000 Jews, were killed or executed while hundreds of thousands of others were sent to prisons and concentration camps or used as forced labour. Perhaps two–thirds of the Czech nation was destined either for extermination or removal.[23] A Nazi concentration camp existed at Terezín, north of Prague.
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There was Czech resistance to Nazi occupation, both at home and abroad, most notably with the assassination of Nazi leader Reinhard Heydrich in a Prague suburb on 27 May 1942. The Czechoslovak government-in-exile and its army fighting against the Germans were acknowledged by the Allies; Czech/Czechoslovak troops fought from the very beginning of the war in Poland, France, the UK, North Africa, the Middle East and the Soviet Union. The German occupation ended on 9 May 1945, with the arrival of the Soviet and American armies and the Prague uprising. An estimated 140,000 Soviet soldiers died in conquering Czechoslovakia from German rule.[24]
In 1945–1946, almost the entire German minority in Czechoslovakia, about 3 million people, were expelled to Germany and Austria. During this time, thousands of Germans were held in prisons and detention camps or used as forced labour. In the summer of 1945, there were several massacres. The only Germans not expelled were some 250,000 who had been active in the resistance against the Nazis or were considered economically important, though many of these emigrated later. Following a Soviet-organised referendum, the Subcarpathian Rus never returned under Czechoslovak rule but became part of the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic, as the Zakarpattia Oblast in 1946.
Czechoslovakia uneasily tried to play the role of a "bridge" between the West and East. However, the Communist Party of Czechoslovakia rapidly increased in popularity, with a general disillusionment with the West, because of the pre-war Munich Agreement, and a favourable popular attitude towards the Soviet Union, because of the Soviets' role in liberating Czechoslovakia from German rule. In the 1946 elections, the Communists gained 38%[25] of the votes and became the largest party in the Czechoslovak parliament. They formed a coalition government with other parties of the National Front and moved quickly to consolidate power. The decisive step took place in February 1948, during a series of events characterized by Communists as a "revolution" and by anti-Communists as a "takeover", the Communist People's Militias secured control of key locations in Prague, and a new all-Communist government was formed.
For the next 41 years, Czechoslovakia was a Communist state within the Eastern Bloc. This period is characterized by lagging behind the West in almost every aspect of social and economic development. The country's GDP per capita fell from the level of neighboring Austria below that of Greece or Portugal in the 1980s. The Communist government completely nationalized the means of production and established a command economy. The economy grew rapidly during the 1950s but slowed down in the 1960s and 1970s and stagnated in the 1980s. The political climate was highly repressive during the 1950s, including numerous show trials and hundreds of thousands of political prisoners, but became more open and tolerant in the late 1960s, culminating in Alexander Dubček's leadership in the 1968 Prague Spring, which tried to create "socialism with a human face" and perhaps even introduce political pluralism. This was forcibly ended by 21 August 1968 Warsaw Pact invasion.
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The invasion was followed by a harsh program of "Normalization" in the late 1960s and the 1970s. Until 1989, the political establishment relied on censorship of the opposition. Dissidents published Charter 77 in 1977, and the first of a new wave of protests were seen in 1988. Between 1948 and 1989 more than 250,000 Czechs and Slovaks were sent to prison for "anti-state activities" and over 400,000 emigrated.[26]
Velvet revolution and independence[editar | editar código-fonte]
In November 1989, Czechoslovakia returned to a liberal democracy through the peaceful "Velvet Revolution". However, Slovak national aspirations strengthened and on 1 January 1993, the country peacefully split into the independent Czech Republic and Slovakia. Both countries went through economic reforms and privatisations, with the intention of creating a capitalist economy. This process was largely successful; in 2006 the Czech Republic was recognised by the World Bank as a "developed country",[3] and in 2009 the Human Development Index ranked it as a nation of "Very High Human Development".[4]
From 1991, the Czech Republic, originally as part of Czechoslovakia and now in its own right, has been a member of the Visegrád Group and from 1995, the OECD. The Czech Republic joined NATO on 12 March 1999 and the European Union on 1 May 2004. It held the Presidency of the European Union for the first half of 2009.
Politics[editar | editar código-fonte]
Ver artigo principal: Politics of the Czech Republic
The Czech Republic is a pluralist multi-party parliamentary representative democracy, with the Prime Minister as head of government. The Parliament (Parlament České republiky) is bicameral, with the Chamber of Deputies (em tcheco/checo: Poslanecká sněmovna) (200 members) and the Senate (em tcheco/checo: Senát) (81 members).
The President of the Czech Republic is selected by a joint session of the parliament for a five-year term, with no more than two consecutive terms. The president is a formal head of state with limited specific powers, most importantly to return bills to the parliament, nominate Constitutional court judges for the Senate's approval and dissolve the parliament under certain special and unusual circumstances. He also appoints the prime minister, as well the other members of the cabinet on a proposal by the prime minister.
The Prime Minister is the head of government and wields considerable powers, including the right to set the agenda for most foreign and domestic policy, mobilize the parliamentary majority and choose government ministers.
The members of the Chamber of Deputies are elected for a four year term by proportional representation, with a 5% election threshold. There are 14 voting districts, identical to the country's administrative regions. The Chamber of Deputies, the successor to the Czech National Council, has the powers and responsibilities of the now defunct federal parliament of the former Czechoslovakia.
The members of the Senate are elected in single-seat constituencies by two-round runoff voting for a six-year term, with one-third elected every even year in the autumn. The first election was in 1996, for differing terms. This arrangement is modeled on the U.S. Senate, but each constituency is roughly the same size and the voting system used is a two-round runoff. The Senate is unpopular among the public and suffers from low election turnout, overall roughly 30% in the first round and 20% in the second.
Foreign relations[editar | editar código-fonte]
Ver artigo principal: Foreign relations of the Czech RepublicMembership in the European Union is central in Czech Republic's foreign policy. The Czech Republic held the Presidency of the Council of the European Union for the first half of 2009.
Czech officials havePredefinição:Vague supported dissenters in Burma, Belarus, Moldova and Cuba.[27]
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Military[editar | editar código-fonte]
Ver artigo principal: Military of the Czech RepublicThe Czech armed forces consist of the Army, Air Force and of specialized support units. The president of the Czech Republic, currently Václav Klaus, is Commander-in-Chief of the armed forces. In 2004 the army transformed itself into a fully professional organization and compulsory military service was abolished. The country has been a member of NATO since 12 March 1999. Defence spending is around 1.8% of the GDP (2006). Currently, as a member of NATO, the Czech military are participating in ISAF and KFOR operations and have soldiers in Afghanistan and Kosovo. Main equipment includes: multirole fighters JAS-39 Gripen, combat aircraft Aero L-159 Alca, attack helicopters Mi-24, armoured vehicles Pandur II, OT-64, OT-90, BVP-2 and Czech modernized tanks T-72 (T-72M4CZ). Main foreign industry suppliers are Russia, the United States and Germany.
Administrative divisions[editar | editar código-fonte]
Since 2000, the Czech Republic is divided into thirteen regions (Czech: kraje, singular kraj) and the capital city of Prague. Each region has its own elected Regional Assembly (krajské zastupitelstvo) and hejtman (usually translated as hetman or "president"). In Prague, their powers are executed by the city council and the mayor.
The older seventy-six districts (okresy, singular okres) including three "statutory cities" (without Prague, which had special status) lost most of their importance in 1999 in an administrative reform; they remain as territorial divisions and seats of various branches of state administration.[28]
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- ↑ «Ranking do IDH 2010». PNUD. Consultado em 4 de novembro de 2010
- ↑ Oxford English Dictionary, second edition, Oxford University Press, 1989.
- ↑ a b Velinger, Jan (28 February 2006). «World Bank Marks Czech Republic's Graduation to 'Developed' Status». Radio Prague. Consultado em 22 January 2007 Verifique data em:
|acessodata=, |data=(ajuda) - ↑ a b «UNDP.org» (PDF). Consultado em 25 April 2010 Verifique data em:
|acessodata=(ajuda) - ↑ Índice Global da Paz
- ↑ Democracy Index
- ↑ List of countries by infant mortality rate
- ↑ «Oxford English Dictionary». Askoxford.com. Consultado em 4 March 2011 Verifique data em:
|acessodata=(ajuda) - ↑ «The Annals of Jan Dlugosz». Impub.co.uk. Consultado em 25 April 2010 Verifique data em:
|acessodata=(ajuda) - ↑ «The rise and fall of the Przemyslid Dynasty». Archiv.radio.cz. Consultado em 25 April 2010 Verifique data em:
|acessodata=(ajuda) - ↑ «Václav II. český král»
- ↑ Emperor Charles IV elected Greatest Czech of all time, Radio Prague
- ↑ «The flowering and the decline of the Czech medieval state». Arts.gla.ac.uk. Consultado em 25 April 2010 Verifique data em:
|acessodata=(ajuda) - ↑ "Plague epidemics in Czech countries". E. Strouhal. p.49.
- ↑ Oskar Krejčí, Martin C. Styan, Ústav politických vied SAV. (2005). Geopolitics of the Central European region: the view from Prague and Bratislava. p.293. ISBN 80-224-0852-2
- ↑ «RP's History Online – Habsburgs». Archiv.radio.cz. Consultado em 25 April 2010 Verifique data em:
|acessodata=(ajuda) - ↑ "History of the Mongols from the 9th to the 19th Century. Part 2. The So-Called Tartars of Russia and Central Asia. Division 1". Henry Hoyle Howorth. p.557. ISBN 1-4021-7772-0
- ↑ "The new Cambridge modern history: The ascendancy of France, 1648–88". Francis Ludwig Carsten (1979). p.494. ISBN 0-521-04544-4
- ↑ "The Cambridge economic history of Europe: The economic organization of early modern Europe". E. E. Rich, C. H. Wilson, M. M. Postan (1977). p.614. ISBN 0-521-08710-4
- ↑ Radio Praha – zprávy (em checo)
- ↑ «Tab. 3 Národnost československých státních příslušníků podle žup a zemí k 15.2.1921» (PDF) (em Czech). Czech Statistical Office. Consultado em 2 June 2007. Cópia arquivada (PDF) em 5 June 2007 Verifique data em:
|acessodata=, |arquivodata=(ajuda) - ↑ Gerhard L. Weinberg, The Foreign Policy of Hitler's Germany: Starting World War II, 1937–1939 (Chicago, 1980), pp. 470–481.
- ↑ Stephen A. Garrett (1996). "Conscience and power: an examination of dirty hands and political leadership". Palgrave Macmillan. p.60. ISBN 0-312-15908-0
- ↑ "A Companion to Russian History". Abbott Gleason (2009). Wiley-Blackwell. p.409. ISBN 1-4051-3560-3
- ↑ Libri.cz (em checo)
- ↑ Czech schools revisit communism. BBC News. 1 November 2005.
- ↑ «Czechs with few mates». The Economist. 30 August 2007. Consultado em 25 April 2010 Verifique data em:
|acessodata=, |data=(ajuda) - ↑ The death of the districts, Radio Prague 3 January 2003.