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Heike Kamerlingh Onnes (Groninga, 21 de Setembro de 1853 — Leiden, 21 de Fevereiro de 1926) foi um físico neerlandês. Ele foi pioneiro nas técnicas de refrigeração e usou-os para explorar a forma como os materiais se comportam quando resfriada a quase zero absoluto. Ele foi o primeiro a liquefazer o hélio. Sua produção de extremas temperaturas criogênicas levou à sua descoberta da supercondutividade em 1911: para certos materiais, resistência elétrica de repente desaparece a temperaturas muito baixas.1
Vida e obra [editar]
Onnes Kamerlingh nasceu em Groningen, Holanda. Seu pai, Harm Kamerlingh Onnes, era proprietário de uma fábrica de tijolos. Sua mãe era Anna Gerdina Coers de Arnhem.2
De 1882-1923 Onnes Kamerlingh serviu como professor de física experimental na Universidade de Leiden. Em 1904, ele fundou um grande laboratório de criogenia e convidou outros investigadores para o local, que o fez altamente considerado na comunidade científica. Hoje o laboratório é conhecido como Kamerlingh Onnes Laboratory.
Recebeu em 1913 o Nobel de Física, por pesquisas sobre as propriedades da matéria a baixas temperaturas e pela produção do hélio líquido.
Participou da 1ª, 2ª e 3ª Conferência de Solvay.
Publicações selecionadas [editar]
- Kamerlingh Onnes, H., "Nieuwe bewijzen voor de aswenteling der aarde." Ph.D. dissertation. Groningen, Netherlands, 1879.
- Kamerlingh Onnes, H., "Algemeene theorie der vloeistoffen." Amsterdam Akad. Verhandl; 21, 1881.
- Kamerlingh Onnes, H., "On the Cryogenic Laboratory at Leyden and on the Production of Very Low Temperature." Comm. Phys. Lab. Univ. Leiden; 14, 1894.
- Kamerlingh Onnes, H., "Théorie générale de l'état fluide." Haarlem Arch. Neerl.; 30, 1896.
- Kamerlingh Onnes, H., "Further experiments with liquid helium. C. On the change of electric resistance of pure metals at very low temperatures, etc. IV. The resistance of pure mercury at helium temperatures." Comm. Phys. Lab. Univ. Leiden; No. 120b, 1911.
- Kamerlingh Onnes, H., "Further experiments with liquid helium. D. On the change of electric resistance of pure metals at very low temperatures, etc. V. The disappearance of the resistance of mercury." Comm. Phys. Lab. Univ. Leiden; No. 122b, 1911.
- Kamerlingh Onnes, H., "Further experiments with liquid helium. G. On the electrical resistance of pure metals, etc. VI. On the sudden change in the rate at which the resistance of mercury disappears." Comm. Phys. Lab. Univ. Leiden; No. 124c, 1911.
- Kamerlingh Onnes, H., "On the Lowest Temperature Yet Obtained." Comm. Phys. Lab. Univ. Leiden; No. 159, 1922.
Referências
Ligações externas [editar]
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Nobel de Física (1901 — 2012) |
| 1901 — 1925 |
Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen • Hendrik Lorentz e Pieter Zeeman • Antoine Henri Becquerel, Pierre Curie e Marie Curie • John William Strutt • Philipp Eduard Anton von Lenard • Joseph John Thomson • Albert Abraham Michelson • Gabriel Lippmann • Guglielmo Marconi e Karl Ferdinand Braun • Johannes Diderik van der Waals • Wilhelm Wien • Nils Gustaf Dalén • Heike Kamerlingh Onnes • Max von Laue • William Henry Bragg e William Lawrence Bragg • Charles Glover Barkla • Max Planck • Johannes Stark • Charles Edouard Guillaume • Albert Einstein • Niels Bohr • Robert Andrews Millikan • Karl Siegbahn • James Franck e Gustav Ludwig Hertz
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| 1926 — 1950 |
Jean Baptiste Perrin • Arthur Holly Compton e Charles Thomson Rees Wilson • Owen Willans Richardson • Louis de Broglie • Chandrasekhara Venkata Raman • Werner Karl Heisenberg • Erwin Schrödinger e Paul Dirac • James Chadwick • Victor Franz Hess e Carl David Anderson • Clinton Davisson e George Paget Thomson • Enrico Fermi • Ernest Orlando Lawrence • Otto Stern • Isidor Isaac Rabi • Wolfgang Pauli • Percy Williams Bridgman • Edward Victor Appleton • Patrick Maynard Stuart Blackett • Hideki Yukawa • Cecil Frank Powell
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| 1951 — 1975 |
John Douglas Cockcroft e Ernest Thomas Sinton Walton • Felix Bloch e Edward Mills Purcell • Frits Zernike • Max Born e Walther Bothe • Willis Eugene Lamb e Polykarp Kusch • William Bradford Shockley, John Bardeen e Walter Houser Brattain • Chen Ning Yang e Tsung-Dao Lee • Pavel Cherenkov, Illia Mikhailovich Frank e Igor Yevgenyevich Tamm • Emilio Gino Segrè e Owen Chamberlain • Donald Arthur Glaser • Robert Hofstadter e Rudolf Mössbauer • Lev Landau • Eugene Paul Wigner, Maria Goeppert-Mayer e J. Hans D. Jensen • Charles Hard Townes, Nicolay Basov e Aleksandr Prokhorov • Shin'ichiro Tomonaga, Julian Schwinger e Richard Feynman • Alfred Kastler • Hans Bethe • Luis Walter Alvarez • Murray Gell-Mann • Hannes Alfvén e Louis Eugène Félix Néel • Dennis Gabor • John Bardeen, Leon Neil Cooper e John Robert Schrieffer • Leo Esaki, Ivar Giaever e Brian David Josephson • Martin Ryle e Antony Hewish • Aage Niels Bohr, Ben Roy Mottelson e Leo James Rainwater
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| 1976 — 2000 |
Burton Richter e Samuel Chao Chung Ting • Philip Warren Anderson, Nevill Francis Mott e John Hasbrouck Van Vleck • Pyotr Kapitsa, Arno Allan Penzias e Robert Woodrow Wilson • Sheldon Lee Glashow, Abdus Salam e Steven Weinberg • James Watson Cronin e Val Logsdon Fitch • Nicolaas Bloembergen, Arthur Schawlow e Kai Siegbahn • Kenneth G. Wilson • Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar e William Alfred Fowler • Carlo Rubbia e Simon van der Meer • Klaus von Klitzing • Ernst Ruska, Gerd Binnig e Heinrich Rohrer • Johannes Georg Bednorz e Karl Alexander Müller • Leon Max Lederman, Melvin Schwartz e Jack Steinberger • Norman Foster Ramsey, Hans Georg Dehmelt e Wolfgang Paul • Jerome Isaac Friedman, Henry Way Kendall e Richard Edward Taylor • Pierre-Gilles de Gennes • Georges Charpak • Russell Alan Hulse e Joseph Hooton Taylor • Bertram Neville Brockhouse e Clifford Glenwood Shull • Martin Lewis Perl e Frederick Reines • David Morris Lee, Douglas Dean Osheroff e Robert Coleman Richardson • Steven Chu, Claude Cohen-Tannoudji e William Daniel Phillips • Robert Betts Laughlin, Horst Ludwig Störmer e Daniel Chee Tsui • Gerardus 't Hooft e Martinus J. G. Veltman • Zhores Alferov, Herbert Kroemer e Jack Kilby
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| 2001 — 2012 |
Eric Allin Cornell, Carl Wieman e Wolfgang Ketterle • Raymond Davis Jr., Masatoshi Koshiba e Riccardo Giacconi • Alexei Alexeevich Abrikosov, Vitaly Ginzburg e Anthony Leggett • David Gross, Hugh David Politzer e Frank Wilczek • Roy Glauber, John Lewis Hall e Theodor Hänsch • John Mather e George Fitzgerald Smoot III • Albert Fert e Peter Grünberg • Yoichiro Nambu, Makoto Kobayashi e Toshihide Masukawa • Charles Kao, Willard Boyle e George Smith • Andre Geim e Konstantin Novoselov • Saul Perlmutter, Adam Riess e Brian Schmidt • Serge Haroche e David Wineland
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Medalha Franklin (1915 — 1997) |
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1915: Thomas Edison, Heike Kamerlingh Onnes · 1916: John Joseph Carty, Theodore William Richards · 1917: Hendrik Lorentz, David Watson Taylor · 1918: Guglielmo Marconi, Thomas Corwin Mendenhall · 1919: James Dewar, George Owen Squier · 1920: Svante Arrhenius, Charles Algernon Parsons · 1921: Charles Fabry, Frank Julian Sprague · 1922: Ralph Modjeski, Joseph John Thomson · 1923: Gustave-Auguste Ferrié, Albert Abraham Michelson · 1924: Ernest Rutherford, Edward Weston · 1925: Elihu Thomson, Pieter Zeeman · 1926: Niels Bohr, Samuel Rea · 1927: George Ellery Hale, Max Planck · 1928: Charles Francis Brush, Walther Nernst · 1929: Emil Berliner, Charles Thomson Rees Wilson · 1930: William Henry Bragg, John Frank Stevens · 1931: James Hopwood Jeans, Willis Rodney Whitney · 1932: Philipp Lenard, Ambrose Swasey · 1933: Paul Sabatier, Irmãos Wright · 1934: Irving Langmuir, Henry Norris Russell · 1935: Albert Einstein, John Ambrose Fleming · 1936: Frank Baldwin Jewett, Charles Kettering · 1937: Peter Debye, Robert Andrews Millikan · 1938: William Frederick Durand, Charles August Kraus · 1939: Edwin Powell Hubble, Albert Sauveur · 1940: Leo Baekeland, Arthur Holly Compton · 1941: Edwin Armstrong, Chandrasekhara Venkata Raman · 1942: Jerome Clarke Hunsaker, Paul Dyer Merica · 1943: George Washington Pierce, Harold Clayton Urey · 1944: William David Coolidge, Pyotr Kapitsa · 1945: Harlow Shapley · 1946: Henry Clapp Sherman, Henry Tizard · 1947: Enrico Fermi, Robert Robinson · 1948: Wendell Meredith Stanley, Theodore von Kármán · 1949: Theodor Svedberg · 1950: Eugene Paul Wigner · 1951: James Chadwick · 1952: Wolfgang Pauli · 1953: William Francis Gibbs · 1954: Charles Edward Kenneth Mees · 1955: Arne Tiselius · 1956: Frank Whittle · 1957: Hugh Stott Taylor · 1958: Donald Wills Douglas · 1959: Hans Bethe · 1960: Roger Adams · 1961: Detlev Bronk · 1962: Geoffrey Ingram Taylor · 1963: Glenn Theodore Seaborg · 1964: Gregory Breit · 1965: Frederick Seitz · 1966: Britton Chance · 1967: Murray Gell-Mann · 1968: Marshall Nirenberg · 1969: John Archibald Wheeler · 1970: Wolfgang Panofsky · 1971: Hannes Alfvén · 1972: George Kistiakowsky · 1973: Theodosius Dobzhansky · 1974: Nikolai Bogoliubov · 1975: John Bardeen · 1976: Mahlon Hoagland · 1977: Cyril Manton Harris · 1978: Elias James Corey · 1979: George Evelyn Hutchinson · 1980: Avram Goldstein, Lyman Spitzer · 1981: Stephen Hawking · 1982: César Milstein, Kenneth Wilson · 1984: Verner Suomi · 1985: George Claude Pimentel · 1986: Benoît Mandelbrot · 1987: Stanley Cohen · 1988: Donald Knuth · 1990: Hugh Huxley, David Turnbull · 1992: Frederick Reines · 1995: Gerardus 't Hooft · 1996: Richard Smalley · 1997: Mario Capecchi
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