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Harold Elliot Varmus (Oceanside, 18 de dezembro de 1939) é um cientista americano, laureado com o Prêmio Nobel, que foi diretor do National Institutes of Health de 1993 a 1999 e o 14º diretor do National Cancer Institute de 2010 a 2015, cargo para o qual foi nomeado pelo presidente Barack Obama.[1][2]
Referências
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1951–2000 |
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1951: Max Theiler
1952: Selman Waksman
1953: Hans Krebs e Fritz Lipmann
1954: John Enders, Thomas Weller e Frederick Robbins
1955: Hugo Theorell
1956: André Cournand, Werner Forßmann e Dickinson Richards
1957: Daniel Bovet
1958: George Beadle, Edward Tatum e Joshua Lederberg
1959: Severo Ochoa e Arthur Kornberg
1960: Frank Burnet e Peter Brian Medawar
1961: Georg von Békésy
1962: Francis Crick, James Watson e Maurice Wilkins
1963: John Eccles, Alan Hodgkin e Andrew Huxley
1964: Konrad Bloch e Feodor Lynen
1965: François Jacob, André Lwoff e Jacques Monod
1966: Francis Rous e Charles Huggins
1967: Ragnar Granit, Haldan Hartline e George Wald
1968: Robert Holley, Har Khorana e Marshall Nirenberg
1969: Max Delbrück, Alfred Hershey e Salvador Luria
1970: Bernard Katz, Ulf Svante von Euler e Julius Axelrod
1971: Earl Sutherland Jr.
1972: Gerald Edelman e Rodney Porter
1973: Karl von Frisch, Konrad Lorenz e Nikolaas Tinbergen
1974: Albert Claude, Christian de Duve e George Palade
1975: David Baltimore, Renato Dulbecco e Howard Temin
1976: Baruch Blumberg e Daniel Gajdusek
1977: Roger Guillemin, Andrzej Schally e Rosalyn Yalow
1978: Werner Arber, Daniel Nathans e Hamilton Smith
1979: Allan Cormack e Godfrey Hounsfield
1980: Baruj Benacerraf, Jean Dausset e George Snell
1981: Roger Sperry, David Hubel e Torsten Wiesel
1982: Sune Bergström, Bengt Samuelsson e John Vane
1983: Barbara McClintock
1984: Niels Jerne, Georges Köhler e César Milstein
1985: Michael Stuart Brown e Joseph Goldstein
1986: Stanley Cohen e Rita Levi-Montalcini
1987: Susumu Tonegawa
1988: James Black, Gertrude Elion e George Hitchings
1989: John Michael Bishop e Harold Varmus
1990: Joseph Murray e Edward Donnall Thomas
1991: Erwin Neher e Bert Sakmann
1992: Edmond Fischer e Edwin Krebs
1993: Richard Roberts e Phillip Sharp
1994: Alfred Gilman e Martin Rodbell
1995: Edward Lewis, Christiane Nüsslein-Volhard e Eric Wieschaus
1996: Peter Doherty e Rolf Zinkernagel
1997: Stanley Prusiner
1998: Robert Furchgott, Louis Ignarro e Ferid Murad
1999: Günter Blobel
2000: Arvid Carlsson, Paul Greengard e Eric Kandel
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2001–2025 |
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2001: Leland Hartwell, Richard Timothy Hunt e Paul Nurse
2002: Sydney Brenner, Robert Horvitz e John Sulston
2003: Paul Lauterbur e Peter Mansfield
2004: Richard Axel e Linda Buck
2005: Barry Marshall e Robin Warren
2006: Andrew Fire e Craig Mello
2007: Mario Capecchi, Martin Evans e Oliver Smithies
2008: Harald zur Hausen, Françoise Barré-Sinoussi e Luc Montagnier
2009: Elizabeth Blackburn, Carol Greider e Jack Szostak
2010: Robert Geoffrey Edwards
2011: Bruce Beutler, Jules Hoffmann e Ralph Steinman
2012: John Gurdon e Shinya Yamanaka
2013: James Rothman, Randy Schekman e Thomas Südhof
2014: John O'Keefe, May-Britt Moser e Edvard Moser
2015: William Cecil Campbell, Satoshi Ōmura e Tu Youyou
2016: Yoshinori Ohsumi
2017: Jeffrey C. Hall, Michael Rosbash e Michael W. Young
2018: James Patrick Allison e Tasuku Honjo
2019: William Kaelin Jr., Peter J. Ratcliffe e Gregg L. Semenza
2020: Harvey J. Alter, Michael Houghton e Charles M. Rice
2021: David Julius e Ardem Patapoutian
2022: Svante Pääbo
2023: Katalin Karikó e Drew Weissman
2024: Victor Ambros e Gary Ruvkun
2025: Fred Ramsdell, Mary E. Brunkow e Shimon Sakaguchi
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Ciência do Comportamento e Social |
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| Década de 1960 | |
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| Década de 1990 | |
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| Década de 2010 | |
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Ciências Biológicas |
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| Década de 1960 | |
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| Década de 1970 | 1970: Barbara McClintock e Albert Sabin · 1973: Daniel Arnon e Earl Sutherland · 1974: Britton Chance, Erwin Chargaff, James Neel e James Hannon · 1975: Hallowell Davis, Paul Gyorgy, Sterling Hendricks e Orville Vogel · 1976: Roger Guillemin, Keith Roberts Porter, Efraim Racker e Edward Osborne Wilson · 1979: Robert H. Burris, Elizabeth C. Crosby, Arthur Kornberg, Severo Ochoa, Earl Stadtman, George Ledyard Stebbins e Paul Weiss |
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| Década de 1980 | 1981: Philip Handler · 1982: Seymour Benzer, Glenn Burton e Mildred Cohn · 1983: Howard Bachrach, Paul Berg, Wendell Lee Roelofs e Berta Scharrer · 1986: Stanley Cohen, Donald Henderson, Vernon Mountcastle, George Palade e Joan A. Steitz · 1987: Michael DeBakey, Theodor Otto Diener, Harry Eagle, Har Khorana e Rita Levi-Montalcini · 1988: Michael Stuart Brown, Stanley Norman Cohen, Joseph Goldstein, Maurice Hilleman, Eric Kandel e Rosalyn Yalow · 1989: Katherine Esau, Viktor Hamburger, Philip Leder, Joshua Lederberg, Roger Sperry e Harland Goff Wood |
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| Década de 1990 | 1990: Baruj Benacerraf, Herbert Boyer, Daniel Koshland, Edward Lewis, David Nathan e Edward Donnall Thomas · 1991: Mary Ellen Avery, George Evelyn Hutchinson, Elvin Kabat, Robert Kates, Salvador Luria, Paul Marks, Folke Skoog e Paul Zamecnik · 1992: Maxine Singer e Howard Martin Temin · 1993: Daniel Nathans e Salome G. Waelsch · 1994: Thomas Eisner e Elizabeth Neufeld · 1995: Alexander Rich · 1996: Ruth Patrick · 1997: James Watson e Robert Allan Weinberg · 1998: Bruce Ames e Janet Rowley · 1999: David Baltimore, Jared Diamond e Lynn Margulis |
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| Década de 2000 | 2000: Nancy Coover Andreasen, Peter H. Raven e Carl Woese · 2001: Francisco José Ayala, George Bass, Mario Capecchi, Ann Graybiel, Gene Likens, Victor A. McKusick e Harold Varmus · 2002: James E. Darnell e Evelyn M. Witkin · 2003: John Michael Bishop, Solomon Halbert Snyder e Charles Yanofsky · 2004: Norman Borlaug, Phillip Allen Sharp e Thomas Starzl · 2005: Anthony Fauci e Torsten Wiesel · 2006: Rita Colwell, Nina Fedoroff e Lubert Stryer · 2007: Robert Lefkowitz e Bert William O’Malley · 2008: Francis Collins, Elaine Fuchs, Craig Venter · 2009: Susan Lindquist, Stanley Prusiner |
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Química |
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Ciências da Engenharia |
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Ciências Matemáticas, Estatísticas e Computacionais |
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Ciências Físicas |
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| Década de 1960 | 1963: Luis Walter Alvarez · 1964: Julian Schwinger, Harold Clayton Urey e Robert Burns Woodward · 1965: John Bardeen, Peter Debye, Leon Max Lederman e William Walden Rubey · 1966: Jacob Bjerknes, Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar, Henry Eyring, John Hasbrouck Van Vleck e Vladimir Zworykin · 1967: Jesse Beams, Francis Birch, Gregory Breit · Louis Plack Hammett e George Kistiakowsky · 1968: Paul Doughty Bartlett, Herbert Friedman, Lars Onsager e Eugene Paul Wigner · 1969: Herbert Charles Brown e Wolfgang Panofsky |
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| Década de 1970 | 1970: Robert Henry Dicke, Allan Rex Sandage, John Clarke Slater, John Archibald Wheeler e Saul Winstein · 1973: Carl Djerassi, William Maurice Ewing, Arie Jan Haagen-Smit, Vladimir Haensel, Frederick Seitz e Robert Rathbun Wilson · 1974: Nicolaas Bloembergen, Paul John Flory, William Alfred Fowler, Linus Pauling e Kenneth Sanborn Pitzer · 1975: Hans Bethe, Joseph Hirschfelder, Lewis Hastings Sarett, Edgar Bright Wilson e Chien-Shiung Wu · 1976: Samuel Abraham Goudsmit, Herbert S. Gutowsky, Frederick Rossini, Verner Suomi, Henry Taube e George Eugene Uhlenbeck · 1979: Richard Feynman, Hermann Mark, Edward Mills Purcell, John Sinfelt, Lyman Spitzer e Victor Weisskopf |
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| Década de 1980 | 1982: Philip Warren Anderson, Yoichiro Nambu, Edward Teller e Charles Hard Townes · 1983: Margaret Burbidge, Maurice Goldhaber, Helmut Landsberg, Walter Munk, Frederick Reines, Bruno Rossi e John Robert Schrieffer · 1986: Solomon Buchsbaum, Horace Crane, Herman Feshbach, Robert Hofstadter e Chen Ning Yang · 1987: Philip Abelson, Walter Elsasser, Paul Christian Lauterbur, George Pake e James Van Allen · 1988: David Allan Bromley, Chu Ching-wu, Walter Kohn, Norman Foster Ramsey, Jack Steinberger · 1989: Arnold Orville Beckman, Eugene Parker, Robert Sharp e Henry Stommel |
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| Década de 1990 | |
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| Década de 2010 | |
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Nobel de Fisiologia ou Medicina (1989), Prêmio Vannevar Bush (2001), Medalha Nacional de Ciências (2001), Medalha Glenn T. Seaborg (2012)
