Esther Marley Conwell

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Esther Marley Conwell
Física

Nacionalidade	Estadunidense

Nascimento	23 de maio de 1922 (92 anos)
Local	Nova Iorque

Atividade
Campo(s)	Física
Instituições	Universidade de Rochester, Bell Labs

Prêmio(s)	Medalha Edison IEEE (1997), Medalha Nacional de Ciências (2009)

Esther Marley Conwell (Nova Iorque, 23 de maio de 1922) é uma física estadunidense. Investigou propriedades de semicondutores e condutores orgânicos, especialmente o transporte.

Este artigo ou secção está a ser traduzido de en:Esther M. Conwell. Ajude e colabore com a tradução.

Condecorações[editar | editar código-fonte]

In November 2002, Discover Magazine listed Prof. Conwell as one of the 50 most important female scientists of all time.
The ACS Award for Encouraging Women into Careers in the Chemical Sciences was awarded to her in 2008
On November 17, 2010, President Barack Obama presented a National Medal of Science to Esther Conwell, during a White House ceremony.

Referências

Ligações externas[editar | editar código-fonte]

v • e Medalha Edison IEEE
1909–1925	1909: Elihu Thomson · 1910: Frank Julian Sprague · 1911: George Westinghouse · 1912: William Stanley · 1913: Charles Francis Brush · 1914: Alexander Graham Bell · 1915: Não concedida · 1916: Nikola Tesla · 1917: John Joseph Carty · 1918: Benjamin Garver Lamme · 1919: William Le Roy Emmet · 1920: Michael Pupin · 1921: Cummings Chesney · 1922: Robert Andrews Millikan · 1923: John William Lieb · 1924: John White Howell · 1925: Harris Joseph Ryan
1926–1950	1926: Não concedida · 1927: William David Coolidge · 1928: Frank Baldwin Jewett · 1929: Charles Felton Scott · 1930: Frank Conrad · 1931: Edwin Wilbur Rice · 1932: Bancroft Gherardi · 1933: Arthur Edwin Kennelly · 1934: Willis Rodney Whitney · 1935: Lewis B. Stillwell · 1936: Alex Dow · 1937: Gano Dunn · 1938: Dugald Caleb Jackson · 1939: Philip Torchio · 1940: George Ashley Campbell · 1941: John Boswell Whitehead · 1942: Edwin Armstrong · 1943: Vannevar Bush · 1944: Ernst Alexanderson · 1945: Philip Sporn · 1946: Lee De Forest · 1947: Joseph Slepian · 1948: Morris E. Leeds · 1949: Karl B. McEachron · 1950: Otto Bernard Blackwell
1951–1975	1951: Charles F. Wagner · 1952: Vladimir Zworykin · 1953: John F. Peters · 1954: Oliver Ellsworth Buckley · 1955: Leonid A. Umansky · 1956: Comfort A. Adams · 1957: John K. Hodnette · 1958: Charles Kettering · 1959: James F. Fairman · 1960: Harold Smith Osborne · 1961: William B. Kouwenhoven · 1962: Alexander C. Monteith · 1963: John Robinson Pierce · 1964: Não concedida · 1965: Walker Lee Cisler · 1966: Wilmer L. Barrow · 1967: George Harold Brown · 1968: Charles F. Avila · 1969: Hendrik Wade Bode · 1970: Howard Aiken · 1971: John Wistar Simpson · 1972: William Hayward Pickering · 1973: Bernard Tellegen · 1974: Jan A. Rajchman · 1975: Sidney Darlington
1976–2000	1976: Murray Joslin · 1977: Henri Busignies · 1978: Daniel E. Noble · 1979: Albert Rose · 1980: Robert Adler · 1981: C. Chapin Cutler · 1982: Nathan Cohn · 1983: Herman P. Schwan · 1984: Eugene Irving Gordon · 1985: John D. Kraus · 1986: James Flanagan · 1987: Robert A. Henle · 1988: James Ross MacDonald · 1989: Nick Holonyak · 1990: Archie W. Straiton · 1991: John Louis Moll · 1992: George D. Forney · 1993: James Herbert Pomerene · 1994: Leslie A. Geddes · 1995: Robert W. Lucky · 1996: Floyd Dunn · 1997: Esther Marley Conwell · 1998: Rolf Landauer · 1999: Kees Schouhamer Immink · 2000: Jun-ichi Nishizawa
2001–atualidade	2001: Robert Heath Dennard · 2002: Edward E. Hammer · 2003: Não concedida · 2004: Federico Capasso · 2005: Peter Lawrenson · 2006: Fawwaz T. Ulaby · 2007: Russell Dean Dupuis · 2008: Dov Frohman · 2009: Tingye Li · 2010: Ray Dolby · 2011: Isamu Akasaki · 2012: Michael Francis Tompsett · 2013: Ivan Paul Kaminow · 2014: Ralph Baer

Medalha Nacional de Ciências

Ciência do Comportamento e Social

Década de 1960	1964: Roger Adams, Othmar Ammann, Theodosius Dobzhansky e Neal Elgar Miller
Década de 1980	1986: Herbert Simon · 1987: Anne Anastasi e George Joseph Stigler · 1988: Milton Friedman
Década de 1990	1990: Leonid Hurwicz e Patrick Suppes · 1991: Robert Kates e George Armitage Miller · 1992: Eleanor J. Gibson · 1994: Robert K. Merton · 1995: Roger Shepard · 1996: Paul Samuelson · 1997: William Kaye Estes · 1998: William Julius Wilson · 1999: Robert Solow
Década de 2000	2000: Gary Stanley Becker · 2001: George Bass · 2003: Robert Duncan Luce · 2004: Kenneth Arrow · 2005: Gordon Bower · 2008: Michael Posner · 2009: Mortimer Mishkin
Década de 2010	2011: Anne Treisman · 2014: Robert Axelrod

Ciências Biológicas

Década de 1960	1963: Cornelis Bernardus van Niel · 1964: Marshall Nirenberg · 1965: Francis Rous, George Gaylord Simpson e Donald Van Slyke · 1966: Edward Fred Knipling, Fritz Albert Lipmann, William Cumming Rose e Sewall Wright · 1967: Kenneth Stewart Cole, Harry Harlow, Michael Heidelberger e Alfred Sturtevant · 1968: Horace Barker, Bernard Brodie, Detlev Bronk, Jay Lush e Burrhus Frederic Skinner · 1969: Robert Huebner, Ernst Mayr
Década de 1970	1970: Barbara McClintock e Albert Sabin · 1973: Daniel Arnon e Earl Sutherland · 1974: Britton Chance, Erwin Chargaff, James Neel e James Augustine Hannon · 1975: Hallowell Davis, Paul Gyorgy, Sterling Brown Hendricks e Orville Vogel · 1976: Roger Guillemin, Keith Roberts Porter, Efraim Racker e Edward Osborne Wilson · 1979: Robert H. Burris, Elizabeth C. Crosby, Arthur Kornberg, Severo Ochoa, Earl Reece Stadtman, George Ledyard Stebbins e Paul Alfred Weiss
Década de 1980	1981: Philip Handler · 1982: Seymour Benzer, Glenn W. Burton e Mildred Cohn · 1983: Howard L. Bachrach, Paul Berg, Wendell L. Roelofs e Berta Scharrer · 1986: Stanley Cohen, Donald Henderson, Vernon Mountcastle, George Palade e Joan A. Steitz · 1987: Michael E. Debakey, Theodor Otto Diener, Harry Eagle, Har Khorana e Rita Levi-Montalcini · 1988: Michael Stuart Brown, Stanley Norman Cohen, Joseph Goldstein, Maurice Hilleman, Eric Kandel e Rosalyn Yalow · 1989: Katherine Esau, Viktor Hamburger, Philip Leder, Joshua Lederberg, Roger Sperry e Harland G. Wood
Década de 1990	1990: Baruj Benacerraf, Herbert Boyer, Daniel Koshland, Edward Lewis, David G. Nathan e Edward Donnall Thomas · 1991: Mary Ellen Avery, George Evelyn Hutchinson, Elvin A. Kabat, Salvador Luria, Paul A. Marks, Folke K Skoog e Paul C. Zamecnik · 1992: Maxine Singer e Howard Martin Temin · 1993: Daniel Nathans e Salome G. Waelsch · 1994: Thomas Eisner e Elizabeth Neufeld · 1995: Alexander Rich · 1996: Ruth Patrick · 1997: James Watson e Robert Allan Weinberg · 1998: Bruce Ames e Janet Rowley · 1999: David Baltimore, Jared Diamond e Lynn Margulis
Década de 2000	2000: Nancy C. Andreasen, Peter H. Raven e Carl Woese · 2001: Francisco José Ayala, Mario R. Capecchi, Ann M. Graybiel, Gene Likens, Victor A. McKusick e Harold Varmus · 2002: James E. Darnell e Evelyn M. Witkin · 2003: John Michael Bishop, Solomon Halbert Snyder e Charles Yanofsky · 2004: Norman Ernest Borlaug, Phillip Allen Sharp e Thomas Starzl · 2005: Anthony Fauci e Torsten Wiesel · 2006: Rita R. Colwell, Nina Fedoroff e Lubert Stryer · 2007: Robert Lefkowitz e Bert W. O'Malley 2008: Francis Collins, Elaine Fuchs, Craig Venter 2009: Susan Lindquist, Stanley Prusiner
Década de 2010	2010: Ralph Lawrence Brinster, Shu Chien, Rudolf Jaenisch · 2011: Lucy Shapiro, Leroy Hood, Sallie Chisholm · 2014: May Berenbaum, Bruce Alberts

Química

Década de 1980	1982: Frank Albert Cotton e Gilbert Stork · 1983: Roald Hoffmann, George Claude Pimentel e Richard Zare · 1986: Harry Barkus Gray, Yuan Lee, Carl Shipp Marvel e Frank Westheimer · 1987: William Summer Johnson, Walter Hugo Stockmayer e Max Tishler · 1988: William Oliver Baker, Konrad Bloch e Elias James Corey · 1989: Richard Barry Bernstein, Melvin Calvin, Rudolph Arthur Marcus e Harden McConnell
Década de 1990	1990: Elkan Blout, Karl August Folkers e John Dombrowski Roberts · 1991: Ronald Breslow, Gertrude Elion, Dudley Robert Herschbach e Glenn Theodore Seaborg · 1992: Howard Ensign Simmons · 1993: Donald James Cram e Norman Hackerman · 1994: George Simms Hammond · 1995: Thomas Cech e Isabella Karle · 1996: Norman Davidson · 1997: Darleane Hoffman e Harold S. Johnston · 1998: John Werner Cahn e George Whitesides · 1999: Stuart Alan Rice, John Ross e Susan Solomon
Década de 2000	2000: John Baldeschwieler e Ralph Hirschmann · 2001: Ernest Roy Davidson e Gábor Somorjai · 2002: John Brauman · 2004: Stephen Lippard · 2006: Marvin Harry Caruthers e Peter Dervan · 2007: Mostafa El-Sayed · 2008: Joanna Fowler e JoAnne Stubbe · 2009: Stephen James Benkovic e Marye Anne Fox
Década de 2010	2010: Jacqueline Barton e Peter John Stang · 2011: Allen Joseph Bard e Frederick Hawthorne · 2014: Judith Klinman, Jerrold Meinwald

Ciências da Engenharia

Década de 1960	1962: Theodore von Kármán · 1963: Vannevar Bush e John Robinson Pierce · 1964: Charles Stark Draper · 1965: Hugh Latimer Dryden, Clarence Johnson e Warren Lewis · 1966: Claude Shannon · 1967: Edwin Land e Igor Sikorsky · 1968: John Presper Eckert e Nathan M. Newmark · 1969: Jack Kilby
Década de 1970	1970: George Mueller · 1973: Harold Eugene Edgerton e Richard Whitcomb · 1974: Rudolf Kompfner, Ralph Brazelton Peck e Abel Wolman · 1975: Manson Benedict, William Hayward Pickering, Frederick Terman e Wernher von Braun · 1976: Morris Cohen, Peter Carl Goldmark e Erwin Wilhelm Müller · 1979: Emmett Leith, Raymond Mindlin, Robert Noyce, Earl Randall Parker e Simon Ramo
Década de 1980	1982: Edward Heinemann e Donald Katz · 1983: Bill Hewlett, George Low e John George Trump · 1986: Hans Wolfgang Liepmann, Tung-Yen Lin e Bernard Oliver · 1987: Robert Byron Bird, Harry Bolton Seed e Ernst Weber · 1988: Daniel Drucker, Willis Hawkins e George W. Housner · 1989: Harry George Drickamer e Herbert Earl Grier
Década de 1990	1990: Mildred Dresselhaus e Nick Holonyak · 1991: George Heilmeier, Luna Leopold e Guyford Stever · 1992: Calvin Quate e John Roy Whinnery · 1993: Alfred Yi Cho · 1994: Ray Clough · 1995: Hermann Anton Haus · 1996: James Flanagan e Chandra Kumar Patel · 1998: Eli Ruckenstein · 1999: Kenneth N. Stevens
Década de 2000	2000: Yuan-Cheng Fung · 2001: Andreas Acrivos · 2002: Leo Beranek · 2003: John Prausnitz · 2004: Edwin Lightfoot · 2005: Jan Achenbach e Tobin Marks · 2006: Robert Langer · 2007: David Wineland · 2008: Rudolf Kalman · 2009: Amnon Yariv ·
Década de 2010	2010: Shu Chien · 2011: John Bannister Goodenough · 2014: Thomas Kailath

Ciências Matemáticas, Estatísticas e Computacionais

Década de 1960	1963: Norbert Wiener · 1964: Solomon Lefschetz e Marston Morse · 1965: Oscar Zariski · 1966: John Milnor · 1967: Paul Cohen · 1968: Jerzy Neyman · 1969: William Feller
Década de 1970	1970: Richard Brauer · 1973: John Tukey · 1974: Kurt Gödel · 1975: John Backus, Shiing-Shen Chern e George Dantzig · 1976: Kurt Otto Friedrichs e Hassler Whitney · 1979: Joseph Leo Doob e Donald Knuth
Década de 1980	1982: Marshall Harvey Stone · 1983: Herman Goldstine e Isadore Singer · 1986: Peter Lax e Antoni Zygmund · 1987: Raoul Bott e Michael Freedman · 1988: Ralph Gomory e Joseph Keller · 1989: Samuel Karlin, Saunders Mac Lane e Donald Spencer
Década de 1990	1990: George Carrier, Stephen Kleene e John McCarthy · 1991: Alberto Calderón · 1992: Allen Newell · 1993: Martin Kruskal · 1994: John Cocke · 1995: Louis Nirenberg · 1996: Richard Karp e Stephen Smale · 1997: Shing-Tung Yau · 1998: Cathleen Synge Morawetz · 1999: Felix Browder e Ronald Coifman
Década de 2000	2000: John Griggs Thompson e Karen Uhlenbeck · 2001: Calyampudi Radhakrishna Rao e Elias Stein · 2002: James Glimm · 2003: Carl de Boor · 2004: Dennis Sullivan · 2005: Bradley Efron · 2006: Hyman Bass · 2007: Leonard Kleinrock e Andrew Viterbi · 2009: David Mumford
Década de 2010	2010: Richard Alfred Tapia e S. R. Srinivasa Varadhan · 2011: Solomon Wolf Golomb e Barry Mazur · 2014: Alexandre Chorin, David Blackwell (póstuma)

Ciências Físicas

Década de 1960	1963: Luis Walter Alvarez · 1964: Julian Schwinger, Harold Clayton Urey e Robert Burns Woodward · 1965: John Bardeen, Peter Debye, Leon Max Lederman e William Walden Rubey · 1966: Jacob Bjerknes, Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar, Henry Eyring, John Hasbrouck Van Vleck e Vladimir Zworykin · 1967: Jesse Beams, Francis Birch, Gregory Breit · Louis Plack Hammett e George Kistiakowsky · 1968: Paul Doughty Bartlett, Herbert Friedman, Lars Onsager e Eugene Paul Wigner · 1969: Herbert Charles Brown e Wolfgang Panofsky
Década de 1970	1970: Robert Henry Dicke, Allan Rex Sandage, John Clarke Slater, John Archibald Wheeler e Saul Winstein · 1973: Carl Djerassi, William Maurice Ewing, Arie Jan Haagen-Smit, Vladimir Haensel, Frederick Seitz e Robert Rathbun Wilson · 1974: Nicolaas Bloembergen, Paul John Flory, William Alfred Fowler, Linus Pauling e Kenneth Sanborn Pitzer · 1975: Hans Bethe, Joseph Hirschfelder, Lewis Hastings Sarett, Edgar Bright Wilson e Chien-Shiung Wu · 1976: Samuel Abraham Goudsmit, Herbert S. Gutowsky, Frederick Rossini, Verner Suomi, Henry Taube e George Eugene Uhlenbeck · 1979: Richard Feynman, Hermann Mark, Edward Mills Purcell, John Sinfelt, Lyman Spitzer e Victor Weisskopf
Década de 1980	1982: Philip Warren Anderson, Yoichiro Nambu, Edward Teller e Charles Hard Townes · 1983: Margaret Burbidge, Maurice Goldhaber, Helmut Landsberg, Walter Munk, Frederick Reines, Bruno Rossi e John Robert Schrieffer · 1986: Solomon Buchsbaum, Horace Crane, Herman Feshbach, Robert Hofstadter e Chen Ning Yang · 1987: Philip Abelson, Walter Elsasser, Paul Christian Lauterbur, George Pake e James van Allen · 1988: David Allan Bromley, Chu Ching-wu, Walter Kohn, Norman Foster Ramsey, Jack Steinberger · 1989: Arnold Orville Beckman, Eugene Parker, Robert Sharp e Henry Stommel
Década de 1990	1990: Allan Cormack, Edwin Mattison McMillan, Robert Pound e Roger Revelle · 1991: Arthur Schawlow, Ed Stone e Steven Weinberg · 1992: Eugene Shoemaker · 1993: Val Logsdon Fitch e Vera Rubin · 1994: Albert Overhauser e Frank Press · 1995: Hans Georg Dehmelt e Peter Goldreich · 1996: Wallace Smith Broecker · 1997: Marshall Rosenbluth, Martin Schwarzschild e George Wetherill · 1998: Don Lorraine Anderson e John Norris Bahcall · 1999: James Watson Cronin e Leo Kadanoff
Década de 2000	2000: Willis Eugene Lamb, Jeremiah Paul Ostriker e Gilbert Fowler White · 2001: Marvin Cohen, Raymond Davis Jr. e Charles Keeling · 2002: Richard Garwin, William Jason Morgan e Edward Witten · 2003: Brent Dalrymple, Riccardo Giacconi · 2004: Robert N. Clayton · 2005: Ralph Alpher e Lonnie Thompson · 2006: Daniel Kleppner · 2007: Fay Ajzenberg-Selove e Charles Pence Slichter · 2008: Berni Alder e James Gunn · 2009: Yakir Aharonov, Esther Marley Conwell e Warren Washington
Década de 2010	2011: Sidney Drell, Sandra Faber, Sylvester James Gates, John Bannister Goodenough · 2014: Burton Richter, Sean Solomon

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