Ernest Lawrence

Origem: Wikipédia, a enciclopédia livre.

(Redirecionado de Ernest Orlando Lawrence)

Ernest Lawrence
Física
Lawrence (à direita)

Nacionalidade	Estadunidense
Residência	Estados Unidos

Nascimento	8 de Agosto de 1901
Local	Canton

Falecimento	27 de Agosto de 1958 (57 anos)
Local	Palo Alto

Actividade
Campo(s)	Física
Instituições	Universidade Yale, Universidade da Califórnia em Berkeley
Alma mater	Universidade da Dakota do Sul, Universidade de Minnesota, Universidade Yale

Orientador(es)	William Francis Gray Swann
Orientado(s)	Edwin Mattison McMillan, Chien-Shiung Wu
Conhecido(a) por	Invenção do cíclotron

Prêmio(s)	Medalha Hughes (1937), Medalha Elliott Cresson (1937), Prêmio Comstock de Física (1938), Nobel de Física (1939), Medalha Faraday (1952), Prêmio Enrico Fermi (1957), Prêmio Sylvanus Thayer (1958), National Inventors Hall of Fame (1982)

ver

Ernest Orlando Lawrence (Canton, 8 de Agosto de 1901 — Palo Alto, 27 de Agosto de 1958) foi um físico estadunidense.

Foi laureado com o Nobel de Física de 1939, é conhecido pela invenção do cíclotron. Participou da 7ª Conferência de Solvay, em 1933.

[editar] Ligações externas

Perfil no sítio oficial do Nobel de Física 1939 (em inglês)
Lawrence Livermore Lab: Biography
Ernest Lawrence

Precedido por Walter Schottky	Medalha Hughes 1937	Sucedido por John Cockcroft e Ernest Walton
Precedido por Enrico Fermi	Nobel de Física 1939	Sucedido por Otto Stern
Precedido por John von Neumann	Prêmio Enrico Fermi 1957	Sucedido por Eugene Paul Wigner

Medalha Hughes (1902 — 2008)

1902: Joseph John Thomson 1903: Johann Wilhelm Hittorf 1904: Joseph Wilson Swan 1905: Augusto Righi 1906: Hertha Marks Ayrton 1907: Ernest Howard Griffiths 1908: Eugen Goldstein 1909: Richard Glazebrook 1910: John Ambrose Fleming 1911: Charles Thomson Rees Wilson 1912: William Duddell 1913: Alexander Graham Bell 1914: John Sealy Townsend 1915: Paul Langevin 1916: Elihu Thomson 1917: Charles Glover Barkla 1918: Irving Langmuir 1919: Charles Chree 1920: Owen Willans Richardson 1921: Niels Bohr 1922: Francis William Aston 1923: Robert Andrews Millikan 1924: — 1925: Frank Edward Smith 1926: Henry Jackson 1927: William Coolidge 1928: Maurice de Broglie 1929: Hans Geiger 1930: Chandrasekhara Venkata Raman 1931: William Lawrence Bragg 1932: James Chadwick 1933: Edward Appleton 1934: Karl Siegbahn 1935: Clinton Davisson 1936: Walter H. Schottky 1937: Ernest Lawrence 1938: John Cockcroft e Ernest Walton 1939: George Paget Thomson 1940: Arthur Holly Compton 1941: Nevill Francis Mott 1942: Enrico Fermi 1943: Marcus Oliphant 1944: George Finch 1945: Basil Schonland 1946: John Randall 1947: Frédéric Joliot-Curie 1948: Robert Watson-Watt 1949: Cecil Powell 1950: Max Born 1951: Hendrik Anthony Kramers 1952: Philip Dee 1953: Edward Crisp Bullard 1954: Martin Ryle 1955: Harrie Massey 1956: Frederick Lindemann 1957: Joseph Proudman 1958: Edward Andrade 1959: Brian Pippard 1960: Joseph Pawsey 1961: Alan Cottrell 1962: Brebis Bleaney 1963: Frederic Williams 1964: Abdus Salam 1965: Denys Wilkinson 1966: Nicholas Kemmer 1967: Kurt Mendelssohn 1968: Freeman Dyson 1969: Nicholas Kurti 1970: David Bates 1971: Robert Hanbury Brown 1972: Brian David Josephson 1973: Peter Hirsch 1974: Peter Fowler 1975: Richard Dalitz 1976: Stephen Hawking 1977: Antony Hewish 1978: William Gemmell Cochran 1979: Robert Joseph Paton Williams 1980: Francis Farley 1981: Peter Higgs, Thomas Walter e Bannerman Kibble 1982: Drummond Matthews e Frederick Vine 1983: John Ward 1984: Roy Kerr 1985: Tony Skyrme 1986: Michael Woolfson 1987: Michael Pepper 1988: Archibald Howie e M.J. Whelan 1989: John Stewart Bell 1990: Thomas George Cowling 1991: Philip Moon 1992: Michael Seaton 1993: George Isaak 1994: Robert G. Chambers 1995: David Shoenberg 1996: Amyand Buckingham 1997: Andrew Lang 1998: Raymond Hide 1999: Alexander Boksenberg 2000: Chintamani Rao 2001: John Pethica 2002: Alexander Dalgarno 2003: Peter Edwards 2004: John Clarke 2005: Keith Moffatt 2006: Michael Kelly 2007: Artur Ekert 2008: Michele Dougherty

Medalha Elliott Cresson (1875 — 1997)

1875 — 1900

1870s	1875: W. G. A. Bonwill, Fiss, Banes, Erben & Co., William Weightman, W.P. Tatham, Benjamin Chew Tilghman e Joseph Zentmayer · 1877: John Charlton e P. H. Dudley · 1878: Henry Bower, Cyrus Chambers e Williams Farr Goodwin · 1879: Norbert Delandtsheer · 1880: L. H. Spellier
1880s	1881: William Woodnut Griscom · 1885: Cyprien Chabot e Frederick Siemens · 1886: Patrick Bernard Delany, Thaddeus S. C. Lowe, Ott & Brewer, Pratt & Whitney, R. H. Ramsay e Liberty Walkup · 1887: Charles F. Albert, Hugo Bilgram, Alfred H. Cowles, Eugene H. Cowles e Thomas Shaw · 1889: Edward Alfred Cowper, Ottmar Mergenthaler, T. Hart Robertson e George Frederick Simonds · 1890: J. B. Hammond, Herman Hollerith e Mayer Hayes & Co.
1890s	1891: Stockton Bates, James H. Bevington, Bradley Allen Fiske, Tinius Olsen, Edwin F. Shaw, Samuel Matthews Vauclain e George M. Von Culin · 1892: Philip H. Holmes e Henry M. Howe · 1893: Clifford H. Batchellor, Frederic Eugene Ives, George E. Marks e Paul von Jankó · 1894: Nikola Tesla · 1895: Henry M. Howe, James Peckover e Lester Allan Pelton · 1896: Patrick Bernard Delany e Tolbert Lanston · 1897: Hamilton Castner, Elisha Gray, Charles Francis Jenkins, Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen e Joseph Wilckes · 1898: Wilbur Olin Atwater, Thomas Corscaden, Clemens Hirschel, Henri Moissan e Edward Bennett Rosa · 1900: American Cotton Company, Louis Edward Levy, Pencoyd Iron Works, Serviço Geológico dos Estados Unidos e Carl Auer von Welsbach

1901 — 1950

1900s	1901: Rudolf Diesel, John S. Forbes, L. M. Haupt, Mason and Hamlin e A. G. Waterhouse · 1902: C. E. Acker, Fred W. Taylor e Maunsel White · 1903: G. H. Clam, J. L. Ferrell, Wilson Lindsley Gill, Victor Goldschmidt e Frank J. Sprague · 1904: James Mapes Dodge, Wilson Lindsley Gill, Hans Goldschmidt, L. E. Levy, L.D. Lovekin, A. E. Outerbridge, Jr. e J. C. Parker · 1905: Elisha Gray e M. I. Pupin · 1906: American Paper Bottle Company e William J. Hammer · 1907: Baldwin Locomotive Works, J. L. Borsch, J. Allen Heany, F. Philips e Edward R. Taylor · 1908: Romeyn Beck Hough e Anatole Mallet · 1909: Marie Curie, Pierre Curie, Wolfgang Gaede, James Gayley, Auguste e Louis Lumière, George Owen Squier, Benjamin Talbot, W. V. Turner, Underwood Typewriter Company, Alexis Vernasz e H. A. Wise Wood · 1910: Automatic Electric Company, John A. Brashear, Peter Cooper Hewitt, John Fritz, Robert Hadfield, Ernest Rutherford, Joseph John Thomson, Edward Weston e Harvey W. Wiley
1910s	1912: Alexander Graham Bell, William Crookes, Alfred Noble, Edward Morley, Albert Abraham Michelson, Henry Enfield Roscoe, Samuel Wesley Stratton, Elihu Thomson e Adolf von Baeyer · 1913: Emil Berliner, Emile Fischer, William Ramsay, Isham Randolph, John William Strutt, Albert Sauveur e Charles Proteus Steinmetz · 1914: J. M. von Eder, Carl von Linde, Edgar Fahs Smith e Irmãos Wright · 1915: Michael Joseph Owens · 1916: American Telephone & Telegraph, Byron E. Eldred e Robert Gans · 1917: Edwin Fitch Northrup · 1918: Isaac Newton Lewis · 1920: William Le Roy Emmet
1920s	1923: Lee De Forest, Raymond D. Johnson e Albert Kingsbury · 1925: Francis Hodgkinson · 1926: George Ellery Hale e Charles S. Hastings · 1927: Dayton Miller e Edward Leamington Nichols · 1928: Gustaf W. Elmen, Henry Ford, Vladimir Karapetoff e Charles Lawrance · 1929: James Irvine, Chevalier Jackson e Elmer Ambrose Sperry · 1930: Norman Rothwell Gibson e Irving Edwin Moultrop
1930s	1931: Clinton Davisson, Lester Germer, Kotaro Honda e Theodore Lyman · 1932: Percy Williams Bridgman, Charles Legeyt Fortescue e John Boswell Whitehead · 1933: Walther Bauersfeld e Juan de La Cierva y Codorniu · 1934: Stuart Ballantine e Union Switch & Signal · 1936: George O. Curme e Robert Jemison van de Graaff · 1937: Carl David Anderson, William Bowie, Jacques Edwin Brandenberger, William Francis Giauque e Ernest Lawrence · 1938: Edwin Land · 1939: Charles Vernon Boys, George Ashley Campbell e John Renshaw Carson · 1940: Frederick M. Backet e Robert Runnels Williams
1940s	1941: Marinha dos Estados Unidos · 1942: Claude Hudson e Isidor Isaac Rabi · 1943: Charles Metcalf Allen · 1944: Roger Adams · 1945: Stanford Caldwell Hooper e Lewis Ferry Moody · 1946: Gladeon M. Barnes · 1948: Edwin H. Colpitts · 1950: Basil Schonland

1951 — 1997

1950s	1952: Edward C. Molina e H. Birchard Taylor · 1953: William Blum, George Russell Harrison e William Frederick Meggers · 1955: Frank Philip Bowden · 1957: Willard Frank Libby, Reginold James Seymour Pigott e Robert Watson-Watt · 1958: Joseph C. Patrick e Stephen Timoshenko · 1959: John Hays Hammond, Henry Charles Harrison e Irving Wolff · 1960: Hugh Latimer Dryden, Arpad Nadai e William Francis Gray Swann
1960s	1961: Donald Arthur Glaser, Rudolf Mössbauer, Reinhold Rudenberg e James van Allen · 1962: James Gilbert Baker e Wernher von Braun · 1963: Nicholas Christofilos e Grote Reber · 1964: Waldo Semon, Richard V. Southwell e Robert R. Wilson · 1965: Donald Dexter Van Slyke · 1966: Herman Francis Mark · 1968: Neil Bartlett · 1969: Henry Eyring e Peter Carl Goldmark · 1970: Walter Zinn
1970s	1971: Paul John Flory e John Hasbrouck Van Vleck · 1972: Brian David Josephson e Bill Lear · 1973: Allan Rex Sandage e John Paul Stapp · 1974: Theodore L. Cairns, Robert Henry Dicke, Arie Jan Haagen-Smit e Bruno Rossi · 1975: Mildred Cohn e Michael James Lighthill · 1976: Leon Max Lederman · 1978: Herbert Charles Brown e Frank H. Stillinger · 1979: Steven Weinberg · 1980: Riccardo Giacconi
1980s	1981: Marion King Hubbert · 1982: Harold P. Eubank e Edgar Bright Wilson · 1984: Elizabeth F. Neufeld · 1985: Robert N. Clayton e Andrei Sakharov · 1986: Leo Kadanoff · 1987: Gerd Binnig e Heinrich Rohrer · 1988: Harry George Drickamer · 1989: Edward Lorenz · 1990: Marlan Scully
1990s	1991: Yakir Aharonov e David Bohm · 1992: Tsui Lap-chee · 1995: Marvin H. Caruthers e Alfred Yi Cho · 1997: Irwin Fridovich e Joe Milton McCord

v • e Nobel de Física (1901 — 2011)
1901 — 1925	Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen • Hendrik Lorentz e Pieter Zeeman • Antoine Henri Becquerel, Pierre Curie e Marie Curie • John William Strutt • Philipp Eduard Anton von Lenard • Joseph John Thomson • Albert Abraham Michelson • Gabriel Lippmann • Guglielmo Marconi e Karl Ferdinand Braun • Johannes Diderik van der Waals • Wilhelm Wien • Nils Gustaf Dalén • Heike Kamerlingh Onnes • Max von Laue • William Henry Bragg e William Lawrence Bragg • Charles Glover Barkla • Max Planck • Johannes Stark • Charles Edouard Guillaume • Albert Einstein • Niels Bohr • Robert Andrews Millikan • Karl Siegbahn • James Franck e Gustav Ludwig Hertz
1926 — 1950	Jean Baptiste Perrin • Arthur Holly Compton e Charles Thomson Rees Wilson • Owen Willans Richardson • Louis de Broglie • Chandrasekhara Venkata Raman • Werner Karl Heisenberg • Erwin Schrödinger e Paul Dirac • James Chadwick • Victor Franz Hess e Carl David Anderson • Clinton Davisson e George Paget Thomson • Enrico Fermi • Ernest Orlando Lawrence • Otto Stern • Isidor Isaac Rabi • Wolfgang Pauli • Percy Williams Bridgman • Edward Victor Appleton • Patrick Maynard Stuart Blackett • Hideki Yukawa • Cecil Frank Powell
1951 — 1975	John Douglas Cockcroft e Ernest Thomas Sinton Walton • Felix Bloch e Edward Mills Purcell • Frits Zernike • Max Born e Walther Bothe • Willis Eugene Lamb e Polykarp Kusch • William Bradford Shockley, John Bardeen e Walter Houser Brattain • Chen Ning Yang e Tsung-Dao Lee • Pavel Cherenkov, Illia Mikhailovich Frank e Igor Yevgenyevich Tamm • Emilio Gino Segrè e Owen Chamberlain • Donald Arthur Glaser • Robert Hofstadter e Rudolf Mössbauer • Lev Landau • Eugene Paul Wigner, Maria Goeppert-Mayer e J. Hans D. Jensen • Charles Hard Townes, Nicolay Basov e Aleksandr Prokhorov • Shin'ichiro Tomonaga, Julian Schwinger e Richard Feynman • Alfred Kastler • Hans Bethe • Luis Walter Alvarez • Murray Gell-Mann • Hannes Alfvén e Louis Eugène Félix Néel • Dennis Gabor • John Bardeen, Leon Neil Cooper e John Robert Schrieffer • Leo Esaki, Ivar Giaever e Brian David Josephson • Martin Ryle e Antony Hewish • Aage Niels Bohr, Ben Roy Mottelson e Leo James Rainwater
1976 — 2000	Burton Richter e Samuel Chao Chung Ting • Philip Warren Anderson, Nevill Francis Mott e John Hasbrouck Van Vleck • Pyotr Kapitsa, Arno Allan Penzias e Robert Woodrow Wilson • Sheldon Lee Glashow, Abdus Salam e Steven Weinberg • James Watson Cronin e Val Logsdon Fitch • Nicolaas Bloembergen, Arthur Schawlow e Kai Siegbahn • Kenneth G. Wilson • Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar e William Alfred Fowler • Carlo Rubbia e Simon van der Meer • Klaus von Klitzing • Ernst Ruska, Gerd Binnig e Heinrich Rohrer • Johannes Georg Bednorz e Karl Alexander Müller • Leon Max Lederman, Melvin Schwartz e Jack Steinberger • Norman Foster Ramsey, Hans Georg Dehmelt e Wolfgang Paul • Jerome Isaac Friedman, Henry Way Kendall e Richard Edward Taylor • Pierre-Gilles de Gennes • Georges Charpak • Russell Alan Hulse e Joseph Hooton Taylor • Bertram Neville Brockhouse e Clifford Glenwood Shull • Martin Lewis Perl e Frederick Reines • David Morris Lee, Douglas Dean Osheroff e Robert Coleman Richardson • Steven Chu, Claude Cohen-Tannoudji e William Daniel Phillips • Robert Betts Laughlin, Horst Ludwig Störmer e Daniel Chee Tsui • Gerardus 't Hooft e Martinus J. G. Veltman • Zhores Alferov, Herbert Kroemer e Jack Kilby
2001 — 2010	Eric Allin Cornell, Carl Wieman e Wolfgang Ketterle • Raymond Davis Jr., Masatoshi Koshiba e Riccardo Giacconi • Alexei Alexeevich Abrikosov, Vitaly Ginzburg e Anthony Leggett • David Gross, Hugh David Politzer e Frank Wilczek • Roy Glauber, John Lewis Hall e Theodor Hänsch • John Mather e George Fitzgerald Smoot III • Albert Fert e Peter Grünberg • Yoichiro Nambu, Makoto Kobayashi e Toshihide Masukawa • Charles Kao, Willard Boyle e George Smith • Andre Geim e Konstantin Novoselov • Saul Perlmutter, Adam Riess e Brian Schmidt