Eugene Parker

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Eugene Parker
Astrofísica
Eugene Parker, em 2007

Nacionalidade	Estadunidense

Nascimento	10 de junho de 1927 (87 anos)
Local	Houghton

Atividade
Campo(s)	Astrofísica

Prêmio(s)	Medalha Arctowski (1969), Medalha Nacional de Ciências (1989), Medalha Karl Schwarzschild (1990), Medalha de Ouro da RAS (1992), Prêmio Kyoto (2003)

Eugene Newman Parker (Houghton, 10 de junho de 1927) é um astrofísico estadunidense .

Graduado em física pela Michigan State University, em 1948, e doutorado pelo Instituto de Tecnologia da Califórnia, em 1951.

É conhecido por ter desenvolvido, em meados da década de 1950, a teoria do vento solar super-sônico, e por ter previsto o formato de espiral de Parker nos campos magnéticos solares fora do sistema solar.

Precedido por
Vitaly Ginzburg e Gerald Joseph Wasserburg

Medalha de Ouro da Royal Astronomical Society
1992
com Dan Peter McKenzie

Sucedido por
Peter Goldreich e Donald Lynden-Bell

Medalha Nacional de Ciências

Ciência do Comportamento e Social

Década de 1960	1964: Roger Adams, Othmar Ammann, Theodosius Dobzhansky e Neal Elgar Miller
Década de 1980	1986: Herbert Simon · 1987: Anne Anastasi e George Joseph Stigler · 1988: Milton Friedman
Década de 1990	1990: Leonid Hurwicz e Patrick Suppes · 1991: Robert Kates e George Armitage Miller · 1992: Eleanor J. Gibson · 1994: Robert K. Merton · 1995: Roger Shepard · 1996: Paul Samuelson · 1997: William Kaye Estes · 1998: William Julius Wilson · 1999: Robert Solow
Década de 2000	2000: Gary Stanley Becker · 2001: George Bass · 2003: Robert Duncan Luce · 2004: Kenneth Arrow · 2005: Gordon Bower · 2008: Michael Posner · 2009: Mortimer Mishkin
Década de 2010	2011: Anne Treisman · 2014: Robert Axelrod

Ciências Biológicas

Década de 1960	1963: Cornelis Bernardus van Niel · 1964: Marshall Nirenberg · 1965: Francis Rous, George Gaylord Simpson e Donald Van Slyke · 1966: Edward Fred Knipling, Fritz Albert Lipmann, William Cumming Rose e Sewall Wright · 1967: Kenneth Stewart Cole, Harry Harlow, Michael Heidelberger e Alfred Sturtevant · 1968: Horace Barker, Bernard Brodie, Detlev Bronk, Jay Lush e Burrhus Frederic Skinner · 1969: Robert Huebner, Ernst Mayr
Década de 1970	1970: Barbara McClintock e Albert Sabin · 1973: Daniel Arnon e Earl Sutherland · 1974: Britton Chance, Erwin Chargaff, James Neel e James Augustine Hannon · 1975: Hallowell Davis, Paul Gyorgy, Sterling Brown Hendricks e Orville Vogel · 1976: Roger Guillemin, Keith Roberts Porter, Efraim Racker e Edward Osborne Wilson · 1979: Robert H. Burris, Elizabeth C. Crosby, Arthur Kornberg, Severo Ochoa, Earl Reece Stadtman, George Ledyard Stebbins e Paul Alfred Weiss
Década de 1980	1981: Philip Handler · 1982: Seymour Benzer, Glenn W. Burton e Mildred Cohn · 1983: Howard L. Bachrach, Paul Berg, Wendell L. Roelofs e Berta Scharrer · 1986: Stanley Cohen, Donald Henderson, Vernon Mountcastle, George Palade e Joan A. Steitz · 1987: Michael E. Debakey, Theodor Otto Diener, Harry Eagle, Har Khorana e Rita Levi-Montalcini · 1988: Michael Stuart Brown, Stanley Norman Cohen, Joseph Goldstein, Maurice Hilleman, Eric Kandel e Rosalyn Yalow · 1989: Katherine Esau, Viktor Hamburger, Philip Leder, Joshua Lederberg, Roger Sperry e Harland G. Wood
Década de 1990	1990: Baruj Benacerraf, Herbert Boyer, Daniel Koshland, Edward Lewis, David G. Nathan e Edward Donnall Thomas · 1991: Mary Ellen Avery, George Evelyn Hutchinson, Elvin A. Kabat, Salvador Luria, Paul A. Marks, Folke K Skoog e Paul C. Zamecnik · 1992: Maxine Singer e Howard Martin Temin · 1993: Daniel Nathans e Salome G. Waelsch · 1994: Thomas Eisner e Elizabeth Neufeld · 1995: Alexander Rich · 1996: Ruth Patrick · 1997: James Watson e Robert Allan Weinberg · 1998: Bruce Ames e Janet Rowley · 1999: David Baltimore, Jared Diamond e Lynn Margulis
Década de 2000	2000: Nancy C. Andreasen, Peter H. Raven e Carl Woese · 2001: Francisco José Ayala, Mario R. Capecchi, Ann M. Graybiel, Gene Likens, Victor A. McKusick e Harold Varmus · 2002: James E. Darnell e Evelyn M. Witkin · 2003: John Michael Bishop, Solomon Halbert Snyder e Charles Yanofsky · 2004: Norman Ernest Borlaug, Phillip Allen Sharp e Thomas Starzl · 2005: Anthony Fauci e Torsten Wiesel · 2006: Rita R. Colwell, Nina Fedoroff e Lubert Stryer · 2007: Robert Lefkowitz e Bert W. O'Malley 2008: Francis Collins, Elaine Fuchs, Craig Venter 2009: Susan Lindquist, Stanley Prusiner
Década de 2010	2010: Ralph Lawrence Brinster, Shu Chien, Rudolf Jaenisch · 2011: Lucy Shapiro, Leroy Hood, Sallie Chisholm · 2014: May Berenbaum, Bruce Alberts

Química

Década de 1980	1982: Frank Albert Cotton e Gilbert Stork · 1983: Roald Hoffmann, George Claude Pimentel e Richard Zare · 1986: Harry Barkus Gray, Yuan Lee, Carl Shipp Marvel e Frank Westheimer · 1987: William Summer Johnson, Walter Hugo Stockmayer e Max Tishler · 1988: William Oliver Baker, Konrad Bloch e Elias James Corey · 1989: Richard Barry Bernstein, Melvin Calvin, Rudolph Arthur Marcus e Harden McConnell
Década de 1990	1990: Elkan Blout, Karl August Folkers e John Dombrowski Roberts · 1991: Ronald Breslow, Gertrude Elion, Dudley Robert Herschbach e Glenn Theodore Seaborg · 1992: Howard Ensign Simmons · 1993: Donald James Cram e Norman Hackerman · 1994: George Simms Hammond · 1995: Thomas Cech e Isabella Karle · 1996: Norman Davidson · 1997: Darleane Hoffman e Harold S. Johnston · 1998: John Werner Cahn e George Whitesides · 1999: Stuart Alan Rice, John Ross e Susan Solomon
Década de 2000	2000: John Baldeschwieler e Ralph Hirschmann · 2001: Ernest Roy Davidson e Gábor Somorjai · 2002: John Brauman · 2004: Stephen Lippard · 2006: Marvin Harry Caruthers e Peter Dervan · 2007: Mostafa El-Sayed · 2008: Joanna Fowler e JoAnne Stubbe · 2009: Stephen James Benkovic e Marye Anne Fox
Década de 2010	2010: Jacqueline Barton e Peter John Stang · 2011: Allen Joseph Bard e Frederick Hawthorne · 2014: Judith Klinman, Jerrold Meinwald

Ciências da Engenharia

Década de 1960	1962: Theodore von Kármán · 1963: Vannevar Bush e John Robinson Pierce · 1964: Charles Stark Draper · 1965: Hugh Latimer Dryden, Clarence Johnson e Warren Lewis · 1966: Claude Shannon · 1967: Edwin Land e Igor Sikorsky · 1968: John Presper Eckert e Nathan M. Newmark · 1969: Jack Kilby
Década de 1970	1970: George Mueller · 1973: Harold Eugene Edgerton e Richard Whitcomb · 1974: Rudolf Kompfner, Ralph Brazelton Peck e Abel Wolman · 1975: Manson Benedict, William Hayward Pickering, Frederick Terman e Wernher von Braun · 1976: Morris Cohen, Peter Carl Goldmark e Erwin Wilhelm Müller · 1979: Emmett Leith, Raymond Mindlin, Robert Noyce, Earl Randall Parker e Simon Ramo
Década de 1980	1982: Edward Heinemann e Donald Katz · 1983: Bill Hewlett, George Low e John George Trump · 1986: Hans Wolfgang Liepmann, Tung-Yen Lin e Bernard Oliver · 1987: Robert Byron Bird, Harry Bolton Seed e Ernst Weber · 1988: Daniel Drucker, Willis Hawkins e George W. Housner · 1989: Harry George Drickamer e Herbert Earl Grier
Década de 1990	1990: Mildred Dresselhaus e Nick Holonyak · 1991: George Heilmeier, Luna Leopold e Guyford Stever · 1992: Calvin Quate e John Roy Whinnery · 1993: Alfred Yi Cho · 1994: Ray Clough · 1995: Hermann Anton Haus · 1996: James Flanagan e Chandra Kumar Patel · 1998: Eli Ruckenstein · 1999: Kenneth N. Stevens
Década de 2000	2000: Yuan-Cheng Fung · 2001: Andreas Acrivos · 2002: Leo Beranek · 2003: John Prausnitz · 2004: Edwin Lightfoot · 2005: Jan Achenbach e Tobin Marks · 2006: Robert Langer · 2007: David Wineland · 2008: Rudolf Kalman · 2009: Amnon Yariv ·
Década de 2010	2010: Shu Chien · 2011: John Bannister Goodenough · 2014: Thomas Kailath

Ciências Matemáticas, Estatísticas e Computacionais

Década de 1960	1963: Norbert Wiener · 1964: Solomon Lefschetz e Marston Morse · 1965: Oscar Zariski · 1966: John Milnor · 1967: Paul Cohen · 1968: Jerzy Neyman · 1969: William Feller
Década de 1970	1970: Richard Brauer · 1973: John Tukey · 1974: Kurt Gödel · 1975: John Backus, Shiing-Shen Chern e George Dantzig · 1976: Kurt Otto Friedrichs e Hassler Whitney · 1979: Joseph Leo Doob e Donald Knuth
Década de 1980	1982: Marshall Harvey Stone · 1983: Herman Goldstine e Isadore Singer · 1986: Peter Lax e Antoni Zygmund · 1987: Raoul Bott e Michael Freedman · 1988: Ralph Gomory e Joseph Keller · 1989: Samuel Karlin, Saunders Mac Lane e Donald Spencer
Década de 1990	1990: George Carrier, Stephen Kleene e John McCarthy · 1991: Alberto Calderón · 1992: Allen Newell · 1993: Martin Kruskal · 1994: John Cocke · 1995: Louis Nirenberg · 1996: Richard Karp e Stephen Smale · 1997: Shing-Tung Yau · 1998: Cathleen Synge Morawetz · 1999: Felix Browder e Ronald Coifman
Década de 2000	2000: John Griggs Thompson e Karen Uhlenbeck · 2001: Calyampudi Radhakrishna Rao e Elias Stein · 2002: James Glimm · 2003: Carl de Boor · 2004: Dennis Sullivan · 2005: Bradley Efron · 2006: Hyman Bass · 2007: Leonard Kleinrock e Andrew Viterbi · 2009: David Mumford
Década de 2010	2010: Richard Alfred Tapia e S. R. Srinivasa Varadhan · 2011: Solomon Wolf Golomb e Barry Mazur · 2014: Alexandre Chorin, David Blackwell (póstuma)

Ciências Físicas

Década de 1960	1963: Luis Walter Alvarez · 1964: Julian Schwinger, Harold Clayton Urey e Robert Burns Woodward · 1965: John Bardeen, Peter Debye, Leon Max Lederman e William Walden Rubey · 1966: Jacob Bjerknes, Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar, Henry Eyring, John Hasbrouck Van Vleck e Vladimir Zworykin · 1967: Jesse Beams, Francis Birch, Gregory Breit · Louis Plack Hammett e George Kistiakowsky · 1968: Paul Doughty Bartlett, Herbert Friedman, Lars Onsager e Eugene Paul Wigner · 1969: Herbert Charles Brown e Wolfgang Panofsky
Década de 1970	1970: Robert Henry Dicke, Allan Rex Sandage, John Clarke Slater, John Archibald Wheeler e Saul Winstein · 1973: Carl Djerassi, William Maurice Ewing, Arie Jan Haagen-Smit, Vladimir Haensel, Frederick Seitz e Robert Rathbun Wilson · 1974: Nicolaas Bloembergen, Paul John Flory, William Alfred Fowler, Linus Pauling e Kenneth Sanborn Pitzer · 1975: Hans Bethe, Joseph Hirschfelder, Lewis Hastings Sarett, Edgar Bright Wilson e Chien-Shiung Wu · 1976: Samuel Abraham Goudsmit, Herbert S. Gutowsky, Frederick Rossini, Verner Suomi, Henry Taube e George Eugene Uhlenbeck · 1979: Richard Feynman, Hermann Mark, Edward Mills Purcell, John Sinfelt, Lyman Spitzer e Victor Weisskopf
Década de 1980	1982: Philip Warren Anderson, Yoichiro Nambu, Edward Teller e Charles Hard Townes · 1983: Margaret Burbidge, Maurice Goldhaber, Helmut Landsberg, Walter Munk, Frederick Reines, Bruno Rossi e John Robert Schrieffer · 1986: Solomon Buchsbaum, Horace Crane, Herman Feshbach, Robert Hofstadter e Chen Ning Yang · 1987: Philip Abelson, Walter Elsasser, Paul Christian Lauterbur, George Pake e James van Allen · 1988: David Allan Bromley, Chu Ching-wu, Walter Kohn, Norman Foster Ramsey, Jack Steinberger · 1989: Arnold Orville Beckman, Eugene Parker, Robert Sharp e Henry Stommel
Década de 1990	1990: Allan Cormack, Edwin Mattison McMillan, Robert Pound e Roger Revelle · 1991: Arthur Schawlow, Ed Stone e Steven Weinberg · 1992: Eugene Shoemaker · 1993: Val Logsdon Fitch e Vera Rubin · 1994: Albert Overhauser e Frank Press · 1995: Hans Georg Dehmelt e Peter Goldreich · 1996: Wallace Smith Broecker · 1997: Marshall Rosenbluth, Martin Schwarzschild e George Wetherill · 1998: Don Lorraine Anderson e John Norris Bahcall · 1999: James Watson Cronin e Leo Kadanoff
Década de 2000	2000: Willis Eugene Lamb, Jeremiah Paul Ostriker e Gilbert Fowler White · 2001: Marvin Cohen, Raymond Davis Jr. e Charles Keeling · 2002: Richard Garwin, William Jason Morgan e Edward Witten · 2003: Brent Dalrymple, Riccardo Giacconi · 2004: Robert N. Clayton · 2005: Ralph Alpher e Lonnie Thompson · 2006: Daniel Kleppner · 2007: Fay Ajzenberg-Selove e Charles Pence Slichter · 2008: Berni Alder e James Gunn · 2009: Yakir Aharonov, Esther Marley Conwell e Warren Washington
Década de 2010	2011: Sidney Drell, Sandra Faber, Sylvester James Gates, John Bannister Goodenough · 2014: Burton Richter, Sean Solomon

Medalha de Ouro da Royal Astronomical Society (1824 – 2015)

Século XIX

Década de 1820	1824: Charles Babbage, Johann Franz Encke • 1826: John Herschel, James South, Wilhelm Struve • 1827: Francis Baily • 1828: Thomas Brisbane, James Dunlop, Caroline Herschel • 1829: William Pearson, Friedrich Wilhelm Bessel, Heinrich Christian Schumacher
Década de 1830	1830: William Richardson, Johann Franz Encke • 1831: Henry Kater, Marie-Charles Damoiseau • 1833: George Biddell Airy • 1835: Manuel John Johnson • 1836: John Herschel • 1837: Otto August Rosenberger • 1839: John Wrottesley
Década de 1840	1840: Giovanni Plana • 1841: Friedrich Wilhelm Bessel • 1842: Peter Andreas Hansen • 1843: Francis Baily • 1845: William Henry Smyth • 1846: George Biddell Airy • 1849: William Lassell
Década de 1850	1850: Otto Wilhelm von Struve • 1851: Annibale de Gasparis • 1852: Christian August Friedrich Peters • 1853: John Russell Hind • 1854: Karl Rümker • 1855: William Rutter Dawes • 1856: Robert Grant • 1857: Samuel Heinrich Schwabe • 1858: Robert Main • 1859: Richard Christopher Carrington
Década de 1860	1860: Peter Andreas Hansen • 1861: Hermann Mayer Salomon Goldschmidt • 1862: Warren De La Rue • 1863: Friedrich Wilhelm August Argelander • 1865: George Phillips Bond • 1866: John Couch Adams • 1867: William Huggins, William Allen Miller • 1868: Urbain Le Verrier • 1869: Edward James Stone
Década de 1870	1870: Charles-Eugène Delaunay • 1872: Giovanni Schiaparelli • 1874: Simon Newcomb • 1875: Heinrich Louis d'Arrest • 1876: Urbain Le Verrier • 1878: Ercole Dembowski • 1879: Asaph Hall
Década de 1880	1881: Axel Möller • 1882: David Gill • 1883: Benjamin Apthorp Gould • 1884: Andrew Ainslie Common • 1885: William Huggins • 1886: Edward Charles Pickering, Charles Pritchard • 1887: George William Hill • 1888: Arthur Auwers • 1889: Maurice Loewy
Década de 1890	1892: George Darwin • 1893: Hermann Carl Vogel • 1894: Sherburne Wesley Burnham • 1895: Isaac Roberts • 1896: Seth Carlo Chandler • 1897: Edward Barnard • 1898: William Frederick Denning • 1899: Frank McClean
Medalha de Prata	1824: Karl Rümker, Jean-Louis Pons • 1827 William Samuel Stratford, Mark Beaufoy
Medalha de Reconhecimento	1848: George Biddell Airy • John Couch Adams • Friedrich Wilhelm August Argelander • George Bishop • George Everest • John Herschel • Peter Andreas Hansen • Karl Ludwig Hencke • John Russell Hind • Urbain Le Verrier • John William Lubbock • Maximilian von Weiße

Século XX

Década de 1900	1900: Henri Poincaré • 1901: Edward Charles Pickering • 1902: Jacobus Kapteyn • 1903: Hermann Struve • 1904: George Ellery Hale • 1905: Lewis Boss • 1906: William Wallace Campbell • 1907: Ernest William Brown • 1908: David Gill • 1909: Oskar Backlund
Década de 1910	1910: Karl Friedrich Küstner • 1911: Philip Herbert Cowell • 1912: Arthur Robert Hinks • 1913: Henri-Alexandre Deslandres • 1914: Max Wolf • 1915: Alfred Fowler • 1916: John Dreyer • 1917: Walter Sydney Adams • 1918: John Evershed • 1919: Guillaume Bigourdan
Década de 1920	1921: Henry Norris Russell • 1922: James Hopwood Jeans • 1923: Albert Abraham Michelson • 1924: Arthur Stanley Eddington • 1925: Frank Dyson • 1926: Albert Einstein • 1927: Frank Schlesinger • 1928: Ralph Allen Sampson • 1929: Ejnar Hertzsprung
Década de 1930	1930: John Stanley Plaskett • 1931: Willem de Sitter • 1932: Robert Grant Aitken • 1933: Vesto Melvin Slipher • 1934: Harlow Shapley • 1935: Edward Arthur Milne • 1936: Hisashi Kimura • 1937: Harold Jeffreys • 1938: William Hammond Wright • 1939: Bernard Lyot
Década de 1940	1940: Edwin Powell Hubble • 1943: Harold Spencer Jones • 1944: Otto Struve • 1945: Bengt Edlén • 1946: Jan Hendrik Oort • 1947: Marcel Minnaert • 1948: Bertil Lindblad • 1949: Sydney Chapman
Década de 1950	1950: Joel Stebbins • 1951: Anton Pannekoek • 1952: John Jackson • 1953: Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar • 1954: Walter Baade • 1955: Dirk Brouwer • 1956: Thomas George Cowling • 1957: Albrecht Unsöld • 1958: André-Louis Danjon • 1959: Raymond Lyttleton
Década de 1960	1960: Viktor Ambartsumian • 1961: Herman Zanstra • 1962: Bengt Strömgren • 1963: Harry Hemley Plaskett • 1964: Martin Ryle, William Maurice Ewing • 1965: Edward Bullard, Gerald Maurice Clemence • 1966: Ira Sprague Bowen, Harold Clayton Urey • 1967: Hannes Alfvén, Allan Rex Sandage • 1968: Fred Hoyle, Walter Munk • 1969: Albert Thomas Price, Martin Schwarzschild
Década de 1970	1970: Horace Welcome Babcock • 1971: Frank Press, Richard van der Riet Woolley • 1972: Hal Thirlaway, Fritz Zwicky • 1973: Francis Birch, Edwin Ernest Salpeter • 1974: Ludwig Biermann, Keith Edward Bullen • 1975: Jesse Leonard Greenstein, Ernst Öpik • 1976: William McCrea, John Ashworth Ratcliffe • 1977: David Bates, John Gatenby Bolton • 1978: Lyman Spitzer, James van Allen • 1979: Leon Knopoff, Charles Gorrie Wynne
Década de 1980	1980: Chaim Leib Pekeris, Maarten Schmidt • 1981: James Freeman Gilbert, Bernard Lovell • 1982: Riccardo Giacconi, Harrie Massey • 1983: Michael Seaton, Fred Whipple • 1984: Keith Runcorn, Jakov Seldovich • 1985: Thomas Gold, Stephen Hawking • 1986: George Edward Backus, Alexander Dalgarno • 1987: Takeshi Nagata, Martin Rees • 1988: Don Lorraine Anderson, Cornelis de Jager • 1989: Raymond Hide, Ken Pounds
Década de 1990	1990: James Dungey, Bernard Pagel • 1991: Vitaly Ginzburg, Gerald Joseph Wasserburg • 1992: Dan Peter McKenzie, Eugene Parker • 1993: Peter Goldreich, Donald Lynden-Bell • 1994: James Gunn, Thomas Reeve Kaiser • 1995: John Houghton, Rashid Sunyaev • 1996: Kenneth Creer, Vera Rubin • 1997: Donald Farley, Donald Edward Osterbrock • 1998: Robert Ladislav Parker, James Peebles • 1999: Kenneth Budden, Bohdan Paczyński