Robert Burns Woodward

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Robert Burns Woodward
Química orgânica


Nacionalidade	Estadunidense
Residência	Estados Unidos

Nascimento	10 de Abril de 1917
Local	Boston

Falecimento	8 de Julho de 1979 (62 anos)
Local	Cambridge

Actividade
Campo(s)	Química orgânica
Instituições	Universidade de Harvard
Alma mater	Instituto de Tecnologia de Massachusetts

Orientado(s)	Harry Wasserman, Ronald Breslow, Kendall Houk

Prêmio(s)	Medalha Nacional de Ciências (1964), Nobel de Química (1965), Prêmio Arthur C. Cope (1973), Medalha Copley (1978)

ver

Robert Burns Woodward (Boston, 10 de Abril de 1917 — Cambridge, 8 de Julho de 1979) foi um químico estadunidense.

Foi agraciado com o Nobel de Química de 1965, por conseguir preparar clorofila artificialmente em 1960.

Ligações externas [editar]

Perfil no sítio oficial do Nobel de Química 1965 (em inglês)

Precedido por Dorothy Crowfoot Hodgkin	Nobel de Química 1965	Sucedido por Robert Sanderson Mulliken
Precedido por Frederick Sanger	Medalha Copley 1978	Sucedido por Max Perutz

Medalha Nacional de Ciências

Ciência do Comportamento e Social

Década de 1960	1964: Roger Adams, Othmar Ammann, Theodosius Dobzhansky e Neal Elgar Miller
Década de 1980	1986: Herbert Simon · 1987: Anne Anastasi e George Joseph Stigler · 1988: Milton Friedman
Década de 1990	1990: Leonid Hurwicz e Patrick Suppes · 1991: Robert Kates e George Armitage Miller · 1992: Eleanor J. Gibson · 1994: Robert K. Merton · 1995: Roger Shepard · 1996: Paul Samuelson · 1997: William Kaye Estes · 1998: William Julius Wilson · 1999: Robert Solow
Década de 2000	2000: Gary Becker · 2001: George Bass · 2003: R. Duncan Luce · 2004: Kenneth Arrow · 2005: Gordon H. Bower · 2008: Michael Posner · 2009: Mortimer Mishkin
Década de 2010	2011: Anne Treisman

Ciências Biológicas

Década de 1960	1963: Cornelis Bernardus van Niel · 1964: Marshall Nirenberg · 1965: Francis Rous, George Gaylord Simpson e Donald Van Slyke · 1966: Edward Fred Knipling, Fritz Albert Lipmann, William Cumming Rose e Sewall Wright · 1967: Kenneth Stewart Cole, Harry Harlow, Michael Heidelberger e Alfred Sturtevant · 1968: Horace Barker, Bernard Brodie, Detlev Bronk, Jay Lush e Burrhus Frederic Skinner · 1969: Robert Huebner, Ernst Mayr
Década de 1970	1970: Barbara McClintock e Albert Sabin · 1973: Daniel Arnon e Earl Sutherland · 1974: Britton Chance, Erwin Chargaff, James V. Neel e James Augustine Hannon · 1975: Hallowell Davis, Paul Gyorgy, Sterling Brown Hendricks e Orville Vogel · 1976: Roger Guillemin, Keith Roberts Porter, Efraim Racker e Edward Osborne Wilson · 1979: Robert H. Burris, Elizabeth C. Crosby, Arthur Kornberg, Severo Ochoa, Earl Reece Stadtman, George Ledyard Stebbins e Paul Alfred Weiss
Década de 1980	1981: Philip Handler · 1982: Seymour Benzer, Glenn W. Burton e Mildred Cohn · 1983: Howard L. Bachrach, Paul Berg, Wendell L. Roelofs e Berta Scharrer · 1986: Stanley Cohen, Donald Henderson, Vernon Mountcastle, George Palade e Joan A. Steitz · 1987: Michael E. Debakey, Theodor Otto Diener, Harry Eagle, Har Khorana e Rita Levi-Montalcini · 1988: Michael Stuart Brown, Stanley Norman Cohen, Joseph Goldstein, Maurice Hilleman, Eric Kandel e Rosalyn Yalow · 1989: Katherine Esau, Viktor Hamburger, Philip Leder, Joshua Lederberg, Roger Sperry e Harland G. Wood
Década de 1990	1990: Baruj Benacerraf, Herbert Boyer, Daniel Koshland, Edward Lewis, David G. Nathan e Edward Donnall Thomas · 1991: Mary Ellen Avery, G. Evelyn Hutchinson, Elvin A. Kabat, Salvador Luria, Paul A. Marks, Folke K Skoog e Paul C. Zamecnik · 1992: Maxine Singer e Howard Martin Temin · 1993: Daniel Nathans e Salome G. Waelsch · 1994: Thomas Eisner e Elizabeth F. Neufeld · 1995: Alexander Rich · 1996: Ruth Patrick · 1997: James Watson e Robert Allan Weinberg · 1998: Bruce Ames e Janet Rowley · 1999: David Baltimore, Jared Diamond e Lynn Margulis
Década de 2000	2000: Nancy C. Andreasen, Peter H. Raven e Carl Woese · 2001: Francisco José Ayala, Mario R. Capecchi, Ann M. Graybiel, Gene Likens, Victor A. McKusick e Harold Varmus · 2002: James E. Darnell e Evelyn M. Witkin · 2003: John Michael Bishop, Solomon H. Snyder e Charles Yanofsky · 2004: Norman Ernest Borlaug, Phillip Allen Sharp e Thomas Starzl · 2005: Anthony Fauci e Torsten Wiesel · 2006: Rita R. Colwell, Nina Fedoroff e Lubert Stryer · 2007: Robert Lefkowitz e Bert W. O'Malley 2008: Francis Collins, Elaine Fuchs, Craig Venter 2009: Susan Lindquist, Stanley Prusiner
Década de 2010	2010: Ralph Brinster, Shu Chien, Rudolf Jaenisch · 2011: Lucy Shapiro, Leroy Hood, Sallie Chisholm

Química

Década de 1980	1982: Frank Albert Cotton e Gilbert Stork · 1983: Roald Hoffmann, George Claude Pimentel e Richard Zare · 1986: Harry Barkus Gray, Yuan Lee, Carl Shipp Marvel e Frank Westheimer · 1987: William Summer Johnson, Walter Hugo Stockmayer e Max Tishler · 1988: William Oliver Baker, Konrad Bloch e Elias James Corey · 1989: Richard Barry Bernstein, Melvin Calvin, Rudolph Arthur Marcus e Harden McConnell
Década de 1990	1990: Elkan Blout, Karl August Folkers e John D. Roberts · 1991: Ronald Breslow, Gertrude Elion, Dudley Robert Herschbach e Glenn Theodore Seaborg · 1992: Howard Ensign Simmons · 1993: Donald James Cram e Norman Hackerman · 1994: George Simms Hammond · 1995: Thomas Cech e Isabella Karle · 1996: Norman Davidson · 1997: Darleane Hoffman e Harold S. Johnston · 1998: John Werner Cahn e George Whitesides · 1999: Stuart Alan Rice, John Ross e Susan Solomon
Década de 2000	2000: John Baldeschwieler e Ralph Hirschmann · 2001: Ernest Roy Davidson e Gábor Somorjai · 2002: John Brauman · 2004: Stephen Lippard · 2006: Marvin Caruthers e Peter Dervan · 2007: Mostafa El-Sayed · 2008: Joanna Fowler e JoAnne Stubbe · 2009: Stephen James Benkovic e Marye Anne Fox
Década de 2010	2010: Jacqueline Barton e Peter John Stang · 2011: Allen Joseph Bard e Frederick Hawthorne

Ciências da Engenharia

Década de 1960	1962: Theodore von Kármán · 1963: Vannevar Bush e John Robinson Pierce · 1964: Charles Stark Draper · 1965: Hugh Latimer Dryden, Clarence Johnson e Warren Lewis · 1966: Claude Shannon · 1967: Edwin Land e Igor Sikorsky · 1968: John Presper Eckert e Nathan M. Newmark · 1969: Jack Kilby
Década de 1970	1970: George Mueller · 1973: Harold Eugene Edgerton e Richard Whitcomb · 1974: Rudolf Kompfner, Ralph Brazelton Peck e Abel Wolman · 1975: Manson Benedict, William Hayward Pickering, Frederick Terman e Wernher von Braun · 1976: Morris Cohen, Peter Carl Goldmark e Erwin Wilhelm Müller · 1979: Emmett Leith, Raymond Mindlin, Robert Noyce, Earl Randall Parker e Simon Ramo
Década de 1980	1982: Edward Heinemann e Donald Katz · 1983: Bill Hewlett, George Low e John George Trump · 1986: Hans Wolfgang Liepmann, Tung-Yen Lin e Bernard Oliver · 1987: Robert Byron Bird, Harry Bolton Seed e Ernst Weber · 1988: Daniel Drucker, Willis Hawkins e George W. Housner · 1989: Harry George Drickamer e Herbert Earl Grier
Década de 1990	1990: Mildred Dresselhaus e Nick Holonyak · 1991: George Heilmeier, Luna Leopold e Guyford Stever · 1992: Calvin Quate e John Roy Whinnery · 1993: Alfred Yi Cho · 1994: Ray Clough · 1995: Hermann Anton Haus · 1996: James Flanagan e Chandra Kumar Patel · 1998: Eli Ruckenstein · 1999: Kenneth N. Stevens
Década de 2000	2000: Yuan-Cheng Fung · 2001: Andreas Acrivos · 2002: Leo Beranek · 2003: John Prausnitz · 2004: Edwin Lightfoot · 2005: Jan Achenbach e Tobin Marks · 2006: Robert Langer · 2007: David Wineland · 2008: Rudolf Kalman · 2009: Amnon Yariv

Ciências Matemáticas, Estatísticas e Computacionais

Década de 1960	1963: Norbert Wiener · 1964: Solomon Lefschetz e Marston Morse · 1965: Oscar Zariski · 1966: John Milnor · 1967: Paul Cohen · 1968: Jerzy Neyman · 1969: William Feller
Década de 1970	1970: Richard Brauer · 1973: John Tukey · 1974: Kurt Gödel · 1975: John Backus, Shiing-Shen Chern e George Dantzig · 1976: Kurt Otto Friedrichs e Hassler Whitney · 1979: Joseph Leo Doob e Donald Knuth
Década de 1980	1982: Marshall Harvey Stone · 1983: Herman Goldstine e Isadore Singer · 1986: Peter Lax e Antoni Zygmund · 1987: Raoul Bott e Michael Freedman · 1988: Ralph Gomory e Joseph Keller · 1989: Samuel Karlin, Saunders Mac Lane e Donald Spencer
Década de 1990	1990: George Carrier, Stephen Kleene e John McCarthy · 1991: Alberto Calderón · 1992: Allen Newell · 1993: Martin Kruskal · 1994: John Cocke · 1995: Louis Nirenberg · 1996: Richard Karp e Stephen Smale · 1997: Shing-Tung Yau · 1998: Cathleen Synge Morawetz · 1999: Felix Browder e Ronald Coifman
Década de 2000	2000: John Griggs Thompson e Karen Uhlenbeck · 2001: Calyampudi Radhakrishna Rao e Elias Stein · 2002: James Glimm · 2003: Carl de Boor · 2004: Dennis Sullivan · 2005: Bradley Efron · 2006: Hyman Bass · 2007: Leonard Kleinrock e Andrew Viterbi 2009: David Mumford
Década de 2010	2010: Richard Alfred Tapia e S. R. Srinivasa Varadhan 2011: Solomon Wolf Golomb e Barry Mazur

Ciências Físicas

Década de 1960	1963: Luis Walter Alvarez · 1964: Julian Schwinger, Harold Clayton Urey e Robert Burns Woodward · 1965: John Bardeen, Peter Debye, Leon Max Lederman e William Walden Rubey · 1966: Jacob Bjerknes, Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar, Henry Eyring, John Hasbrouck Van Vleck e Vladimir Zworykin · 1967: Jesse Beams, Francis Birch, Gregory Breit · Louis Plack Hammett e George Kistiakowsky · 1968: Paul Doughty Bartlett, Herbert Friedman, Lars Onsager e Eugene Paul Wigner · 1969: Herbert Charles Brown e Wolfgang Panofsky
Década de 1970	1970: Robert Henry Dicke, Allan Rex Sandage, John Clarke Slater, John Archibald Wheeler e Saul Winstein · 1973: Carl Djerassi, William Maurice Ewing, Arie Jan Haagen-Smit, Vladimir Haensel, Frederick Seitz e Robert Rathbun Wilson · 1974: Nicolaas Bloembergen, Paul John Flory, William Alfred Fowler, Linus Pauling e Kenneth Sanborn Pitzer · 1975: Hans Bethe, Joseph Hirschfelder, Lewis Hastings Sarett, Edgar Bright Wilson e Chien-Shiung Wu · 1976: Samuel Abraham Goudsmit, Herbert S. Gutowsky, Frederick Rossini, Verner Suomi, Henry Taube e George Eugene Uhlenbeck · 1979: Richard Feynman, Hermann Mark, Edward Mills Purcell, John Sinfelt, Lyman Spitzer e Victor Weisskopf
Década de 1980	1982: Philip Warren Anderson, Yoichiro Nambu, Edward Teller e Charles Hard Townes · 1983: Margaret Burbidge, Maurice Goldhaber, Helmut Landsberg, Walter Munk, Frederick Reines, Bruno Rossi e John Robert Schrieffer · 1986: Solomon Buchsbaum, Horace Crane, Herman Feshbach, Robert Hofstadter e Chen Ning Yang · 1987: Philip Abelson, Walter Elsasser, Paul Christian Lauterbur, George Pake e James van Allen · 1988: David Allan Bromley, Chu Ching-wu, Walter Kohn, Norman Foster Ramsey, Jack Steinberger · 1989: Arnold Orville Beckman, Eugene Parker, Robert Sharp e Henry Stommel
Década de 1990	1990: Allan Cormack, Edwin Mattison McMillan, Robert Pound e Roger Revelle · 1991: Arthur Schawlow, Ed Stone e Steven Weinberg · 1992: Eugene Shoemaker · 1993: Val Logsdon Fitch e Vera Rubin · 1994: Albert Overhauser e Frank Press · 1995: Hans Georg Dehmelt e Peter Goldreich · 1996: Wallace Smith Broecker · 1997: Marshall Rosenbluth, Martin Schwarzschild e George Wetherill · 1998: Don Lorraine Anderson e John Norris Bahcall · 1999: James Watson Cronin e Leo Kadanoff
Década de 2000	2000: Willis Eugene Lamb, Jeremiah Paul Ostriker e Gilbert Fowler White · 2001: Marvin Cohen, Raymond Davis Jr. e Charles Keeling · 2002: Richard Garwin, William Jason Morgan e Edward Witten · 2003: Brent Dalrymple, Riccardo Giacconi · 2004: Robert N. Clayton · 2005: Ralph Alpher e Lonnie Thompson · 2006: Daniel Kleppner · 2007: Fay Ajzenberg-Selove e Charles Pence Slichter · 2008: Berni Alder e James Gunn · 2009: Yakir Aharonov, Esther Marley Conwell e Warren Washington
Década de 2010	2011: Sidney Drell, Sandra Faber, Sylvester James Gates e John Goodenough

Nobel de Química. Laureados (1951 — 1975)

1951: McMillan e Seaborg • 1952: Martin e Synge • 1953: Staudinger • 1954: Pauling • 1955: Vigneaud • 1956: Hinshelwood e Semyonov • 1957: Todd • 1958: Sanger • 1959: Heyrovský • 1960: Libby • 1961: Calvin • 1962: Perutz e Kendrew • 1963: Ziegler e Natta • 1964: Hodgkin • 1965: Woodward • 1966: Mulliken • 1967: Eigen, Norrish e Porter • 1968: Onsager • 1969: Barton e Hassel • 1970: Leloir • 1971: Herzberg • 1972: Anfinsen, Moore e Stein • 1973: E.O.Fischer e Wilkinson • 1974: Flory • 1975: Cornforth e Prelog

Lista Completa • Laureados (1901—1925) • Laureados (1926—1950) • Laureados (1976—2000) • Laureados (2001—2008)

Prêmio Arthur C. Cope

1973 Roald Hoffmann e Robert Burns Woodward · 1974 Donald James Cram · 1976 Elias James Corey · 1978 Orville L. Chapman · 1980 Gilbert Stork · 1982 Frank Westheimer · 1984 Albert Eschenmoser · 1986 Duilio Arigoni · 1987 Ronald Breslow · 1988 Kenneth B. Wiberg · 1989 William Summer Johnson · 1990 Koji Nakanishi · 1991 Gerhard L. Closs · 1992 Barry Sharpless · 1993 Peter Dervan · 1994 John D. Roberts · 1995 George M. Whitesides · 1996 Robert G. Bergman · 1997 Ryōji Noyori · 1998 Samuel Danishefsky · 1999 Ralph Hirschmann · 2000 David A. Evans · 2001 George Andrew Olah · 2002 Robert Grubbs · 2003 Larry E. Overman · 2004 Barry Trost · 2005 Kyriacos Costa Nicolaou · 2006 Peter G. Schultz · 2007 Jean Fréchet · 2008 Fraser Stoddart · 2009 Manfred Theodor Reetz · 2010 Kendall Houk · 2011 Nicholas Turro

Medalha Copley. Laureados (1951 — 2000)

1951: David Keilin • 1952: Paul Dirac • 1953: Albert Kluyver • 1954: Edmund Taylor Whittaker • 1955: Ronald Fisher • 1956: Patrick Blackett • 1957: Howard Florey • 1958: John Edensor Littlewood • 1959: Frank Burnet • 1960: Harold Jeffreys • 1961: Hans Krebs • 1962: Cyril Norman Hinshelwood • 1963: Paul Fildes • 1964: Sydney Chapman • 1965: Alan Hodgkin • 1966: William Lawrence Bragg • 1967: Bernard Katz • 1968: Tadeusz Reichstein • 1969: Peter Brian Medawar • 1970: Alexander Todd • 1971: Norman Pirie • 1972: Nevill Francis Mott • 1973: Andrew Huxley • 1974: William Vallance Douglas Hodge • 1975: Francis Crick • 1976: Dorothy Crowfoot Hodgkin • 1977: Frederick Sanger • 1978: Robert Burns Woodward • 1979: Max Perutz • 1980: Derek Barton • 1981: Peter Mitchell • 1982: John Cornforth • 1983: Rodney Porter • 1984: Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar • 1985: Aaron Klug • 1986: Rudolf Peierls • 1987: Robert Hill • 1988: Michael Atiyah • 1989: César Milstein • 1990: Abdus Salam • 1991: Sydney Brenner • 1992: George Porter • 1993: James Watson • 1994: Frederick Charles Frank • 1995: Frank Fenner • 1996: Alan Cottrell • 1997: Hugh Huxley • 1998: Michael James Lighthill • 1999: John Maynard Smith • 2000: Alan Battersby

Lista Completa • (1731—1750) • (1751—1800) • (1801—1850) • (1851—1900) • (1901—1950) • (2001—2013)

Pessoa do Ano segundo a Revista Time

1927–1950

Charles Lindbergh (1927) · Walter Chrysler (1928) · Owen Young (1929) · Mahatma Gandhi (1930) · Pierre Laval (1931) · Franklin Delano Roosevelt (1932) · Hugh Samuel Johnson (1933) · Franklin Delano Roosevelt (1934) · Haile Selassie (1935) · Wallis Simpson (1936) · Chiang Kai-shek / Soong May-ling (1937) · Adolf Hitler (1938) · Josef Stalin (1939) · Winston Churchill (1940) · Franklin Delano Roosevelt (1941) · Josef Stalin (1942) · George Marshall (1943) · Dwight D. Eisenhower (1944) · Harry S. Truman (1945) · James F. Byrnes (1946) · George Marshall (1947) · Harry S. Truman (1948) · Winston Churchill (1949) · Forças Armadas dos Estados Unidos (1950)

1951–1975

Mohammed Mossadegh (1951) · Elizabeth II (1952) · Konrad Adenauer (1953) · John Foster Dulles (1954) · Harlow Curtice (1955) · Hungarian Freedom Fighters (1956) · Nikita Khrushchev (1957) · Charles de Gaulle (1958) · Dwight D. Eisenhower (1959) · U.S. Scientists: George Beadle / Charles Draper / John Enders / Donald A. Glaser / Joshua Lederberg / Willard Libby / Linus Pauling / Edward Purcell / Isidor Rabi / Emilio Segrè / William Bradford Shockley / Edward Teller / Charles Townes / James van Allen / Robert Woodward (1960) · John F. Kennedy (1961) · Papa João XXIII (1962) · Martin Luther King, Jr. (1963) · Lyndon B. Johnson (1964) · William Westmoreland (1965) · The Generation Twenty-Five and Under (1966) · Lyndon B. Johnson (1967) · The Apollo 8 Astronauts: William Anders / Frank Borman / James Lovell (1968) · The Middle Americans (1969) · Willy Brandt (1970) · Richard Nixon (1971) · Henry Kissinger / Richard Nixon (1972) · John Sirica (1973) · King Faisal (1974) · American Women: Susan Brownmiller / Kathleen Byerly / Alison Cheek / Jill Conway / Betty Ford / Ella Grasso / Carla Hills / Barbara Jordan / Billie Jean King / Carol Sutton / Susie Sharp / Addie Wyatt (1975)

1976–2000

Jimmy Carter (1976) · Anwar Sadat (1977) · Deng Xiaoping (1978) · Ayatollah Khomeini (1979) · Ronald Reagan (1980) · Lech Wałęsa (1981) · The Computer (1982) · Ronald Reagan / Yuri Andropov (1983) · Peter Ueberroth (1984) · Deng Xiaoping (1985) · Corazon Aquino (1986) · Mikhail Gorbachev (1987) · The Endangered Earth (1988) · Mikhail Gorbachev (1989) · George H. W. Bush (1990) · Ted Turner (1991) · Bill Clinton (1992) · The Peacemakers: Yasser Arafat / F.W. de Klerk / Nelson Mandela / Yitzhak Rabin (1993) · Papa João Paulo II (1994) · Newt Gingrich (1995) · David Ho (1996) · Andrew Grove (1997) · Bill Clinton / Kenneth Starr (1998) · Jeff Bezos (1999) · George W. Bush (2000)

2001–presente

Rudolph Giuliani (2001) · The Whistleblowers: Cynthia Cooper / Coleen Rowley / Sherron Watkins (2002) · The American Soldier (2003) · George W. Bush (2004) · The Good Samaritans: Bono Vox / Bill Gates / Melinda Gates (2005) · Você (2006) · Vladimir Putin (2007) · Barack Obama (2008) · Ben Bernanke (2009) · Mark Zuckerberg (2010) · O Manifestante (2011)